scholarly journals Effect of Different Doses of Nitrate Supplements on hepatocellular Damage Markers in Male Sprague Dawley Rats Following One Session of Exercise

2020 ◽  
pp. 119-133
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Hepatocellular Damage ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
And Control ◽  
Different Doses

Background: Hepatocellular damage caused by physical activity or the use of supplements is one of the serious problems facing athletes in various fields. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different doses of nitric oxide supplements on AST and ALT liver enzymes and the ratio of AST to ALT following a session of eccentric exercise in Sprague Dawley male rats. Materials and Methods: In this study, 36 Sprague Dawley male rats (two months old) were divided into three groups of control, low dose (4.8 mg/kg body weight), and high dose of NO supplements (15.4 mg/kg body weight). Supplements were given to rats for seven days. Subsequently, all three groups of rats were forced to run on a treadmill for 45 min with a speed of 20 m/min, and a slope of -15 degrees. Blood samples were taken directly from cardiac puncture of rats 24 h after the running exercise. Blood serum variables of the study were measured afterward. Results: Low dose of nitrate supplements did not change AST and ALT indices, while the high dose of nitrate supplements increased ALT serum level and decreased AST to ALT ratio, compared to a low dose of NO supplements and control group. Conclusion: Based on the obtained results, the consumption of a low dose of NO supplements does not change hepatocellular damage markers, while the high dose of NO supplements causes degeneration of hepatic cells in athletes.

scholarly journals Enhanced intestinal 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose uptake under metformin is not fully suppressed by loperamide

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 185-191
Author(s):  
Tomomi Nobashi ◽  
Tsuneo Saga ◽  
Yuji Nakamoto ◽  
Yoichi Shimizu ◽  
Sho Koyasu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Fdg Uptake ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Mouse Small Intestine ◽  
Long Acting ◽  
And Control

AbstractObjective. This study investigated whether the metformin (Met)-induced enhanced intestinal uptake of 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose (18F-FDG) is reduced by loperamide, a long-acting anti-diarrheal agent. Methods. Mean18F-FDG uptake in the mouse small intestine and colon with Met exposure was compared with that in control mice. In the Met group, high-dose (1.0 mg/kg body weight) and low-dose (0.1 mg/kg body weight) loperamide were introduced, and18F-FDG uptake in the small intestine and colon was compared with that of control mice administered high-dose loperamide. The percent injected dose of18F-FDG per gram of tissue (%ID/g) in the extracted tissues was then determined. Results.18F-FDG uptake increased significantly in the small intestine (0.64±0.06 vs. 1.01±0.15, p=0.040) and, especially, the colon (0.46±0.13 vs. 2.16±0.51, p<0.001) after Met exposure. Neither high-dose nor low-dose loperamide significantly reduced18F-FDG uptake in the small intestine (0.82±0.31 vs. 0.84±0.22, p=0.93 and 0.78±0.25 vs. 0.70±0.15, p=0.13, respectively) or colon (2.13±0.41 vs. 1.67±0.55, p=0.063 and 1.77±0.39 vs. 1.80±0.25, p=0.56, respectively). The colonic %ID/g was significantly higher in Met groups irrespective of loperamide introduction than in control group, whereas the significant difference in the small intestine was observed only between Met and control groups. Conclusion. Metformin increased18F-FDG uptake in intestines especially in colon. Loperamide administration partially, but not sufficiently, suppresses the Met-induced increased colonic uptake of18F-FDG.

scholarly journals Androgenic Effects of Cinnamomum camphora in Male Sprague-dawley Rats

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
O. H. Ayoade ◽  
G. G. Akunna ◽  
F. I. Duru
Keyword(s):  
Dose Group ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Medium Dose

This study evaluated camphora-induced androgenic and histopathological changes in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Thirty-five animals weighing 200 g±20 g were used for this study and randomly divided equally into five groups, with seven rats in each group. Group A animals (normal control group) were served water and rat chow only; Groups B-D (treatment groups) were orally administered camphora in doses of 1 g/kg (Low-dose), 2 g/kg (Medium-dose) and 4 g/kg (High-dose) respectively while Group E (vehicle group) were orally administered 6 mL/kg olive oil (a solvent for camphora) per day for 56 days. There was a significant decrease (P< .05) in activity levels of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH); Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) when the treatment was compared with the control group. Also, a significant decrease (P< .05) in activity level of FSH was observed when the Medium-dose group was compared with Low-dose group. Insignificant irregular pattern in activity level of Testosterone was observed across the treatment groups when compared with the control. However, a significant increase (P< .05) in activity level of Testosterone was observed when the High-dose group was compared with the Medium-dose group. There was a significant increase (P< .05) in activity levels of Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) when the treatment was compared with the control group. Semen analysis showed reduction in sperm concentration, motility and morphology with increasing concentration of camphora. Significant decrease was recorded in testicular weight when High-dose group was compared to Control and Low-dose groups. Histopathological changes were seen in the testes of the camphor administered groups, ranging from mild disintegrated interstitial tissues in Low-dose to severe degeneration and disintegration of both seminiferous and interstitial tissues in the testes in the Medium-dose and High-dose groups. In conclusion, camphora had androgenic and toxic effects on testis and may cause testicular tissue damage.

scholarly journals Effects of Chronic Exposure to Sodium Arsenite on Expressions of VEGF and VEGFR2 Proteins in the Epididymis of Rats

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dai Yan-Ping ◽  
Gao Xiao-Qin ◽  
Ma Xiao Ping ◽  
Yue Ying Quan
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Arsenite ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Infected Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Apoptotic Cells ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Group Protein

Objective. To study the expressions of VEGF and VEGFR2 at protein level in the epididymis of rats with arsenism. Methods. Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: the high dose arsenic infected group (60.0 mg/L in water), the middle dose arsenic infected group (12.0 mg/L in water), the low dose arsenic infected group (2.4 mg/L in water), and the control group (distilled water). Rats were treated with arsenic through drinking water for 6 consecutive months. At the end of the experiment, the average densitometry values of apoptotic cells in epididymis tubules were determined by TUNEL method; the protein and mRNA levels of VEGF and VEGFR2 were observed by immunohistochemistry, Western blot, and real time fluorescent quantitative PCR, respectively. Results. Compared with the control group, in each infected group, the average densitometry values of apoptotic cells in the epididymis tubules were significantly lower. Compared with control group, protein and mRNA levels of VEGF and VEGFR2 in each infected group were obviously declined. The correlations between protein and mRNA levels of VEGF and VEGFR2 were positively exhibited (r = 0.843, 0.869, p < 0.05). Conclusions. Arsenism affects the expressions of VEGF and VEGFR2 in the epididymis of rats and results in apoptosis of pathophysiology of male infertility.

scholarly journals Pharmacokinetic and Histopathologic Study of an Extended-Release, Injectable Formulation of Buprenorphine in Sprague–Dawley Rats

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry L Levinson ◽  
Steven L Leary ◽  
Bev J Bassett ◽  
Charles J Cook ◽  
Gregory S Gorman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dose Group ◽  
Extended Release ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats

A novel buprenorphine (BUP) extended-release formulation (BUP-XR) produced as a lipid-encapsulated, low viscosity BUP suspension for SC injection to control pain was evaluated for pharmacokinetics and safety in Sprague–Dawley rats given either 0.65 mg/kg (low dose) or 1.30 mg/kg (high dose). The 2 dosage groups each contained 6 male and 6 female rats to determine whether BUP-XR behaved differently in male or female animals. Blood samples were obtained from each animal before BUP-XR administration and at 6, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 168 h after administration. For necropsy and injection-sitehistopathology evaluation, 3 animals of each sex from each test group were euthanized on day 8, with the remaining animals euthanized on day 15. Mean plasma BUP concentration peaked from 6 to 24 h in all test groups, then declined in a linear fashion. Quantifiable plasma BUP was measured in all male rats at all time points except for one low dose group sample taken at 168 h. Female rats had quantifiable plasma BUP at all time points except for 1 low dose group sample at 72 and 96 h, and 2 low dose group samples at 168 h. The low dose groups, whether male or female, had lower mean plasma BUP levels at all time points as compared with their high dose counterparts, and female rats had lower mean plasma BUP levels than male rats at all time points. Results indicate that a single BUP-XR dose at either dose concentration can reliably provide plasma levels of BUP reported in the literature to be therapeutically relevant for up to 72 h, although lower plasma BUP levels can be anticipated in female rats compared with male counterparts. Mild to moderate injection-site granulomatous inflammation was observed in 6 of 12 rats in the low dose group and 7 of 12 in the high dose group. This reaction is characteristic of lipid material designed to persist in situ.

Significance of graded doses of aqueous seed extract of Moringa oleifera (L) on live body weight, gonadal, extragonadal dimensions and sperm reserves of Yankasa rams

2021 ◽  
pp. 33-40
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Moringa Oleifera ◽  
Seed Extract ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Live Body Weight ◽  
And Control ◽  
Standard Techniques ◽  
Different Doses ◽  
Apparently Healthy

The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of Moringa oleifera aqueous seed extract on live body weight, gonadal and extragonadal dimensions and sperm reserves of Yankasa rams. Twenty five apparently healthy Yankasa rams aged 1-2 years and weighing 19.0 ± 2.1 Kg were used for the study. The rams were randomly selected into five groups: A, B, C, D and E with five rams in each group as treatment and control groups respectively. Groups A - D were given oral dose of Moringa oleifera aqueous seed extract at a dose rate of 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000 (mg/kg), respectively while group E was given 10 ml/kg water orally, daily for five months. Live body weight, gonadal and extragonadal reserves were determined according to standard techniques. The results showed a significant increase in live body weight in the months of April to June among rams treated with different doses of Moringa oleifera aqueous seed extract compared with the control group. The control group showed no significant differences in the body weight, gonadal and extragonadal dimensions and sperm reserves. In conclusion, the treatment of Yankasa rams with Moringa oleifera aqueous seed extract increased live body weight, but had no significant effects on gonadal and extragonadal dimensions and sperm reserves in Yankasa rams. Therefore, it is recommended that M. oleifera aqueous seed extract can be used at doses of 2000mg/kg to 3000mg/kg in Yankasa rams for optimum gain in live body weight.

scholarly journals Synergistic suppression of pre-perfusion of donor livers with recipient serum and cobra venom factor treatment on hyperacute rejection following liver xenotransplantation

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 301-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baohua Zhu ◽  
Chuanming Tong ◽  
Weitao Guo ◽  
Rong Pu ◽  
Guoping Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Survival Time ◽  
Hyperacute Rejection ◽  
Cobra Venom ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Donor Liver ◽  
Cobra Venom Factor ◽  
Sd Rats ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
And Control

PURPOSE: To investigate synergistic suppression of donor liver pre-perfusion with recipient serum (RS) and cobra venom factor (CVF) treatment on hyperacute rejection (HAR) following liver xenotransplantation. METHODS: Guinea-pigs (GP, n=24) and Sprague-Dawley rats (SD, n=24) were recruited. Before transplantation, serum was collected from SD rats and used for preparation of inactivated complements. GP and SD rats were randomly assigned into four groups (n=6), respectively: RS group, CVF group, RS+CVF group and control group. Orthotopic liver xenotransplantation was performed with modified two-cuff technique. The survival time and liver function of recipients, morphological and pathological changes in rat livers were investigated. RESULTS: There was no piebald like change in the recipient livers in all experiment groups. The survival time of recipients in all experiment groups was longer than that in control group (p<0.05). Moreover, the survival time in the RS+CVF group was markedly longer than that in the RS group (p<0.01) and CVF group (p<0.05). The serum ALT level in all experiment groups were lower than that in the control group (p<0.05). Furthermore, the ALT level in the RS+CVF group was significantly lower than that in the CVF group (p<0.05) and RS group (p<0.01). The histological damages were significantly improved when compared with the control group, and the histological damages in the RS+CVF group were milder than those in the remaining groups (p<0.05) CONCLUSION: Pre-perfusion of donor liver with recipient serum and cobra venom factor treatment can exert synergistic suppressive effects on the hyperacute rejection following liver xenotransplantation.

scholarly journals Erythropoietin Produces a Dual Effect on Carotid Body Chemoreception in Male Rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Arias-Reyes ◽  
Sofien Laouafa ◽  
Natalia Zubieta-DeUrioste ◽  
Vincent Joseph ◽  
Aida Bairam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Body ◽  
No Synthase ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
High Dose ◽  
No Production ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
En Bloc ◽  
No Synthase Inhibitor ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Synthase Inhibitor

Erythropoietin (EPO) regulates respiration under conditions of normoxia and hypoxia through interaction with the respiratory centers of the brainstem. Here we investigate the dose-dependent impact of EPO in the CB response to hypoxia and hypercapnia. We show, in isolated “en bloc” carotid body (CB) preparations containing the carotid sinus nerve (CSN) from adult male Sprague Dawley rats, that EPO acts as a stimulator of CSN activity in response to hypoxia at concentrations below 0.5 IU/ml. Under hypercapnic conditions, EPO did not influence the CSN response. EPO concentrations above 0.5 IU/ml decreased the response of the CSN to both hypoxia and hypercapnia, reaching complete inhibition at 2 IU/ml. The inhibitory action of high-dose EPO on the CSN activity might result from an increase in nitric oxide (NO) production. Accordingly, CB preparations were incubated with 2 IU/ml EPO and the unspecific NO synthase inhibitor (L-NAME), or the neuronal-specific NO synthase inhibitor (7NI). Both NO inhibitors fully restored the CSN activity in response to hypoxia and hypercapnia in presence of EPO. Our results show that EPO activates the CB response to hypoxia when its concentration does not exceed the threshold at which NO inhibitors masks EPO’s action.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF ALOE BARBADENSIS MILLER WHOLE LEAF EXTRACT ON HYPERGLYCEMIA AND INSULIN RESISTANCE IN LOW DOSE STREPTOZOTOCIN INDUCED TYPE 2 DIABETIC RATS

1969 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 350-355
Author(s):  
MEENA GUL ◽  
MUHAMMAD MAZHAR HUSSAIN ◽  
AYESHA BABER ◽  
AMJAD ZAMAN ◽  
MUSRAT ZAHRA
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Aloe Vera ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Type 2 Diabetic

BACKGROUND: Managing diabetes is difficult due to the number of side effects associated with drugsused for its treatment. There it is a need of an hour to look for indigenous plants which are safe and costeffective. Present study was planned to determine the effect of Aloe vera whole leaf extract and/orRosiglitazone on plasma glucose, insulin and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats.DESIGN: Randomized control trailPLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: This study was conducted from April 2009 to Oct 2010 at theDepartment of Physiology Army Medical College, Rawalpindi in collaboration with National Institute ofHealth (NIH) Islamabad.MATERIAL AND METHOD: Type 2 DM was induced in 60 healthy Sprague-Dawley rats by feedinghigh fat diet for 2 weeks and injecting a low dose (35mg/kg) of streptozotocin intra peritoneally. Type 2diabetic rats were randomly divided into four groups, each group having 15 rats and were labeled as diabeticgroup, Aloe vera group, rosiglitazone group and combined group. The diabetic group was injected normalsaline, Aloe vera group was treated with Aloe vera whole leaf extract in dose of 300mg/kg body weight,rosiglitazone group was given 5mg/kg body weight of rosiglitazone I/P and combined group diabetic ratswere treated with 150mg/kg body weight of Aloevera extract and 2.5mg/kg body weight of rosiglitazone(halfof their effective dose) for 21 days.RESULTS: A significant reduction (p<0.001) in plasma glucose (73%), insulin (32%) and TG/HDL ratio(81%) was analyzed in combined groupascompared to diabetic control group. \CONCLUSION: The maximum impact in lowering plasma glucose, insulin and TG/HDL ratio wasrecorded in combined group, followed by rosiglitazone group and then Aloevera group.KEYWORDS:T2DM. Aloe vera, insulin resistance

scholarly journals Effect of Astragalus membranaceus Oral Solution on Lifespan and Learning and Memory Ability of Honey Bees

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Tao Hong ◽  
Long-Xue Li ◽  
Xiao-ping Han ◽  
Jing-liang Shi ◽  
Cai-yun Dan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Honey Bees ◽  
Dose Group ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Oral Solution ◽  
Astragalus Membranaceus ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Dose ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Control

In this study, the effects of Astragalus membranaceus oral solution on lifespan and learning and memory abilities of honey bees were evaluated. Two groups of bees were fed with sucrose syrup (50%) containing low dose (1.33%) and high dose (13.3%) of A. membranaceus oral solution, respectively. The proboscis extension response (PER) analysis was applied to examine the learning and memory capabilities of bees. Two genes related to memory formation in honey bees were determined by real-time PCR. High dose (13.3%) of A. membranaceus significantly decreased the mean lifespan of bees compared to the bees fed with low dose (1.33%) and control bees. No significant differences in lifespan of bees were found between low-dose-fed bees and control bees. The results of PER experiments showed apparent improvement in the memorizing ability of the high-dose group (in comparison with the control group). Moreover, the relative expression levels of Nmdar1 in the low-dose group and control group were significantly lower than those in the high-dose group. It is preliminarily concluded that A. membranaceus has an adverse effect on the mean lifespan of honey bees but might be helpful in strengthening memories.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF SECANG EXTRACT (CAESALPINIA SAPPAN LINN) ON THE WEIGHT AND HISTOLOGY APPEARANCE OF WHITE MALE RATS’ HEARTS INDUCED BY ISOPROTERENOL

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Kristiana Nugraheni ◽  
Fadlina Chany Saputri
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
White Male ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Heart Cells ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Macroscopic Appearance ◽  
Caesalpinia Sappan ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats

Objective: This study was conducted to determine the cardioprotective effect of secang extract on the heart cells of rats who suffered from myocardialinfarction induced by isoproterenol.Materials and Methods: Sprague Dawley rats were divided into six groups: Normal control, negative control, control extract (200 mg/kg), and threedifferent dose extract groups (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg body weight) that were given treatment for 30 days, and then, induced with isoproterenol.Observations were made for changes in the macroscopic appearance, cardiac weight, and histology of the cardiac organ.Results: The results showed a decrease in the incidence of myocardial infarction in rats given secang extract. The infarction area decreased withincreasing doses of extract. The weight of the heart in the control extract group was smaller than in the negative control group.Conclusions: Damage to heart cells, seen in the microscope, decreased with increasing doses.

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