scholarly journals Prevention and Control of African Swine Fever in the Smallholder Pig Value Chain in Northern Uganda: Thematic Analysis of Stakeholders' Perceptions

2022 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Aliro ◽  
E. Chenais ◽  
W. Odongo ◽  
D. M. Okello ◽  
C. Masembe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thematic Analysis ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Northern Uganda ◽  
Trade Restrictions ◽  
Qualitative Interview Study ◽  
And Control

African swine fever (ASF) is endemic in Uganda and considered a major constraint to pig production. In the absence of a vaccine, biosecurity is key for ASF prevention and control. To improve prevention and control on farm and community level there is need for more knowledge on current application of biosecurity practises, and better understanding of how pig value chain actors perceive prevention and control. To achieve this, a qualitative interview study involving focus group discussions (FGD) was conducted with actors from the smallholder pig value chain in northern Uganda. Six villages were purposively selected based on previous outbreaks of ASF, preliminary perceived willingness to control ASF, and the representation of several different value chain actors in the village. Results indicated that biosecurity practises such as basic hygiene routines including safe carcass handling, minimising direct and indirect contacts between pigs or between pigs and people, trade restrictions and sharing of disease information were implemented in some of the villages. Thematic analysis based on grounded theory revealed six categories of data relating to ASF prevention and control. Together these categories form a logical framework including both enablers and hindrances for ASF prevention and control. In summary participants mostly had positive perceptions of ASF biosecurity, describing measures as effective. Participants further possessed knowledge of ASF and its transmission, some of which was in line with known scientific knowledge and some not. Nevertheless, participants were hindered from preventing and controlling ASF due to biosecurity costs and a need to prioritise family livelihood over disease transmission risks, incompatibility of current biosecurity practises with local culture, traditions and social contexts and finally lack of access to veterinarians or, occasionally, low-quality veterinary services. The constraints could be addressed by applying participatory processes in designing biosecurity measures to ensure better adaptation to local cultural and social contexts.

scholarly journals Infection prevention guidelines and considerations for paediatric risk groups when reopening primary schools during COVID-19 pandemic, Norway, April 2020

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (22) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tone Bjordal Johansen ◽  
Elisabeth Astrup ◽  
Solveig Jore ◽  
Hege Nilssen ◽  
Bente Barton Dahlberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Infection Prevention ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
School Closures ◽  
Prevention Guidelines ◽  
And Control

In response to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, most countries implemented school closures. In Norway, schools closed on 13 March 2020. The evidence of effect on disease transmission was limited, while negative consequences were evident. Before reopening, risk-assessment for paediatric risk groups was performed, concluding that most children can attend school with few conditions requiring preventative homeschooling. We here present infection prevention and control guidelines for primary schools and recommendations for paediatric risk groups.

scholarly journals Paratuberculosis: The Hidden Killer of Small Ruminants

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Sanaa M. Idris ◽  
Kamal H. Eltom ◽  
Julius B. Okuni ◽  
Lonzy Ojok ◽  
Wisal A. Elmagzoub ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Trade Restrictions ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Diagnostic Assays ◽  
Mycobacterium Avium Subsp Paratuberculosis ◽  
And Control

Paratuberculosis (PTB) is a contagious and chronic enteric disease of ruminants and many non-ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), and is characterised by diarrhoea and progressive emaciation with consequent serious economic losses due to death, early culling, and reduced productivity. In addition, indirect economic losses may arise from trade restrictions. Besides being a production limiting disease, PTB is a potential zoonosis; MAP has been isolated from Crohn’s disease patients and was associated with other human diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, Type 1 diabetes, and multiple sclerosis. Paratuberculosis in sheep and goats may be globally distributed though information on the prevalence and economic impact in many developing countries seem to be scanty. Goats are more susceptible to infection than sheep and both species are likely to develop the clinical disease. Ingestion of feed and water contaminated with faeces of MAP-positive animals is the common route of infection, which then spreads horizontally and vertically. In African countries, PTB has been described as a “neglected disease”, and in small ruminants, which support the livelihood of people in rural areas and poor communities, the disease was rarely reported. Prevention and control of small ruminants’ PTB is difficult because diagnostic assays demonstrate poor sensitivity early in the disease process, in addition to the difficulties in identifying subclinically infected animals. Further studies are needed to provide more insight on molecular epidemiology, transmission, and impact on other animals or humans, socio-economic aspects, prevention and control of small ruminant PTB.

scholarly journals Assessment of Risk Factors of African Swine Fever in India: Perspectives on Future Outbreaks and Control Strategies

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1044
Author(s):  
Mousumi Bora ◽  
Durlav Prasad Bora ◽  
Mohan Manu ◽  
Nagendra Nath Barman ◽  
Lakshya Jyoti Dutta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Wild Pigs ◽  
Wildlife Reservoirs ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
And Control ◽  
Near Future

African swine fever (ASF) is one of the most important transboundary diseases of pigs. ASF has been identified in India for the first time in domestic pigs from outbreaks reported in two of the northeastern states, Arunachal Pradesh and Assam in 2020. A total of 11 ASF outbreaks in different regions killed over 3700 pigs and devastated the economy of small-scale livestock owners of both the states. Considering the first outbreak of ASF in India, a generic risk assessment framework was determined to identify potential risk factors that might favor future emergence of the disease. Based on the Indian scenario, we considered population density of host, farming practice, availability of biological vectors and wildlife reservoirs, epidemiological cycles, and international trade to analyze the possibility of future outbreaks of ASF and chances of establishment of endemism. On critical analysis of the identified risk factors associated with ASFV transmission, we observed that the risk factors are well preserved in the Indian geography and might participate in future outbreaks, further disseminating the disease to nearby countries. Since no vaccine is currently available against ASF, the domestic and the wild pigs (wild boars and the endangered pygmy hogs native to India) of this region are under constant threat of infection. For the near future, this region will have to continue to rely on the implementation of preventive measures to avoid the devastating losses that outbreaks can cause. The various adaptive control strategies to minimize the risks associated with the transmission of ASF, keeping our views to Indian settings, have been described. The risk-analysis framework presented in the study will give a further understanding of the dynamics of disease transmission and will help to design control strategies and corresponding measures to minimize the catastrophic consequences of ASF disease.

scholarly journals Agricultural Household Response to Avian Influenza Prevention and Control Policies

2007 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert H. Beach ◽  
Christine Poulos ◽  
Subhrendu K. Pattanayak
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Trade Restrictions ◽  
Agricultural Household ◽  
Bird Mortality ◽  
Influenza Prevention ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control

Recent outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza in Asia, Europe, and Africa have caused severe impacts on the poultry sector through bird mortality and culling, as well as resulting trade restrictions and negative demand shocks. Although poultry producers play a major role in preventing and controlling avian influenza, little research has examined the influence of their farm-level decision making on the spread of the disease. In this study, we describe farm behavior under livestock disease risk and discuss data and analyses necessary to generate sound empirical evidence to inform public avian influenza prevention and control measures.

scholarly journals African Swine Fever: Penyakit Emerging yang Mengancam Peternakan Babi di Dunia

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Indrawati Sendow ◽  
Atik Ratnawati ◽  
NLP I Dharmayanti ◽  
Muharam Saepulloh
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Dna Virus ◽  
Dna Viruses ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Double Stranded Dna ◽  
Short Time ◽  
And Control

<p class="00-6Abstrak2Wtz">African swine fever (ASF) is a highly infectious disease in pigs that caused by the double-stranded DNA virus of the Asfarviridae family. The disease is characterized by haemorrhages in the ears, back and legs. This virus causes death in pigs and has a large economic impact. However, ASF is not a zoonotic disease, hence it has no an impact on human health. This paper  will discuss about ASF disease, route of transmision, how to diagnose, and handling of ASF. This disease has spread throughout Asia in a relatively short time in 2019, and this exotic disease has been reported entering Indonesia at the end of 2019. There is no effective prevention and control of the disease. Several vaccines have been developed but are still considered ineffective while commercial vaccines are not yet available. Safety and effectiveness of vaccines are still being considered because ASF virus is very unique and different from other DNA viruses,. Therefore, prevention of ASF infection should be done by conducting strict biosecurity, applying regulations on the movement of pigs and pig products to the region or country.</p>

scholarly journals Pharmacy preparedness and response for the prevention and control of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Aksum, Ethiopia; a qualitative exploration

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gebremicheal Gebreslassie Kasahun ◽  
Gebremichael Mulu Kahsay ◽  
Amha Teklu Asayehegn ◽  
Gebre Teklemariam Demoz ◽  
Desilu Mahari Desta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thematic Analysis ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Pharmacy Services ◽  
Medical Supplies ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
The Government ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Qualitative Exploration ◽  
And Control ◽  
Depth Interviews

Abstract Background Novel Coronavirus is a global pandemic affecting all walks of life and it significantly changed the health system practices. Pharmacists are at the front line and have long been involved in combating this public health emergency. Therefore, the study was aimed to explore pharmacy preparedness and response to prevent and control coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods A qualitative study was conducted in six pharmacies in Aksum, Ethiopia in May, 2020. We conducted six in-depth interviews with purposively selected key informants. Direct observation measures were made to assess the activities made in the medicine retail outlets for the prevention and control of the pandemic. Interview data were audio-recorded, translated and transcribed verbatim. Thematic analysis was employed to analyze the data and OpenCode version 4.02 software was used to facilitate the data analysis. Results The thematic analysis has resulted in seven major themes. Good preparedness measures were undertaken to control and prevent COVID-19. Study informants had good knowledge about the pandemic disease and reported they had used different resource materials to update themselves. Preparing of alcohol-based hand-rub, availing finished sanitizers and alcohol, and advising clients to maintain physical distancing were the major counseling information being delivered to prevent the disease. Some tendencies of irrational drug use and false claims of COVID-19 were observed at the beginning of the pandemic. Interview informants had reported they were working with relevant stakeholders and appropriate patient education and support were given to combat the pandemic. Conclusion The study revealed necessary pharmacy services has been rendered to all clients. However, availability of drugs and medical supplies were scarce which negatively affected the optimal delivery of pharmacy services. The government and other responsible bodies should work together to solve such problems and contain the pandemic.

scholarly journals Factors associated with social responsibility among university students in Yala, Thailand during the COVID-19 pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Awirut Singkun
Keyword(s):  
Social Responsibility ◽  
University Students ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Knowledge And Attitude ◽  
High Level ◽  
And Control

PurposeThe objectives of this study were to evaluate knowledge on the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) transmission, attitude toward the measures of COVID-19 prevention and control, explore social responsibility behaviors and test for the association between variables and social responsibility among university students.Design/methodology/approachIt was a cross-sectional study. The population was 7,754 students from a university in Yala province. The sample size was 370 students according to Krejcie and Morgan table. Google form was introduced to make the self-administered questionnaires. Content validity was evaluated by three experts, and for reliability of knowledge and attitude, the coefficient was 0.707 and 0.702. Data collection was done in the early April 2020. Descriptive statistics and χ² were used to analyze the data. Ethical approval number 095–63.FindingsThe results found that students' knowledge on COVID-19 transmission was in a moderate level, attitude toward the state measures for COVID-19 prevention and control was at a high level. Their social responsibility behaviors were at a high level. Their knowledge, attitude and payment were significant association with social responsibility behaviors among university students (p < 0.05).Originality/valueUniversity students' knowledge on disease transmission as well as positive attitude toward the measures of regulation led them to have cooperation. Social distancing and lockdown measures affected their lifestyle. However, they have responsibility behaviors to the society, especially in the pandemic situation.

scholarly journals Knowledge and compliance with Covid-19 infection prevention and control measures among health workers in regional referral hospitals in northern Uganda: a cross-sectional online survey

F1000Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 136
Author(s):  
Sharon Bright Amanya ◽  
Richard Nyeko ◽  
Bonniface Obura ◽  
Joy Acen ◽  
Caroline Nabasirye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Infection Prevention ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Northern Uganda ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Referral Hospitals ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control

Background: Infection prevention and control (IPC) has increasingly been underscored as a key tool for limiting the transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) and safeguarding health workers from infections during their work. Knowledge and compliance with IPC measures is therefore essential in protecting health workers. However, this has not been established among health workers in northern Uganda in light of the Covid-19 pandemic. The objective of this study was to determine the knowledge and compliance with Covid-19 infection prevention and control measures among health workers in regional referral hospitals in northern Uganda.  Methods: An online cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among 75 health workers in regional referral hospitals within northern Uganda. A structured questionnaire was distributed to health workers via WhatsApp messenger. Sufficient knowledge was considered at a correct response score of ≥80%, while adequate compliance was rated ≥75% of the maximum score. Data were analyzed using SPSS v21.   Results: The majority of the health workers had sufficient knowledge (69%) and adequate compliance (68%) with Covid-19 IPC. Adequate compliance was significantly associated with training in Covid-19 IPC (p=0.039), access to Covid-19 IPC at workstations (p=0.036), and having strong institutional support (p=0.031). However, there was no significant relationship between knowledge and compliance with IPC (p=0.07). The socio-demographic characteristics of health workers, including age, sex, education level, occupation, working hours and work experience, had no statistically significant relationship with Covid-19 IPC knowledge or compliance.  Conclusion: Our results show fairly good knowledge and compliance with Covid-19 IPC among health workers in northern Uganda. There is need for more training and provision of guidelines to promote compliance with Covid-19 IPC.

scholarly journals Current efforts towards safe and effective live attenuated vaccines against African swine fever: challenges and prospects

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Wang ◽  
Rui Luo ◽  
Yuan Sun ◽  
Hua-Ji Qiu
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
African Swine Fever Virus ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Field Application ◽  
Stable Cell Line ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Hemorrhagic Disease ◽  
Wide Field ◽  
Live Attenuated Vaccines ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background African swine fever (ASF) is a fatal hemorrhagic disease in domestic pigs and wild boar caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV). Since ASF has been introduced into Europe and Asia, the major pig-raising areas, posing a huge threat to the pork industry worldwide. Currently, prevention and control of ASF are basically dependent on strict biosecurity measures and stamping-out policy once ASF occurs. Main text The major risks of ASF spread are insufficient biosecurity measures and human behaviors. Therefore, a safe and effective vaccine seems to be a reasonable demand for the prevention and control of ASF. Due to the efficacy advantage over other types of vaccines, live attenuated vaccines (LAVs), especially virulence-associated genes deleted vaccines, are likely to be put into emergency and conditional use in restricted areas if ASF is out of control in a country with a huge pig population and pork consumption, like China. However, the safety, efficacy, and genetic stability of current candidate ASF LAVs require comprehensive clinical evaluations prior to country-wide field application. Several critical issues need to be addressed to commercialize an ideal ASF LAV, including a stable cell line for manufacturing vaccines, differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA), and cross-protection from different genotypes. Conclusion A safe and effective DIVA vaccine and an accompanying diagnostic assay will facilitate the prevention, control, and eradication of ASF, which is quite challenging in the near future. Graphical Abstract

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