scholarly journals Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Respiratory Pathogens Isolated From Suckling Beef Calves to Reprocessing at the Feedlot: A Longitudinal Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Nobrega ◽  
Sara Andres-Lasheras ◽  
Rahat Zaheer ◽  
Tim McAllister ◽  
Elizabeth Homerosky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Pasteurella Multocida ◽  
Respiratory Pathogen ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Beef Calves ◽  
Histophilus Somni ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Profile ◽  
Resistance Rates ◽  
Prevalent Species

Here, we investigated the prevalence and risk factors for the presence of Histophilus somni, Mannheimia haemolytica, Mycoplasma bovis, and Pasteurella multocida in the respiratory tract of calves from the spring processing to the reprocessing at feedlots. Additionally, we characterized, phenotypically and genotypically, the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profile of the four species. Calves from 22 cow–calf operations were enrolled in the study (n = 30 calves per operation) and sampled by deep nasopharyngeal swabs at three time points: spring processing, weaning, or induction into feedlots, and at reprocessing at the feedlot. Isolates were tested for susceptibility using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test against commonly administered antimicrobials. Additionally, a subset of isolates underwent whole-genome sequencing to infer presence of AMR genes and resistance determinants. Among studied pathogens, P. multocida was the most prevalent species, regardless of time point, followed by M. haemolytica, M. bovis, and H. somni. For M. bovis, a sharp increase in prevalence was detected at the reprocessing sampling, whereas for P. multocida, an increase in prevalence was observed at the weaning/induction sampling. Comingling and co-location of feedlots were not associated with prevalence of any respiratory pathogen. In terms of AMR, resistance against macrolides was prevalent in M. bovis, with most isolates resistant against tildipirosin, tilmicosin, and tylosin. In general, there was limited evidence to support an increase in resistance rates of respiratory bacteria from the spring processing to reprocessing at feedlots, with the exception of florfenicol resistance in M. bovis, which increased at reprocessing. Metaphylactic administration of tetracyclines at feedlot induction was not associated with the MIC of tetracyclines in any respiratory bacteria. Conversely, there were clear associations between the parenteral use of macrolides as metaphylaxis at the feedlot induction, and increased MIC against macrolides in P. multocida, M. haemolytica, and H. somni. Overall, the AMR phenotypes were corroborated by presence of AMR genes. We hypothesize that the administration of macrolides such as tulathromycin at feedlot induction contributes to historical changes in macrolides MIC data of respiratory bacteria of beef cattle.

scholarly journals Estimating Clinically Relevant Cut-Off Values for a High-Throughput Quantitative Real-Time PCR Detecting Bacterial Respiratory Pathogens in Cattle

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicia F. Klompmaker ◽  
Maria Brydensholt ◽  
Anne Marie Michelsen ◽  
Matthew J. Denwood ◽  
Carsten T. Kirkeby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Pasteurella Multocida ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Histophilus Somni ◽  
Nasal Swabs

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) results from interactions between pathogens, environmental stressors, and host factors. Obtaining a diagnosis of the causal pathogens is challenging but the use of high-throughput real-time PCR (rtPCR) may help target preventive and therapeutic interventions. The aim of this study was to improve the interpretation of rtPCR results by analysing their associations with clinical observations. The objective was to develop and illustrate a field-data driven statistical method to guide the selection of relevant quantification cycle cut-off values for pathogens associated with BRD for the high-throughput rtPCR system “Fluidigm BioMark HD” based on nasal swabs from calves. We used data from 36 herds enrolled in a Danish field study where 340 calves within pre-determined age-groups were subject to clinical examination and nasal swabs up to four times. The samples were analysed with the rtPCR system. Each of the 1,025 observation units were classified as sick with BRD or healthy, based on clinical scores. The optimal rtPCR results to predict BRD were investigated for Pasteurella multocida, Mycoplasma bovis, Histophilus somni, Mannheimia haemolytica, and Trueperella pyogenes by interpreting scatterplots and results of mixed effects logistic regression models. The clinically relevant rtPCR cut-off suggested for P. multocida and M. bovis was ≤ 21.3. For H. somni it was ≤ 17.4, while no cut-off could be determined for M. haemolytica and T. pyogenes. The demonstrated approach can provide objective support in the choice of clinically relevant cut-offs. However, for robust performance of the regression model sufficient amounts of suitable data are required.

scholarly journals Phylogenetic analysis, biofilm production, and antimicrobial resistance profile of Escherichia coli isolated from slaughtered pigs

2018 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 1309-1315
Author(s):  
A.S. Santos ◽  
D.C.V. Lima ◽  
E.F.T.S. Fernandes ◽  
P.P.F. Albuquerque ◽  
G.V. Gouveia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Phylogenetic Group ◽  
Swine Industry ◽  
Resistance Profile ◽  
Enteric Diseases ◽  
Biofilm Production ◽  
Diffusion Technique ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Profile ◽  
Resistance Rates

ABSTRACT Enteric diseases of bacterial origin are frequent in the pig industry, of particular notoriety are the colibacillosis that mainly affect piglets and cause great damage to the swine industry worldwide. The aim of the study was to analyze phylogenetics, to detect biofilm production, and to determine antimicrobial resistance profile in 126 strains of Escherichia coli isolated from swabs obtained from fragments of the small intestines of 235 healthy pigs killed in slaughterhouses in Pernambuco (Brazil) using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), adherence to microplates test and disc diffusion technique. Of the analyzed samples, 88.10% (111/126) were classified in phylogenetic group B1; 4.76% (6/126) in group D; 3.97% (5/126) in group B2 and, 3.17% (4/126) in group A. Antimicrobial resistance rates observed were: lincomycin 100% (126/126), erythromycin 100% (126/126), chlortetracycline 94.44% (119/126), cephalothin 51.59% (65/126), ampicillin 38.89% (49/126), sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim 37.3% (47/126), ciprofloxacin 19.84% (25/126), norfloxacin 14.29% (18/126), gentamicin 8.73% (11/126) and, chloramphenicol 5.55% (7/126). Multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) ranged from 0.2 to 0.9. Of the strains tested 46.03% (58/126) produced biofilm, and 99.21% (125/126) of the strains exhibited multi-resistance. Further studies are required to elucidate the importance of each phylogenetic group in pigs and to prevent the propagation of multi-resistant E. coli strains.

scholarly journals Fatal Calf Pneumonia Outbreaks in Italian Dairy Herds Involving Mycoplasma bovis and Other Agents of BRD Complex

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Fanelli ◽  
Margie Cirilli ◽  
Maria Stella Lucente ◽  
Aya Attia Koraney Zarea ◽  
Domenico Buonavoglia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pasteurella Multocida ◽  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Single Agent ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Mycoplasma Bovis ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Histophilus Somni ◽  
Syncytial Virus

Mycoplasma bovis is increasingly recognized worldwide as an important cause of disease with major welfare and production impairments on cattle rearing. Although it was detected in veal calves and beef cattle, little is known on the infection impact and on its temporal morbidity pattern in Italian dairy herds. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the involvement of M. bovis on fatal calf pneumonia outbreaks that occurred during 2009–2019 in 64 Italian dairy farms. Furthermore, a deeper diagnostic workup of concurrent infection with other viral and bacterial respiratory pathogens was assessed. Out of the investigated fatal pneumonia cases, M. bovis was frequently detected (animal prevalence, 16.16%; 95%CI, 11.82–21.33; herd prevalence, 26.56; 95%CI, 16.29–39.08) either as the single agent of the disease in more than half of the positive samples (20/37) or in concurrent infections with Histophilus somni (9/37, 24.3%), Mannheimia haemolytica (6/37, 16.621%), Trueperella pyogenes (1/37, 2.70%), Pasteurella multocida (1/37, 2.70%), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (5/37, 13.51%), and bovine viral diarrhea virus (2/37, 5.55%). Based on time-series analysis, M. bovis was recorded in the area since 2009 with outbreaks displaying a clear morbidity seasonal pattern with peaks in April (43.21%) and in September (13.51%). This might be due to the stressing conditions during spring and late summer periods. Results of this study highlight that M. bovis infection warrants consideration, and control measures are needed given its involvement in lethal pneumonia outbreaks in dairy herds from an extended area.

scholarly journals Pasteurella multocida capsular: lipopolysaccharide types D:L6 and A:L3 remain to be the main epidemic genotypes of pigs in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Songtao Liu ◽  
Lin Lin ◽  
Hao Yang ◽  
Wenqing Wu ◽  
Long Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Multiplex Pcr ◽  
Virulence Factor ◽  
Pasteurella Multocida ◽  
Pcr Detection ◽  
Respiratory Disorders ◽  
Resistance Profile ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Profile ◽  
Pcr Assays ◽  
Encoding Genes

AbstractPasteurella multocida is a leading cause of respiratory disorders in pigs. This study was designed to understand the genotypical and antimicrobial resistant characteristics of P. multocida from pigs in China. To achieve this, we briefly investigated 158 P. multocida isolates from pigs with respiratory disorders in China between 2019 and 2020. Genotyping through multiplex PCR assays assigned these 158 isolates into capsular genotypes A (60.13%, 95/158), D (35.44%, 56/158), F (4.43%, 7/158), and/or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) genotypes L3 (28.48%, 45/158) and L6 (66.46%, 105/158). In addition, eight isolates (5.06%, 8/158) were found to be nontypable using the LPS genotyping method. When combining the capsular genotypes and the LPS genotypes, D: L6 (34.81%, 55/158) and A: L6 (31.65%, 50/158) were the predominant genotypes, followed by A: L3 (24.05%, 38/158). PCR detection of virulence factor-encoding genes showed that over 80% of the isolates were positive for exbB, tonB, exbD, ompH, ptfA, fimA, sodA, sodC, fur, ompA, oma87, plpB, hsf-2, nanH and hgbB, suggesting the presence of these genes were broad characteristics of P. multocida. We also found approximately 63.92% (101/158), 51.27% (81/158), 8.86% (14/158), 7.59% (12/158), 3.16% (5/158), 0.63% (1/158), and 0.63% (1/158) of the isolates grew well in media with the presence of colistin (4 μg/mL), tetracycline (16 μg/mL), tigecycline (1 μg/mL), ampicillin (32 μg/mL), chloramphenicol (32 μg/mL), cefepime (16 μg/mL), and ciprofloxacin (1 μg/mL), respectively. This study contributes to the understanding of genotypes and antimicrobial resistance profile of P. multocida currently circulation in pigs of China.

scholarly journals Isolation of Bacterial causes of Respiratory Infections in Calves in Smallholder farms in and around Gonder Town, Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tefera Manaye ◽  
Pawlos Wasihun Asnake ◽  
Ashebr Abraha ◽  
Tsegaw Fentie
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Pasteurella Multocida ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Mannheimia Haemolytica ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Swab ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Isolation Rate ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Tract Infections

Abstract Background: Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is considered as the major cause of severe respiratory tract infections in calves. Pasteurellosis is a multifactorial respiratory disease, which mainly affect calves within four weeks of weaning. A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2017 to April 2018 in and around Gondar town, Amhara Regional State, North West of Ethiopia. The aim of the study was to isolate Mannheimia and Pasteurella species from calves up to six months old, and to assess the associated risk factors with the occurrence of respiratory disease. Sex, age (< 16 weeks and > 16 weeks), body condition status (poor, medium, good), breed (local and cross breed), livelihood (mixed crop and urban), farming systems (semi intensive and intensive), herd size (small medium, and large), maternity pens (present or absent), and method of colostrum feedings (hand bucket and suckling) were the examined risk factors.Results: A total of 84 nasopharyngeal swab samples were collected from calves with any signs of illness related to pasteurellosis. The overall isolation rate of the respiratory pathogens was 64/84 (76.2%) (95% CI=65.7-84.8), with 46.4% of Mannheimia haemolytica and 28.8% Pasteurella multocida isolates. The distribution of pathogens was statistically higher (P< 0.001) in calves with respiratory problems (93.6%; 95% CI= 82.5-98.7) compared to those with no symptoms of respiratory illness (54.1%; 95% CI= 36.9-70.5). Among the examined risk factors age, sex, breed, farming system were found to be potential risk factors and significantly associated with Pasteurella infection of calves (p<0.05). The higher isolation rate of Mannheimia haemolytica indicated that it is the major cause of respiratory disease in the study area.Conclusion: The present finding revealed that pasteurellosis is one of the major diseases of calves in the study area in which M. haemolytica and P. multocida were found to be commonly involved in respiratory infections. Improved farm management including timely feeding of colostrum, appropriate hygiene of the calf house and training of farmers is recommended to prevent and control of respiratory diseases in the study area.

Epidemiology, antimicrobial resistance, and incremental medical costs of hospital-acquired infections in the Intensive Care Unit: 2-year experience from Serbia

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksa Jovan Despotovic ◽  
Branko Milosevic ◽  
Ivana Milosevic ◽  
Andja Cirkovic ◽  
Snezana D Jovanovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Length Of Stay ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Antimicrobial Treatment ◽  
Hospital Acquired Infection ◽  
Hospital Acquired Infections ◽  
Resistance Rates ◽  
Hospital Acquired

Abstract Background: Hospital-acquired infections are a major complication of hospital treatment. The growing presence of multidrug-resistant pathogens contributes to increased mortality and costs, particularly in intensive care units where patients are predisposed to numerous risk factors. Comprehensive data about hospital-acquired infections from Serbian intensive care units is scarce. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of hospital-acquired infections among intensive care unit patients and look into the patterns of antimicrobial resistance, risk factors, and incremental costs of diagnosis and antimicrobial treatment. Methods: This retrospective study included 355 patients over a two-year period. Etiology, antimicrobial resistance patterns, and incremental costs of diagnosis and antimicrobial treatment were examined. Risk factors for infection acquisition, as well as length of stay, were statistically analyzed using Pearson’s chi-square tests and logistic regression analysis. Results: At least one hospital-acquired infection was identified in 32.7% of patients. A total of 204 infection episodes were documented, the most common type being urinary tract infections (36.3%). Clostridium difficile , Klebsiella spp. , and Acinetobacter baumanii were the most common isolates. Antimicrobial resistance rates < 20% were observed for linezolid (0%), colistin (9%), and tigecycline (14%). Resistance rates > 50% were seen in all other tested antibiotic agents. Mortality rates were not higher in patients who acquired only one hospital-acquired infection (p=0.09), but were significantly higher for patients in whom more than one episode occurred (p=0.038). Length of stay > 20 days carried a 7.5-fold increase in odds of acquiring an infection (CI 4.4-12.7, p<0.001), whereas length of stay > 30 days carried a 10-fold increase (CI 5.5-16.1, p<0.001). During the study period, over 37,000 EUR was incrementally spent on diagnosis and antimicrobial treatment for hospital-acquired infections. Conclusion: Our results suggest a high prevalence of hospital-acquired infections and very high antimicrobial resistance rates compared to most European countries. Together with the first published results regarding incremental costs from Serbia, our observations require large-scale prospective follow-up studies in order to obtain a deeper insight into the actual burden of hospital-acquired infections.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial resistance and detection of mecA and blaZ genes in coagulase-negative Staphylococcus isolated from bovine mastitis

2012 ◽  
Vol 32 (8) ◽  
pp. 692-696 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lidiane C. Soares ◽  
Ingrid A. Pereira ◽  
Bruno R. Pribul ◽  
Marcelo S. Oliva ◽  
Shana M.O. Coelho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Meca Gene ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Bovine Mastitis ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Profile ◽  
Disk Diffusion Assay ◽  
Resistance Rates ◽  
Gene 4

The present study evaluated the pheno- and genotypical antimicrobial resistance profile of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CNS) species isolated from dairy cows milk, specially concerning to oxacillin. Of 100 CNS isolates, the S. xylosus was the prevalent species, followed by S. cohnii, S. hominis, S. capitis and S. haemolyticus. Only 6% were phenotypically susceptible to the antimicrobial agents tested in disk diffusion assay. Penicillin and ampicillin resistance rates were significantly higher than others antimicrobials. Four isolates were positive to mecA gene (4%), all represented by the S. xylosus species. The blaZ gene was detected in 16% of the isolates (16/100). It was noticed that all mecA + were also positive to this gene and the presence of both genes was correlated to phenotypic beta-lactamic resistance. We conclude that CNS species from bovine milk presented significantly distinct antimicrobial resistance profiles, evaluated by phenotypic and genotypic tests, which has implications for treatment and management decisions.

scholarly journals Respiratory tract infections among French Hajj pilgrims from 2014 to 2017

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Van-Thuan Hoang ◽  
Saliha Ali-Salem ◽  
Khadidja Belhouchat ◽  
Mohammed Meftah ◽  
Doudou Sow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Symptoms ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Respiratory Pathogen ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Human Coronaviruses ◽  
Tract Infections

AbstractRespiratory tract infections (RTIs) are common among Hajj pilgrims, but risk factors for RTIs and respiratory pathogen acquisition during the Hajj are not clearly identified. Based on previous studies, most frequent pathogens acquired by Hajj pilgrims were investigated: rhinovirus, human coronaviruses, influenza viruses, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae. 485 pilgrims were included. 82.1% presented with RTIs. Respiratory chronic diseases were associated with cough, Influenza-like illness (ILI) and the acquisition of H. influenzae. Vaccination against invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPD) and influenza was associated with a decrease in the acquisition of S. pneumoniae and prevalence of ILI (aRR = 0.53, 95%CI [0.39–0.73] and aRR = 0.69, 95%CI [0.52–0.92] respectively). Individuals carrying rhinovirus and H. influenzae-S. pneumoniae together were respectively twice and five times more likely to have respiratory symptoms. Individual with H. influenzae-K. pneumoniae carriage were twice (p = 0.04) as likely to develop a cough. The use of disposable handkerchiefs was associated with a decrease in the acquisition of S. aureus (aRR = 0.75, 95%CI [0.57–0.97]). Results could be used to identify pilgrims at increased risk of RTIs and acquisition of respiratory pathogens. Results also confirm the effectiveness of influenza and IPD vaccinations in reducing ILI symptoms and acquisition of S. pneumoniae carriage respectively.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Resistance in Members of the Bacterial Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex Isolated from Lung Tissue of Cattle Mortalities Managed with or without the Use of Antimicrobials

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim Stanford ◽  
Rahat Zaheer ◽  
Cassidy Klima ◽  
Tim McAllister ◽  
Delores Peters ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Lung Tissue ◽  
Pasteurella Multocida ◽  
Ice Core ◽  
Bovine Respiratory Disease ◽  
Integrative And Conjugative Elements ◽  
Histophilus Somni ◽  
Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex ◽  
Core Genes

Over a two-year period, Mannheimia haemolytica (MH; n = 113), Pasteurella multocida (PM; n = 47), Histophilus somni (HS; n = 41) and Mycoplasma bovis (MB; n = 227) were isolated from bovine lung tissue at necropsy from cattle raised conventionally (CON, n = 29 feedlots) or without antimicrobials [natural (NAT), n = 2 feedlots]. Excluding MB, isolates were assayed by PCR to detect the presence of 13 antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes and five core genes associated with integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs). Antimicrobial susceptibility phenotypes and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs, µg/mL) were determined for a subset of isolates (MH, n = 104; PM, n = 45; HS, n = 23; and MB, n = 61) using Sensititre analyses. A subset of isolates (n = 21) was also evaluated by whole-genome sequencing (WGS) based on variation in AMR phenotype. All five ICE core genes were detected in PM and HS by PCR, but only 3/5 were present in MH. Presence of mco and tnpA ICE core genes in MH was associated with higher MICs (p < 0.05) for all tetracyclines, and 2/3 of all macrolides, aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones evaluated. In contrast, association of ICE core genes with MICs was largely restricted to macrolides for PM and to individual tetracyclines and macrolides for HS. For MH, the average number of AMR genes markedly increased (p < 0.05) in year 2 of the study due to the emergence of a strain that was PCR positive for all 13 PCR-tested AMR genes as well as two additional AMR genes (aadA31 and blaROB-1) detected by WGS. Conventional management of cattle increased (p < 0.05) MICs of tilmicosin and tulathromycin for MH; neomycin and spectinomycin for PM; and gamithromycin and tulathromycin for MB. The average number of PCR-detected AMR genes in PM was also increased (p < 0.05) in CON mortalities. This study demonstrates increased AMR especially to macrolides by bovine respiratory disease organisms in CON as compared to NAT feedlots and a rapid increase in AMR following dissemination of strain(s) carrying ICE-associated multidrug resistance.

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