scholarly journals Analysis of osteoblast, osteoclast levels and radiographic patterns in the healing process of bone fractures (preliminary research)

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 106
Author(s):  
Norlaila Sarifah ◽  
Lusi Epsilawati ◽  
Azhari Azhari ◽  
Mieke Hermiawati Satari ◽  
Bambang Pontjo Priosoeryanto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Resorption ◽  
Bone Formation ◽  
Fracture Healing ◽  
Bone Fracture ◽  
Bone Fractures ◽  
Callus Formation ◽  
Healing Process ◽  
Lateral Position ◽  
Original Structure ◽  
Male Wistar Rats

Objectives: The healing process of a bone fracture goes through many phases. The hard callus phase was critical where the original structure was conducted. The hard callus growth depends on osteoblasts and osteoclasts active, and this condition can be analyzed on the radiograph. This study aimed to examine the analysis of bone fracture healing between osteoblasts and osteoclast numbers and radiographic patterns. Materials and Methods: The study used 12 male Wistar rats with an incomplete fracture in the right femur made by a dental tapered bur with 0.3 mm in length and 0.2 mm in depth. Digital radiographic examinations were carried out on days 0, 5, 10, 17, and 25 after fracturing in a lateral position. Furthermore, a radiographic analysis was performed using Image-J to obtain changes in the value of length and depth in the healing area. The research was conducted to find the radiopaque and radiolucent patterns and the number of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Results: This study resulted in a change in the radiograph pattern. Callus formation resulted in fracture areas with a smaller distance from day 0 to day 25. The bone healing process begins with granulation tissue formation, followed by the gradual replacement of the connective tissue and bone. This process is comparable to the increase in osteoblasts up to day 25, which blocks bone resorption. Osteoclasts regulate bone resorption, and their number increases after 10 and 17 days to replace bone formation. Osteoclasts decline after 25 days because osteoblasts inhibit them, which control bone formation. Conclusion: The conclusions were obtained there are changes in the radiograph pattern. The radiopaque increased while the radiolucent decreased; the osteoclast pattern tended to be stable and lowered while the osteoblasts increased during the fracture healing process. The correlation of all the factors is very closely related.

Correlation of neuropeptides substance P and neuropeptide Y and their receptors with fracture healing in rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 240-250
Author(s):  
Zhenlv Zou ◽  
Gang Mei ◽  
Liying Tang ◽  
Yafei Xu ◽  
Jun Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Resorption ◽  
Substance P ◽  
Bone Formation ◽  
Neuropeptide Y ◽  
Fracture Healing ◽  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Bone Remodeling ◽  
Callus Formation ◽  
Healing Process ◽  
Expression Levels

Bone fracture healing is a complex process involving a cascade of cellular and molecular events that are orchestrated by a variety of factors, including neuropeptides and their receptors. However, the roles of neuropeptides and their receptors in the fracture healing process are controversial. We monitored the expression and distribution of the neuropeptides, substance P (SP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) and their receptors, neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1) and neuropeptide Y1 receptor (NPY1R), in rats undergoing fracture healing. Total RNA was extracted using Fe3O4 and was retrieved into DNA using the MagBeads Total RNA Extraction Kit. The expression levels of SP, NK1, and NPY at each time point in the healing bone tissue were found to be higher than the levels in normal bone tissue. Their location and expression levels correlated with the healing process. In the callus formation stage, the expression levels of SP, NK1, and NPY were found to be increased in the matrix of the cartilage, in chondrocytes, and in the subperiosteal region. At the bone remodeling stage, they were located in the periosteum, new bone tissue, and perivascular regions, and their expression levels gradually reduced. Therefore, we conclude that SP was involved in callus formation and bone resorption at different physiological concentrations. At some concentrations, SP positively regulated new bone formation via NK1. At other concentrations, the SP-NK1 interaction promoted bone resorption. Very low expression levels of NPY1R were observed at the early healing stage, but they increased at the middle stage and then decreased at the late stage. This indicated that NPY was involved in bone formation through NPY1R-unrelated mechanisms. NPY1R was more involved at the later stage of bone remodeling, according to its expression levels. NPY1R contributed to callus formation and remodeling.

scholarly journals Pericytes as a Source of Osteogenic Cells in Bone Fracture Healing

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 1079 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sopak Supakul ◽  
Kenta Yao ◽  
Hiroki Ochi ◽  
Tomohito Shimada ◽  
Kyoko Hashimoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Healing ◽  
Bone Fracture ◽  
Bone Fractures ◽  
Callus Formation ◽  
Bone Diseases ◽  
Lineage Tracing ◽  
Osteogenic Potential ◽  
Bone Fracture Healing ◽  
Osteogenic Cells

Pericytes are mesenchymal cells that surround the endothelial cells of small vessels in various organs. These cells express several markers, such as NG2, CD146, and PDGFRβ, and play an important role in the stabilization and maturation of blood vessels. It was also recently revealed that like mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), pericytes possess multilineage differentiation capacity, especially myogenic, adipogenic, and fibrogenic differentiation capacities. Although some previous studies have reported that pericytes also have osteogenic potential, the osteogenesis of pericytes can still be further elucidated. In the present study, we established novel methods for isolating and culturing primary murine pericytes. An immortalized pericyte line was also established. Multilineage induction of the pericyte line induced osteogenesis, adipogenesis, and chondrogenesis of the cells in vitro. In addition, pericytes that were injected into the fracture site of a bone fracture mouse model contributed to callus formation. Furthermore, in vivo pericyte-lineage-tracing studies demonstrated that endogenous pericytes also differentiate into osteoblasts and osteocytes and contribute to bone fracture healing as a cellular source of osteogenic cells. Pericytes can be a promising therapeutic candidate for treating bone fractures with a delayed union or nonunion as well as bone diseases causing bone defects.

scholarly journals YAP and TAZ promote periosteal osteoblast precursor expansion and differentiation for fracture repair

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher D. Kegelman ◽  
Madhura P. Nijsure ◽  
Yasaman Moharrer ◽  
Hope B. Pearson ◽  
James H. Dawahare ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Formation ◽  
Fracture Healing ◽  
Bone Fracture ◽  
Callus Formation ◽  
Fracture Repair ◽  
Binding Motif ◽  
Adult Onset ◽  
Bone Fracture Healing ◽  
Fracture Callus ◽  
Endochondral Bone

ABSTRACTIn response to bone fracture, periosteal progenitor cells proliferate, expand, and differentiate to form cartilage and bone in the fracture callus. These cellular functions require the coordinated activation of multiple transcriptional programs, and the transcriptional regulators Yes-associated protein (YAP) and transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) regulate osteochondroprogenitor activation during endochondral bone development. However, recent observations raise important distinctions between the signaling mechanisms used to control bone morphogenesis and repair. Here, we tested the hypothesis that YAP and TAZ regulate osteochondroprogenitor activation during endochondral bone fracture healing. Constitutive YAP and/or TAZ deletion from Osterix-expressing cells impaired both cartilage callus formation and subsequent mineralization. However, this could be explained either by direct defects in osteochondroprogenitor differentiation after fracture, or by developmental deficiencies in the progenitor cell pool prior to fracture. Consistent with the second possibility, we found that developmental YAP/TAZ deletion produced long bones with impaired periosteal thickness and cellularity. Therefore, to remove the contributions of developmental history, we next generated adult onset-inducible knockout mice (using Osx1-CretetOff) in which YAP and TAZ were deleted prior to fracture, but after normal development. Adult onset-induced YAP/TAZ deletion had no effect on cartilaginous callus formation, but impaired bone formation at 14 days post-fracture (dpf). Earlier, at 4 dpf, adult onset-induced YAP/TAZ deletion impaired the proliferation and expansion of osteoblast precursor cells located in the shoulder of the callus. Further, activated periosteal cells isolated from this region at 4 dpf exhibited impaired osteogenic differentiation in vitro upon YAP/TAZ deletion. Finally, confirming the effects on osteoblast function in vivo, adult onset-induced YAP/TAZ deletion impaired bone formation in the callus shoulder at 7 dpf, prior to the initiation of endochondral ossification. Together, these data show that YAP and TAZ promote the expansion and differentiation of periosteal osteoblast precursors to accelerate bone fracture healing.

Ultrasonic Diagnosis for Bone Fracture Healing Process

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoshi Kimura ◽  
Keisuke Oe ◽  
Yohei Kumabe ◽  
Tomoaki Fukui ◽  
Takahiro Niikura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Healing ◽  
Bone Fracture ◽  
Healing Process ◽  
Ultrasonic Diagnosis ◽  
Bone Fracture Healing

scholarly journals Can Optimizing the Mechanical Environment Deliver a Clinically Significant Reduction in Fracture Healing Time?

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 691
Author(s):  
Jan Barcik ◽  
Devakara R. Epari
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Healing ◽  
Bone Healing ◽  
Mechanical Stimulation ◽  
Callus Formation ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Healing Process ◽  
Healing Time ◽  
Mechanical Environment ◽  
Clinically Significant ◽  
The Impact

The impact of the local mechanical environment in the fracture gap on the bone healing process has been extensively investigated. Whilst it is widely accepted that mechanical stimulation is integral to callus formation and secondary bone healing, treatment strategies that aim to harness that potential are rare. In fact, the current clinical practice with an initially partial or non-weight-bearing approach appears to contradict the findings from animal experiments that early mechanical stimulation is critical. Therefore, we posed the question as to whether optimizing the mechanical environment over the course of healing can deliver a clinically significant reduction in fracture healing time. In reviewing the evidence from pre-clinical studies that investigate the influence of mechanics on bone healing, we formulate a hypothesis for the stimulation protocol which has the potential to shorten healing time. The protocol involves confining stimulation predominantly to the proliferative phase of healing and including adequate rest periods between applications of stimulation.

scholarly journals Fracture Nonunion Treated with Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound and Monitored with Ultrasonography: A Feasibility Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Peizhen Zhang ◽  
Pengdong Li ◽  
Shihai Liao ◽  
Xuan Li ◽  
Wufan Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Healing ◽  
Bone Fracture ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Callus Formation ◽  
Distal Tibia ◽  
Pulsed Ultrasound ◽  
Low Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Fracture Nonunion

The positive effect of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) on bone fracture healing has been proved. However, during the period of LIPUS therapy, it is undetermined whether LIPUS promotes the formation of heterotopic ossification (HO), which usually occurs in muscle tissues after trauma such as bone fracture and spinal cord injury. Here, we used 6-week LIPUS therapy in a 42-year-old Chinese male patient with a fracture nonunion in combination with ultrasonography for monitoring fracture healing and HO formation. After the LIPUS therapy, the mineralized bone formation in the area of defect of the distal tibia was presented in an ultrasound image, which was consistent with the outcome of plain radiography showing callus formation and the blurred fracture line in the area exposed to LIPUS. In addition, ultrasound images revealed no evidence of HO development within soft tissues during the period of LIPUS therapy. This study suggests that ultrasonography is a potential tool to guarantee the performance of LIPUS therapy with monitoring HO formation. Easy to use, the integration of the handheld ultrasound scanner and the ultrasonic therapeutic apparatus is entirely dedicated to help orthopedists make high-quality care and diagnosis.

Effect of spaceflight on periosteal bone formation in rats

1983 ◽  
Vol 244 (3) ◽  
pp. R305-R309 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Wronski ◽  
E. R. Morey
Keyword(s):  
Bone Resorption ◽  
Bone Formation ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Periosteal Bone Formation ◽  
Mechanical Unloading ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Endocrine Factors ◽  
Nonsignificant Decrease

Male Wistar rats were placed in orbit for 18.5 days aboard the Soviet COSMOS 1129 biological satellite. Tetracycline was administered before and after spaceflight to label areas of bone formation. An inhibition of periosteal bone formation occurred during spaceflight in the tibial and humeral diaphyses, but this defect was corrected during the postflight period. The increased extent of arrest lines at these skeletal sites suggested that periosteal bone formation may have even ceased during spaceflight. The rib exhibited a small but nonsignificant decrease in periosteal bone formation. Endosteal bone resorption was not affected markedly by spaceflight conditions. The observed inhibition of periosteal bone formation may be a result of mechanical unloading, but endocrine factors cannot be ruled out.

scholarly journals The Paradoxical Role of Uric Acid in Osteoporosis

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kun-Mo Lin ◽  
Chien-Lin Lu ◽  
Kuo-Chin Hung ◽  
Pei-Chen Wu ◽  
Chi-Feng Pan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Uric Acid ◽  
Bone Resorption ◽  
Bone Formation ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Bone Fracture ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Free Oxygen Radicals ◽  
Increase Bone Resorption

Because of its high prevalence worldwide, osteoporosis is considered a serious public health concern. Many known risk factors for developing osteoporosis have been identified and are crucial if planning health care needs. Recently, an association between uric acid (UA) and bone fractures had been explored. Extracellular UA exhibits antioxidant properties by effectively scavenging free radicals in human plasma, but this benefit might be disturbed by the hydrophobic lipid layer of the cell membrane. In contrast, intracellular free oxygen radicals are produced during UA degradation, and superoxide is further enhanced by interacting with NADPH oxidase. This intracellular oxidative stress, together with inflammatory cytokines induced by UA, stimulates osteoclast bone resorption and inhibits osteoblast bone formation. UA also inhibits vitamin D production and thereby results in hyper-parathyroidism, which causes less UA excretion in the intestines and renal proximal tubules by inhibiting the urate transporter ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2). At normal or high levels, UA is associated with a reduction in bone mineral density and protects against bone fracture. However, in hyperuricemia or gout arthritis, UA increases bone fracture risk because oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines can increase bone resorption and decrease bone formation. Vitamin D deficiency, and consequent secondary hyperparathyroidism, can further increase bone resorption and aggravated bone loss in UA-induced osteoporosis.

scholarly journals Endogenous Production of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Promotes Fracture Healing in Mice

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuhui Chen ◽  
He Cao ◽  
Dawei Sun ◽  
Changxin Lin ◽  
Liang Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Mice ◽  
Fracture Healing ◽  
Histological Analysis ◽  
Callus Formation ◽  
Healing Process ◽  
Proximal Femoral Fracture ◽  
Fracture Repair ◽  
Micro Ct ◽  
Micro Computed Tomography ◽  
X Ray

Bone fracture is a global healthcare issue for high rates of delayed healing and nonunions. Although n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) is considered as a beneficial factor for bone metabolism, only few studies till date focused on the effects of n-3 PUFAs on fracture healing. In this study, we investigated the effect of endogenous n-3 PUFAs on fracture healing by measuring femur fracture repair in bothfat-1transgenic mice and WT mice. Proximal femoral fracture model was established infat-1transgenic mice and WT mice, respectively, and then the fracture was analyzed by using X-ray, micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), and histological assessment at 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days after fixation. The results showed that compared with WT mice,fat-1mice exhibited acceleration in fracture healing through radiographic and histological analysis (18–21 days versus 21–28 days postfracture). Meanwhile, X-ray and micro-CT analysis that showed better remodeling callus formation were in thefat-1group compared to WT group. Furthermore, histological analysis revealed that endogenous n-3 PUFAs promoted local endochondral ossification and accelerated the remodeling of calcified calluses after fracture. In conclusion, the present study indicated that endogenously produced n-3 PUFAs promote fracture healing process and accelerate bone remodeling in mice, and supplementation of n-3 PUFAs was positively associated with fracture healing.

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