scholarly journals Prevalence Rates and Evolution of Psychiatric Disorders Among Incarcerated Youths in Comparison With Non-incarcerated Youths

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Heller ◽  
Larisa Morosan ◽  
Deborah Badoud ◽  
Manon Laubscher ◽  
Lisa Jimenez Olariaga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Psychiatric Care ◽  
Psychopathic Traits ◽  
Prevalence Rates ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Psychiatric Comorbidities ◽  
Detention Center ◽  
Positive Effects

Background: Our main objective was to provide estimates of the prevalence rates of psychiatric disorders and comorbidities among youths in a juvenile detention center in Geneva, Switzerland. We also aimed to investigate potential positive effects of intensive psychotherapeutic and educational services this center provides. Finally, we examined psychiatric care prior to and after custody as well as the evolution of the youths' mental health during detention.Methods: We conducted a longitudinal study including a group of incarcerated (n = 86) and a group of non-incarcerated (n = 169) youths (12–18 years old). Measures included diagnoses of psychiatric disorders, cognitive functions, trauma, psychopathic traits and the Youth Self-Report (aggressive behavior, attentional disorders, criminal behavior, social withdrawal, anxiety, depression and somatic complaints) collected at baseline and at discharge for the incarcerated group. Data were analyzed using mixed-effect models.Results: Psychiatric disorders were prevalent in the incarcerated group (82.6, 95% CI: 71.6–90.7%), but young people also often suffered from several disorders simultaneously. Two-thirds of the incarcerated participants had a diagnosis of two or more psychiatric disorders. Regarding health care, most incarcerated participants (79.1%) had psychiatric care prior to detention. The planned care after detention was associated with psychiatric comorbidities, care being more likely planned for those with comorbidities (p = 0.030). Compared to the non-incarcerated group, the incarcerated group had lower scores on cognitive functioning (p < 0.001) and higher scores on trauma (p < 0.021) and psychopathic traits (p < 0.034). The youths' stay in the detention center was associated with a positive change of mental health, with externalized problems being significantly reduced at the end of their stay (p = 0.017).Conclusion: Our findings showed that youths in conflict with the law are characterized by (1) their internal vulnerabilities: a high prevalence of psychiatric disorders and psychiatric comorbidities, lower cognitive functions, externalized problems and psychopathic traits; (2) environmental factors: victims of violence and sexual abuse; and (3) their psychiatric history. Besides, the evolution of the most prevalent issues was favorable over time, which puts into question the usual perspective about the deleterious effect of detention.

scholarly journals Psychiatric Comorbidities among People Who Inject Drugs in Hai Phong, Vietnam: The Need for Screening and Innovative Interventions

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khue Pham Minh ◽  
Roselyne Vallo ◽  
Huong Duong Thi ◽  
Oanh Khuat Thi Hai ◽  
Don C. Des Jarlais ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Psychiatric Disorder ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
People Who Inject Drugs ◽  
Community Based Interventions ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Psychiatric Comorbidities ◽  
Methamphetamine Use ◽  
Increased Risk

The objective of this study is to describe psychiatric comorbidities, associated factors, and access to psychiatric assessment and care in a cohort of people who inject drugs (PWID) in Hai Phong, Vietnam. Mental health was assessed after 12 months’ follow-up using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview questionnaire (MINI 5.0.0). PWID medical history, drug use, and sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were also collected. Among 188 PWID who participated in the assessment, 48 (25.5%) had at least one psychiatric disorder and 19 (10.1%) had 2 or more psychiatric disorders. The most common current psychiatric disorders were major depressive episode (12.2%) and psychotic disorder (4.8%), reaching 10.1% for the latter when lifetime prevalence was considered. Females were more likely than males to have at least one psychiatric disorder, a major depressive disorder, or an anxiety disorder. Methamphetamine use was associated with an increased risk of presenting a lifetime psychotic syndrome. Problematic alcohol consumption was associated with an increased risk of having at least one psychiatric disorder. Psychiatric comorbidities are frequent among PWID in Vietnam. These results highlight the need for routine assessment and innovative interventions to address mental health needs among PWID. Community-based interventions targeting mental health prevention and care should be strongly supported.

scholarly journals Against the Stream: religion and mental health – the case for the inclusion of religion and spirituality into psychiatric care

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 127-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Dein
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Drug Abuse ◽  
Religious Coping ◽  
Religious Experience ◽  
Psychiatric Care ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Religion And Spirituality ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Critical Overview

This paper argues for the inclusion of religion and spirituality in psychiatric care. After discussing the antagonism of psychiatrists and psychologists to religion, I present a critical overview of studies examining the relationships between spirituality, religion and diverse aspects of mental health: depression, suicide, anxiety, delinquency, drug abuse and schizophrenia. The need to assesses the impact of religion in different faith groups is discussed. Measures of religious coping, both positive and negative, may provide a more accurate portrayal as to how individuals deploy religion in their lives than global measures such as belief and attendance. I highlight the fact that there is a dearth of research on ritual, prayer and other aspects of religious experience. While many studies demonstrate positive effects of religion on mental health, others find detrimental effects. Finally I examine the clinical implications of these findings.Declaration of interestNone.

Cities, Green Space, and Mental Well-Being

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenny Roe
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Burden Of Disease ◽  
Green Space ◽  
City Planning ◽  
Symptom Relief ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Urban Green Space ◽  
Urban Green ◽  
Positive Effects

Mental and behavioral disorders account for approximately 7.4% of the global burden of disease, with depression now the world’s leading cause of disability. One in four people in the world will suffer from a mental health problem at some point in their life. City planning and design holds much promise for reducing this burden of disease, and for offering solutions that are affordable, accessible and equitable. Increasingly urban green space is recognized as an important social determinant of health, with the potential to protect mental health – for example, by buffering against life stressors - as well as relieving the symptom severity of specific psychiatric disorders. Pathways linking urban green space with mental wellbeing include the ability of natural stimuli – trees, water, light patterns – to promote ‘involuntary attention’ allowing the brain to disengage and recover from cognitive fatigue. This article brings together evidence of the positive effects of urban green space on common mental health problems (i.e. stress, anxiety, depression) together with evidence of its role in the symptom relief of specific psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia and psychosis, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), dementia, attention deficit/hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and autism. Urban green space is a potential force for building mental health: city planners, urban designers, policy makers and public health professionals need to maximize the opportunities in applying green space strategies for both health prevention and in supporting treatment of mental ill health.

scholarly journals Features of the dynamics of the incidence of organic nonpsychotic disorders in the rural population of Ukraine

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olena Zinchenko
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Behavioral Disorders ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Psychiatric Care ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Mental Health Disorders ◽  
Prevalence Rates ◽  
Health Disorders ◽  
Mental And Behavioral Disorders

Based on the reporting forms No. 10 "Report on diseases of persons with mental and behavioral disorders" for the period from 2000 to 2017, a clinical-statistical analysis of the dynamics of the prevalence of organic non-psychotic mental disorders in the rural population of Ukraine is presented, as well as changes in the structure of the incidence of non-psychotic mental disorders. The data presented indicate signifi cant fl uctuations in the incidence and prevalence rates. A significant proportion of organic nonpsychotic mental disorders in the structure of the incidence of nonpsychotic mental disorders in rural residents requires the adoption of appropriate organizational measures to optimize the system of assistance and prevention of mental health disorders in the rural population. Key words: mental and behavioral disorders, organic non-psychotic mental disorders, incidence, prevalence, villagers, psychiatric care

scholarly journals Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in Norwegian 10-14-year-olds: Results from a cross-sectional study

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. e0248864
Author(s):  
Tormod Bøe ◽  
Einar Røshol Heiervang ◽  
Kjell Morten Stormark ◽  
Astri J. Lundervold ◽  
Mari Hysing
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Study Cohort ◽  
Weighted Estimate ◽  
Prevalence Rates ◽  
Psychiatric Interview ◽  
Disruptive Disorders ◽  
Prevalence Estimates ◽  
Bergen Child Study

Youth mental health problems is the leading cause of disability worldwide and a major public health concern. Prevalence rates are needed for planning preventive interventions and health care services. We here report Norwegian prevalence estimates for youth mental disorders based on findings from the Bergen Child Study cohort. A web-based psychiatric interview; the Development and Well-Being Assessment, was completed by parents and teachers of 2,043 10-14-year-olds from the city of Bergen, Norway. Post-stratification weights were used to account for selective participation related to parental educational in the estimation of prevalence rates. Prevalence rates are presented for the whole sample and stratified by gender and age. The overall population weighted estimate suggests that 6.93% (95% CI 5.06–9.41) of the children met DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for one or more psychiatric disorders. There were no robust indications of age- or gender-related differences in the prevalence. 11.4% of the children fulfilled criteria for more than one diagnosis. The most common comorbid conditions were ADHD and disruptive disorders. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders was relatively low among Norwegian 10-14-year-olds, compared to published worldwide prevalence estimates. This is in line with estimates from prior studies from the Nordic countries. These findings raise important questions about the origins of different prevalence rates for psychiatric disorders between societies. The findings also illustrate the importance of locally driven epidemiological studies for planning preventative efforts and appropriately scaling mental health services to meet the need of the population.

Prevalence and Nature of Mental Disorders Among Young Offenders in Custody and Community: A Meta-Analysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. S460-S460 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Livanou ◽  
V. Furtado ◽  
S. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Young Offenders ◽  
Prevalence Rates ◽  
Treatment Needs ◽  
Prevalence Studies ◽  
Age Variations

IntroductionPrevalence studies show that nearly 80% of young offenders present psychiatric comorbidity. Juvenile offenders are at 3 times higher risk of being diagnosed with a psychiatric disorder. Recent systematic reviews have mainly focused on youth in detention neglecting youth in the community. Females and ethnic minorities have been overlooked in the literature in spite of the increasing rates of psychiatric disorders striking these groups.ObjectiveTo perform a meta-analysis on the prevalence rates of various mental disorders including depression, psychosis, PTSD, conduct disorder, ADHD, learning disabilities and personality disorders among young offenders. Self-harm and suicidal behaviour are examined too.AimsTo compare the prevalence of psychiatric disorders among young offenders across custody and community and to emphasise on gender, age, and ethnic variations.MethodsRelevant studies have been identified with computer-assisted searching and scanning of reference lists. Prevalence of mental disorders based on gender, age and ethnicity along with potential moderating factors are extracted from the included studies. Meta-regression is performed to test covariates that might have contributed to differences in prevalence rates across studies.ResultsAfter searching the relevant literature, 99 studies were determined to be eligible for data extraction.ConclusionsYoung offenders with ongoing mental health problems comprise a vulnerable group within forensic psychiatric services that needs special attention. More prevalence studies should be conducted to improve mental health provision. Ethnic, gender, and age variations across young offenders should be addressed and turn interventions into a tailored process that responds to the young person's particular treatment needs.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Caffeine and Placebo Expectation

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunfeng Sun ◽  
Yinling Zhang ◽  
Ning He ◽  
Xufeng Liu ◽  
Danmin Miao
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Cardiovascular Regulation ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Pressure Tests ◽  
Healthy Males

Abstract. Caffeine placebo expectation seems to improve vigilance and cognitive performance. This study investigated the effect of caffeine and placebo expectation on vigilance and cognitive performance during 28 h sleep deprivation. Ten healthy males volunteered to take part in the double-blind, cross-over study, which required participants to complete five treatment periods of 28 h separated by 1-week wash-out intervals. The treatments were no substance (Control); caffeine 200 mg at 00:00 (C200); placebo 200 mg at 00:00 (P200); twice caffeine 200 mg at 00:00 and 04:00 (C200-C200); caffeine 200 mg at 00:00 and placebo 200 mg at 04:00 (C200-P200). Participants were told that all capsules were caffeine and given information about the effects of caffeine to increase expectation. Vigilance was assessed by a three-letter cancellation test, cognitive functions by the continuous addition test and Stroop test, and cardiovascular regulation by heart rate and blood pressure. Tests were performed bihourly from 00:00 to 10:00 of the second day. Results indicated that C200-P200 and C200-C200 were more alert (p < .05) than Control and P200. Their cognitive functions were higher (p < .05) than Control and P200. Also, C200-P200 scored higher than C200 in the letter cancellation task (p < .05). No test showed any significant differences between C200-P200 and C200-C200. The results demonstrated that the combination of caffeine 200 mg and placebo 200 mg expectation exerted prolonged positive effects on vigilance and cognitive performance.

Psychiatric remuneration systems in Europe: an overview

2011 ◽  
Vol 08 (01) ◽  
pp. 09-15
Author(s):  
D. McDaid
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Mental Health System ◽  
Psychiatric Care ◽  
Financial Instability ◽  
Service Utilisation ◽  
Service Users ◽  
Mental Health Systems ◽  
Adequate Information ◽  
Recent Developments

SummaryNew forms of psychiatric remuneration linked to levels of activity undoubtedly will have an increasing role to play in mental health systems right across Europe. Potentially they can be more efficient and promote choice, but valid concerns have been raised about their impact on the sustainability and nature of psychiatric care. This article looks in particular at recent developments in England and the Netherlands and reflects on how remuneration mechanisms may need to develop further both to improve efficiency and quality within the context of an ever more fragmented and multi-sectoral mental health system. Any introduction of activity- based reimbursement should be introduced gradually. This should be accompanied by investment in adequate information systems to help better understand service utilisation patterns, transitional funding safeguards to reduce the risk of financial instability and incentives/ contractual measures to ensure that services strive to offer services of the highest possible quality that meet the needs of service users.

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