scholarly journals RNAseq Reveals Differential Gene Expression Contributing to Phytophthora nicotianae Adaptation to Partial Resistance in Tobacco

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 656
Author(s):  
Jing Jin ◽  
Rui Shi ◽  
Ramsey Steven Lewis ◽  
Howard David Shew
Keyword(s):  
Partial Resistance ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Phytophthora Nicotianae ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Black Shank ◽  
Differential Gene ◽  
Go Terms

Phytophthora nicotianae is a devastating oomycete plant pathogen with a wide host range. On tobacco, it causes black shank, a disease that can result in severe economic losses. Deployment of host resistance is one of the most effective means of controlling tobacco black shank, but adaptation to complete and partial resistance by P. nicotianae can limit the long-term effectiveness of the resistance. The molecular basis of adaptation to partial resistance is largely unknown. RNAseq was performed on two isolates of P. nicotianae (adapted to either the susceptible tobacco genotype Hicks or the partially resistant genotype K 326 Wz/Wz) to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) during their pathogenic interactions with K 326 Wz/Wz and Hicks. Approximately 69% of the up-regulated DEGs were associated with pathogenicity in the K 326 Wz/Wz-adapted isolate when sampled following infection of its adapted host K 326 Wz/Wz. Thirty-one percent of the up-regulated DEGs were associated with pathogenicity in the Hicks-adapted isolate on K 326 Wz/Wz. A broad spectrum of over-represented gene ontology (GO) terms were assigned to down-regulated genes in the Hicks-adapted isolate. In the host, a series of GO terms involved in nuclear biosynthesis processes were assigned to the down-regulated genes in K 326 Wz/Wz inoculated with K 326 Wz/Wz-adapted isolate. This study enhances our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of P. nicotianae adaptation to partial resistance in tobacco by elucidating how the pathogen recruits pathogenicity-associated genes that impact host biological activities.

scholarly journals Resistance to Phytophthora nicotianae in Tobacco Breeding Lines Derived from Variety Beinhart 1000

Plant Disease ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 252-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kestrel McCorkle ◽  
Ramsey Lewis ◽  
David Shew
Keyword(s):  
Partial Resistance ◽  
Phytophthora Nicotianae ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
Black Shank ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Stem Resistance ◽  
Race 1 ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Dh Lines ◽  
Rapid Emergence

Black shank, caused by Phytophthora nicotianae, is managed primarily by host resistance. The rapid emergence of race 1 eliminated the usefulness of available complete resistance, leading breeders to search for new sources of resistance. Cigar tobacco ‘Beinhart 1000’ (BH) is highly resistant to all races of P. nicotianae. Doubled-haploid (DH) lines from a cross of BH and the susceptible ‘Hicks’ were evaluated for black shank resistance, and quantitative trait loci (QTL) on linkage groups (LGs) 4 and 8 accounted for >43% of the phenotypic variation in resistance. Forty-three DH lines and parents were evaluated, and genotypes with one or both QTL from BH on LGs 4 and 8 had increased incubation periods and decreased root rot but higher final inoculum levels than genotypes with neither QTL. A low level of stem resistance was observed in BH and DH lines with the QTL from BH on LG 4 but not LG 8. Low levels of leaf resistance were seen for Hicks, BH, and DH lines with both QTL from BH on LG 4 and 8. The partial resistance from BH has not been used commercially and may provide an increase in level of partial resistance in future tobacco varieties.

Adaptation of Phytophthora nicotianae to multiple sources of partial-resistance in tobacco.

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Jin ◽  
Kestrel Lannon McCorkle ◽  
Vicki Cornish ◽  
Ignazio Carbone ◽  
Ramsey Lewis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Partial Resistance ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Phytophthora Nicotianae ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Rapid Loss ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
Black Shank ◽  
Race 1

Host resistance is an important tool in the management of black shank disease of tobacco. While race development leads to rapid loss of single-gene resistance, the adaptation by Phytophthora nicotianae to sources of partial resistance from Beinhart 1000, Florida 301, and the Wz gene region introgressed from Nicotiana rustica is poorly characterized. In greenhouse environments, host genotypes with QTLs conferring resistance from multiple sources were initially inoculated with an aggressive isolate of race 0 or race 1 of P. nicotianae. The most aggressive isolate was selected after each of six host generations to inoculate the next generation of plants. The race 0 isolate demonstrated a continuous gradual increase in disease severity and percent root rot on all sources of resistance except the genotype K 326 Wz/--, where a large increase in both was observed between generations two and three. Adaptation by the race 0 isolate on Beinhart 1000 represents the first report of adaptation to this genotype by P. nicotianae. The race 1 isolate did not exhibit significant increases in aggressiveness over generations, but also exhibited a large increase in aggressiveness on K 326 Wz/-- between generations 3 and 4. Molecular characterization of isolates recovered during selection was completed using ddRADseq, but no polymorphisms were associated with the observed changes in aggressiveness. The rapid adaptation to Wz resistance and the gradual adaptation to other QTLs highlights the need to study the nature of Wz resistance and for conducting field studies on efficacy of resistance-gene rotation for disease management.

scholarly journals Sex-Related Differences in Dilated Cardiomyopathy with a Focus on Cardiac Dysfunction in Oncology

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Domenico D’Amario ◽  
Massimiliano Camilli ◽  
Stefano Migliaro ◽  
Francesco Canonico ◽  
Mattia Galli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Therapeutic Response ◽  
Multimodality Imaging ◽  
Long Term Outcomes ◽  
Disease Manifestation ◽  
Therapeutic Implications ◽  
Differential Gene ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Abstract Purpose of Review The aim of this report is to describe the main aspects of sex-related differences in non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathies (DCM), focusing on chemotherapy-induced heart failure (HF) and investigating the possible therapeutic implications and clinical management applications in the era of personalized medicine. Recent Findings In cardio-oncology, molecular and multimodality imaging studies confirm that sex differences do exist, affecting the therapeutic cardioprotective strategies and, therefore, the long-term outcomes. Interestingly, compelling evidences suggest that sex-specific characteristics in drug toxicity might predict differences in the therapeutic response, most likely due to the tangled interplay between cancer and HF, which probably share common underlying mechanisms. Summary Cardiovascular diseases show many sex-related differences in prevalence, etiology, phenotype expression, and outcomes. Complex molecular mechanisms underlie this diverse pathological manifestations, from sex-determined differential gene expression to sex hormone interaction with their receptors in the heart. Non-ischemic DCM is an umbrella definition that incorporates several etiologies, including chemotherapy-induced cardiomyopathies. The role of sex as a risk factor for cardiotoxicity is poorly explored. However, understanding the various features of disease manifestation and outcomes is of paramount importance for a prompt and tailored evaluation.

Components of aggressiveness in Phytophthora nicotianae during adaptation to multiple sources of partial resistance in tobacco

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Jin ◽  
H. David Shew
Keyword(s):  
Partial Resistance ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Phytophthora Nicotianae ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Black Shank ◽  
Resistance Sources ◽  
Infected Root ◽  
Race 1

Black shank is a devastating disease of tobacco caused by Phytophthora nicotianae. Host resistance has been an integral part of black shank management, but after the loss of Php single-gene resistance following its widespread deployment in the 1990s, growers have relied on varieties with varying levels of partial resistance. Partial resistance is effective in suppressing disease, but continued exposure can result in an increase in pathogen aggressiveness that threatens durability of the resistance to P. nicotianae. Aggressiveness components in P. nicotianae were characterized following adaptation on two sources of partial resistance, Fla 301 and the Wz gene from Nicotiana rustica. An aggressive isolate of the two major races of P. nicotianae, race 0 and race 1, were adapted for either ‘one/two’ or ‘five/six’ generations on the two resistance sources, giving four sets of isolates based on race, number of generations of adaptation, and source of resistance. Across the four sets of isolates, adapted isolates infected higher proportions of root tips, produced more sporangia per infected root tip, and caused larger lesions than their respective non-adapted isolates of the same race and from the same resistance source. Adapted isolates also produced more aggressive zoospore progeny than the non-adapted isolates. Adaptation to partial resistance involves multiple aggressiveness components that results in the increased aggressiveness observed for P. nicotianae. These results improve our knowledge on the nature of P. nicotianae adaptation to partial resistance in tobacco and indicate that different resistance sources are likely to select for similar aggressiveness components in the pathogen.

Therapeutic Potential of Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester (CAPE) in Diabetes

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (37) ◽  
pp. 4827-4836 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valeria Pittalà ◽  
Loredana Salerno ◽  
Giuseppe Romeo ◽  
Rosaria Acquaviva ◽  
Claudia Di Giacomo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Caffeic Acid ◽  
Antioxidant Defense ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester ◽  
Sugar Levels ◽  
Main Components

Diabetes mellitus is a complex metabolic disease characterized by high blood sugar levels. Different pathogenic processes are involved in the etiology of the disease. Indeed, chronic diabetes hyperglycemia is often associated with severe long-term complications including cardiovascular symptoms, retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy. Although the precise molecular mechanisms underlying diabetes are not yet clear, it is widely accepted that increased levels of oxidative stress are involved in the onset, development and progression of diabetes and its related complications. In this regard, the use of natural antioxidant polyphenols, able to control free radical production, to increase intracellular antioxidant defense and to prevent the onset of oxidative stress, can be of high interest. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), a natural polyphenolic substance, is one of the main components of propolis. Due to its multifaceted biological activities, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and immunomodulatory effects, CAPE has received great attention during the last few decades. In the present paper the therapeutic potential of CAPE in diabetes is extensively reviewed.

Tertiary nitrification in pilot-plant plug-flow fixed-film reactors with long-term ammonium deficiency

1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (10-11) ◽  
pp. 61-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Fruhen ◽  
K. Böcker ◽  
S. Eidens ◽  
D. Haaf ◽  
M. Liebeskind ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Plant ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Plug Flow ◽  
Nitrification Rate ◽  
Industrial Project ◽  
Transfer Processes ◽  
Fixed Film ◽  
Film Reactor ◽  
Observation Period

The objective of this study is to investigate to what extent the nitrification capacity of a pilot-plant fixed-film reactor changes during extensive periods of nutrient supply deficiency. The examined pilot-plant was an upflow reactor filled with swelling clay of medium grain size (6 to 8 mm). The experiments revealed that the maximum nitrification rate remained practically constant during the first weeks after the onset of unregulated ammonium supply. The capacity declined slowly, dropping to approximately 66% of the initial capacity after about ten weeks. Still ammonium peaks of up to 8 mg/l were readily nitrified throughout the entire period of the experiment. The reduction in nitrification capacity during the observation period did not result from decay processes of biomass but from the reactor becoming blocked and thus hampering transfer processes. It could be observed that the detached organisms attached again further up. This semi-industrial project demonstrated that a plug-flow fixed-film reactor can be used as effective means of tertiary nitrification.

Ginger and Heart Health: From Mechanisms to Therapeutics

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sajad Fakhri ◽  
Jayanta Kumar Patra ◽  
Swagat Kumar Das ◽  
Gitishree Das ◽  
Mohammad Bagher Majnooni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Health Benefits ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Cardiovascular Complications ◽  
National Database ◽  
Heart Health ◽  
Natural Entities ◽  
Cardioprotective Effects

Background: As a major cause of morbidity and mortality, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are globally increasing. In spite of recent development in the management of cardiovascular complications, CVDs have remained a medical challenge. Numerous conventional drugs are used to play cardioprotective roles; however, they are associated with several side effects. Considering the rich phytochemistry and fewer side effects of herbal medicines, they have gained particular attention to develop novel herbal drugs with cardioprotective potentials. Amongst natural entities, ginger is an extensively used and well-known functional food and condiment, possessing plentiful bioactivities, like antiinflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties in several disorders management. Objective: The current review deliberated phytochemical properties as well as the ginger/ginger constituents' biological activities and health benefits in several diseases, with particular attention to cardiovascular complications. Methods: A comprehensive research was conducted using multiple databases, including Scopus, PubMed, Medline, Web of Science, national database (Irandoc and SID), and related articles in terms of the health benefits and cardioprotective effects of ginger/ginger constituents. These data were collected from inception until August 2019. Results: In recent years, several herbal medicines were used to develop new drugs with more potency and also minor side effects. Amongst natural entities, ginger is an extensively used traditional medicine in several diseases. The crude extract, along with related pungent active constituents, is mostly attributed to heart health. The cardioprotective effects of ginger are contributed to its cardiotonic, antihypertensive, anti-hyperlipidemia, and anti-platelet effects. The signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms of ginger regarding its cardioprotective effects are also clarified. Conclusion: This study revealed the biological activities, health benefits, and cardioprotective properties of ginger/ginger constituents along with related mechanisms of action, which gave new insights to show new avenue in the treatment of CVDs.

A Comprehensive Review on Pharmacology and Toxicology of Bioactive Compounds of Lagerstroemia Speciosa (L.) Pers.

2020 ◽  
Vol 06 ◽  
Author(s):  
Surya Kant Tripathi ◽  
Sunayna Behera ◽  
Munmun Panda ◽  
Gokhan Zengin ◽  
Bijesh K. Biswal
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Health Benefit ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Pharmacological Properties ◽  
Lagerstroemia Speciosa ◽  
Novel Drugs ◽  
Corosolic Acid ◽  
Current Article ◽  
Preclinical And Clinical Studies

Background: Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers is one of the most valuable plants due to its ornamental and pharmacological relevance. It is known for its anti-diabetic activity with proved potent blood sugar-lowering activity. The anti-diabetic activity is due to presence of its biologically active component corosolic acid. Moreover, L. speciosa and its novel purified compounds are also well-known for its several biological activities with beneficial health benefit on the human being. Objectives: This review provides a summary of pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and pharmacological properties of L. speciosa and its purified phytochemicals which may help researchers for building up new researches in near future. Methods: The current article is prepared by collecting through various online and offline databases. Preliminary source of study and data collection for outlining the review was research articles and reviews that have been already published by many reputed publishers, including Springer, Elsevier, Taylor & Francis imprints, BMC, Willy, The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, Environmental health prospective (EHP), and PLOS One. Result: The available studies results suggested that the L. speciosa and its phytochemicals showed antidiabetic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiviral, anti-obesity, and cardio-protective activities. Pharmacokinetic stud-ies suggested the low bioavailability of its purified compounds. However, nano-encapsulation can improve the bioavaila-bility related issue and effectively potentiate the medicinal properties of its constituents. Conclusion: Considering the worthy pharmacological properties, L. speciosa is considered as a potent source of several novel drugs. Though, still preclinical and clinical studies are needed to reveal the targets, molecular mechanisms, bioavail-ability, and toxicity of its constituents.

AS INUNDAÇÕES DE 2009 NA AMAZÔNIA E SUAS RELAÇÕES COM O DESENVOLVIMENTO SUSTENTÁVEL: IMPACTOS AO PRODUTO INTERNO BRUTO MUNICIPAL

GEOgraphia ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (43) ◽  
pp. 101
Author(s):  
Alex Santiago Nina ◽  
Cláudio Fabian Szlafsztein
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Economic Performance ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Linear Correlation Analysis

Nos últimos anos, tem aumentado a frequência dos desastres naturais na Amazônia, concomitantemente com a necessidade de estimar os seus prejuízos econômicos. Este trabalho tem como objetivo verificar qual é o tipo e a intensidade do impacto das inundações de 2009, consideradas as maiores já registradas na Amazônia, no crescimento do Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) municipal. A metodologia consistiu na análise de correlação linear entre o desempenho econômico e algumas variáveis referentes ao tipo de inundação e indicadores socioeconômicos. Os resultados mostram que as inundações bruscas são as mais problemáticas em longo prazo. As principais estratégias a serem adotadas perpassam pela inclusão de ações de mitigação de desastres naturais ao planejamento do desenvolvimento sustentável da Amazônia. Palavras-chave: Produto Interno Bruto. Inundação. Amazônia. THE 2009 FLOODS IN THE AMAZON AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: IMPACT ON THE MUNICIPAL GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT Abstract: In the last years, have been increase the frequency of natural disasters in Amazon, concomitantly whit the need of estimate their economic losses. This work have the objective of check what is the type and intensity of 2009 floods impacts, considered the major already registered in Amazon, to the increase of municipal Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The methodology was the linear correlation analysis between the economic performance and some variable relative to inundation type and socioeconomics indicators. The results bring which the fast floods are the major problem in the long term. The means strategies to be adopted are the inclusion of natural disasters mitigation actions in plan of sustainable development of Amazon. Keywords: Gross Domestic Product. Flood. Amazon. LAS INUNDACIONES DE 2009 EN LA AMAZONÍA Y SU RELACIÓN CON EL DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE: IMPACTO EN EL PRODUCTO INTERNO BRUTO MUNICIPAL Resumen: En los últimos años ha aumentado la frecuencia de los desastres naturales en la Amazonia, concomitantemente con la necesidad de estimar sus prejuicios económicos. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo verificar cual es el tipo y la intensidad del impacto de las inundaciones de 2009, consideradas las mayores ya registradas en la Amazonia, al crecimiento del Producto Bruto Interno (PBI) municipal. La metodología consistió el análisis de correlación linear entre el desempeño económico y algunas variables referentes al tipo de inundación e indicadores socioeconómicos. Los resultados muestran que las inundaciones bruscas son las mas problemáticas a largo plazo. Las principales estrategias a ser adoptadas pasan por la inclusión de acciones de mitigación de desastres naturales a la planificación del desarrollo sostenible de la Amazonia. Palabras clave: Producto Interno Bruto. Inundaciones. Amazonia. 

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