Glucocorticoid Receptor Agonists to Improve the Productivity and Health of Early-Weaned Pigs: What Is the Best Method of Delivery?

The purpose of the current study was to determine the best method of delivery for glucocorticoid receptor agonist (GRA) treatment. A total of 167 Pig Improvement Company (PIC) piglets (body weight (BW) 7.35 ± 1.24 kg) were weaned at 25.0 ± 0.81 days of age and randomly assigned to 14 treatment groups based on a 2 × 7 factorial arrangement with sex (gilts vs. barrows), in-feed antibiotic (ANT; 110 mg/kg in-feed tylosin), repeated intramuscular (I.M.) injection of GRA (two injections, 0.2 mg/kg BW dexamethasone (DEX)), low dose in-feed GRA (LF, 2.5 mg/kg diet DEX ), high dose in-feed GRA (HF, 5 mg/kg diet DEX), low dose in-water GRA (LW, 0.8 mg/L DEX ), high dose in-water GRA (HW, 1.6 mg/L DEX ), and no treatment control (CON) as the main factors. Body weight and feed intake were measured daily from days 0 to 7 and weekly from days 7 to 28 post-weaning. The interaction effect for average daily gain (ADG) was significant with gilts performing better in the I.M., ANT, and LF groups (p = 0.05). All treatment groups, with the exception of the HW group, had a higher ADG than the CON group. Gilts in the I.M., LF, and HF groups had the highest ADG compared to other treatment groups (p ≤ 0.05). Sex and the interaction between sex and treatments had no effect on the gain-to-feed ratio (G:F; p ≥ 0.21). All treatment groups had a higher G:F than the CON group (p ≥ 0.04). These results suggest that the low-dose, in-feed GRA treatment is the best GRA delivery method and is a suitable alternative to in-feed sub-therapeutic antibiotics.

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Nucleotide Supplementation to Whole Milk Has Beneficial Effects on Post-Weaning Holstein Calf Performance

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11010218 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 218

Author(s):

Yousef Abbaslou ◽

Davood Zahmatkesh ◽

Ehsan Mahjoubi ◽

Mehdi Hossein Yazdi ◽

Hamed Beiranvand ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Free Access ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Whole Milk ◽

Calf Performance ◽

Daily Gain ◽

Fecal Score

The positive effects of nucleotide (NU) supplementation in milk replacer have been elucidated in infants and in dairy calves; however, NU addition to whole milk has not been evaluated previously. This study aimed to assess NU supplementation in the whole milk on calf growth and health. Thirty Holstein calves (body weight: 39.1 ± 1.0 kg; 3 d after birth) were randomly assigned to the following treatments: whole milk without any supplementation (NU0), whole milk + 0.5 g/d added a NU-containing supplement to whole milk (NUCS0.5), and whole milk + 1 g/d added a NU-containing supplement to whole milk (NUCS1). Calves were weaned at d 55 and stayed on study until d 75. Calves had free access to feed and water throughout the study. Dry matter intakes (DMI) were similar among treatments (p > 0.05) during the pre-weaning period; however, increasing NU resulted in a linear (p < 0.05) increase in DMI during the post weaning period (2158, 2432, and 2518 g/d for NU0, NUCS0.5, and NUCS1, respectively). Treatments did not affect body weight (BW) at the first and second month of study, but final BW linearly increased as NU was added (87.1, 90.6, and 95.4 kg for NU0, NUCS0.5, and NUCS1, respectively). Neither pre-weaning average daily gain nor post-weaning average daily gain was affected by treatments; accordingly, feed efficiency was similar among treatment groups. Days with loose fecal score were linearly decreased as NU was added to whole milk during the first month of life, while the fecal score did not differ among treatments until the end of the study. No difference was observed in the skeletal growth of calves in the current study. Therefore, it can be concluded that NU supplementation in the whole milk has some beneficial effects on calf performance in terms of final BW, post-weaning DMI, and less days with loose feces.

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DIETARY CALCIUM-PHOSPHORUS LEVELS FOR GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION IN GILTS AND SOWS

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas83-053 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 63 (2) ◽

pp. 443-454 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

R. R. GRANDHI ◽

J. H. STRAIN

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

National Research Council ◽

Maximum Growth ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Calcium Phosphorus ◽

Daily Gain ◽

Phosphorus Levels ◽

Growth And Reproduction

The effect of feeding barley-wheat-soya finisher, gestation and lactation diets containing (A) 1979 National Research Council (NRC) recommended calcium-phosphorus (Ca-P) levels or (B) 150% of NRC levels from 65 kg body weight (Bwt) on growth and reproduction was studied in two experiments using Lacombe (L) and Yorkshire (Y) gilts. The number of gilts used were 299 (148 L + 151 Y) and 107 (53 Y + 54 Y) in exp. 1 and 216 (106 L + 110 Y) and 101 (49 L + 52 Y) in exp. 2 during finishing and gestation-lactation periods, respectively. The reproductive performance during second parity was measured only in exp. 2 using 85 (36 L + 49 Y) primiparous sows. All pigs were housed in confinement except during breeding and gestation, when they were housed in outside dirt-lot pens. Average daily gain, feed intake, and feed conversion were similar for gilts fed finisher diets A or B in both experiments. In exp. 1, both L and Y gilts fed gestation diet B had more (P < 0.05) total (9.5 ± 0.3 vs. 8.6 ± 0.3) and live pigs (9.2 ± 0.3 vs. 8.2 ± 0.3) born and weaned (7.7 ± 0.3 vs 6.9 ± 0.2) with lower piglet weight gains at 3 wk (3.5 ± 0.1 vs. 3.9 ± 0.1 kg) and 5 wk (6.9 ± 0.2 vs. 7.5 ± 0.2 kg) when compared to gestation diet A group. These differences were not significant in exp. 2. Higher dietary Ca-P levels elevated the serum P during both gestation (7.3 ± 0.1 vs. 7.0 ± 0.1 mg/dL) and lactation (6.2 ± 0.1 vs. 5.9 ± 0.1 mg/dL) periods in exp. 1 but not in exp. 2. The changes in body weight during gestation and lactation, piglet birth weights, and weaning to estrus interval were similar for both treatment groups. These results indicated that the 1979 NRC recommended dietary Ca-P levels may be adequate to support the maximum growth and reproduction in gilts during finishing and lactation but are too low for gestation. Key words: Calcium, phosphorus, gilts, sows, growth, reproduction

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Effect of feeding high yielding fodders on growth performance of growing Hilly Brown Bengal goat

Bangladesh Journal of Livestock Research ◽

10.3329/bjlr.v27i1.55171 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 73-81

Author(s):

MM Rahman ◽

NR Sarker ◽

MA Alam

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Growth Performance ◽

Feed Intake ◽

Body Weight Gain ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Natural Grass ◽

Daily Gain

This study was carried out to evaluate the feeding effect of high yielding fodders (HYF) on feed intake and growth performance of growing Hilly Brown Bengal (HBB) goat. For this purpose, a feeding trail was conducted with 16 growing HBB kids (4 to 5 months) by dividing equally in four groups having four replicates for a period of 75 days. The goats in group T0 (control) received natural grass along with 101.30g concentrates and adlibitum cowpea hay, whereas in group T1, T2 and T3, only natural grass was replaced by BLRI Napier 3, BLRI Napier 4 and Ruzi fodder, respectively. Total dry matter intake (DMI), roughages DMI, crude protein intake (CP), body weight gain (kg), average daily gain (g) and forth night body weight gain (g/day) were studied. Results revealed that, DMI (288.39, 285.71, 293.48 and 301.35 g/day in group T0, T1, T2 and T3, respectively), body weight gain (3.60, 3.74, 3.73 and 3.77 kg in group T0, T1, T2 and T3, respectively), average daily gain (47.32, 49.16, 49.12 and 48.92 g in group T0, T1, T2 and T3, respectively) and feed conversion ratio (6.2, 5.9, 6.0 and 6.1 in group T0, T1, T2 and T3, respectively) of HBB kids were not differed significantly (P>0.05) for all the treatment groups. The DMI from roughages (196.2, 193.5, 201.3 and 209.2 g/day in group T0, T1, T2 and T3, respectively) and CP intake (38.7, 42.1, 48.3 and 38.8 g/day in group T0, T1, T2 and T3, respectively) were significantly varied (P<0.05), while highest CP intake was found in the treatment group T2. Forthnight body weight (g/day) was not significantly (P>0.05) gained with feeding of HYF for all the treatment groups. From this study, it can be concluded that, growing HBB kids could equally be supplied with either BLRI Napier 3 or BLRI Napier 4 or Ruzi fodder in addition to ad libitum cowpea hay for better voluntary feed intake and growth. Bang. J. Livs. Res. Vol. 27 (1&2), 2020: P. 73-81

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Effects of Intravenous Diazepam or Microdose Medetomidine on Propofol-Induced Sedation in Dogs

Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association ◽

10.5326/0420018 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 42 (1) ◽

pp. 18-27 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Jeff C. H. Ko ◽

Mark E. Payton ◽

Alison G. White ◽

David S. Galloway ◽

Tomohito Inoue

Keyword(s):

Crossover Study ◽

Low Dose ◽

Physiological Saline ◽

High Dose ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Intravenous Diazepam ◽

All Treatment ◽

Better Than

This crossover study tested the hypothesis that both diazepam and microdose medetomidine would comparably reduce the amount of propofol required to induce sedation. Four different medications, namely high-dose diazepam (0.4 mg/kg intravenously [IV]), low-dose diazepam (0.2 mg/kg IV), medetomidine (1 μg/kg IV), and placebo (0.5 mL physiological saline IV) were followed by propofol (8 mg/kg IV) titrated to a point where intubation could be performed. The effects of medetomidine were comparable to the effects of high-dose diazepam and significantly better than the effects of low-dose diazepam or placebo. Dogs in all treatment groups had transient hypoxemia, and induction and recovery qualities were similar.

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PENGARUH PENGGUNAAN MINYAK KELAPA SAWIT DAN RUMPUT LAUT DALAM RANSUM TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN, SERTA KOMPOSISI KARKAS DAN NON KARKAS KELINCI

Buletin Peternakan ◽

10.21059/buletinpeternak.v39i1.6154 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 39 (1) ◽

pp. 17

Author(s):

Mustafidah Udkhiyati

Keyword(s):

Palm Oil ◽

Feed Intake ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Conversion Ratio ◽

Carcass Composition ◽

Feed Conversion Ratio ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Daily Gain ◽

All Treatment

The aim of this experiment was to study the effect of utilization of palm oil and seaweed in diet on abbit growth and carcass-non carcass composition. Twenty eight male Flemish Giant rabbits (the average age were 5 months) with average initial weight 1560±212 g were used in this research. All rabbits were randomly classified in four treatment in rations, they were R1 (control treatment = 0% palm oil+0% seaweed), R2 (5% palm oil+0% seaweed), R3 (0% palm oil+5% seaweed), R4 (2.5% palm oil+2.5% seaweed). Each treatment consists of seven replications. Individual cages (size 40x30x30 cm3) were used. The animals were reared during 40 days. All collected data were analyzed by One Way nova. The results showed that feed intake (gBK/rabbit/day) of all treatment groups were not significantly different. Meanwhile, the feed intake (gBK/BW) of R4 significantly lower (P<0.05) than others, they were R1 = 55.80±5.36 g, R2 = 55.20±8.04 g, R3 = 50.17±4.26 g, R4 = 46.25±2.21 g. Average daily gain of all treatment groups were not significantly different. Feed conversion ratio of all treatment groups were also not significantly different, they were R1 = 9.20±3.35, R2 = 6.40±1.67, R3 = 7.17±2.23 and R4 = 8.75±4.03. It is concluded that the utilization of palm oil and seaweed did not affect the feed consumption, average daily gain, feed conversion ratio and carcass-non carcass composition. (Key word: Average daily gain, Carcass, Feed conversion ratio, Feed intake, Palm oil, Seaweed)

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Effect of Non-Conventional and Conventional Fodder on Growth Performance of Goats in Farmers Field Condition

Nepal Journal of Science and Technology ◽

10.3126/njst.v7i0.529 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

pp. 15

Author(s):

M. R. Tiwari ◽

N. L. Tamrakar ◽

H. R. Shrestha

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Body Weight ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Maize Stover ◽

Male And Female ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Concentrate Mixture ◽

Similar Body ◽

Daily Gain

The present experiment was carried out on farmers’ goats in their sheds in Rayale village of Kavre district for 150 days. Eighteen khari goats (both male and female), 8-12 months old and having similar body weight were randomly divided into three groups comprising of six individuals in each group. Three types of rations were formulated for the experimental goats. Feed intake by experimental goats in terms of green and dry matter was significantly different (P<0.05) between the treatment groups. Growth rate of the goats fed with top dressed maize stover (treatment 2) was higher than the treatment 3 (seasonal fodder adlib + 200 g concentrate mixture) and treatment 1 (1/2 maize stover silage + seasonal fodder adlib + 200 g concentrate mixture). The lowest average daily gain (ADG) was found in treatment 3 where goats were fed conventional fodder and grasses supplemented with concentrate (18.4 g) followed by treatment 1 (24.6 g). Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 7 2006

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GROWTH AND CARCASS COMPOSITION OF RAM LAMBS TREATED WITH CLONIDINE

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas87-040 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 67 (2) ◽

pp. 417-425 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

A. D. KENNEDY ◽

B. M. BELLUK

Keyword(s):

Low Dose ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Carcass Composition ◽

High Dose ◽

Longissimus Dorsi Muscle ◽

Kidney Fat ◽

Ram Lambs ◽

High Doses ◽

Dependent Growth ◽

Daily Gain

Average daily gain (ADG), feed efficiency and carcass composition were studied in ram lambs treated with a continuously administered low or high dose of clonidine. Groups of 10 Suffolk lambs and 10 Strain 2 lambs (a synthetic Finnish Landrace, Suffolk, Shropshire line) were implanted at 28-d intervals with Alzet® osmotic pumps containing either sterile H2O (control), a low dose of clonidine (5–8 μg kg−1 d−1; D) or a fivefold higher dose of clonidine (24–41 μg kg−1 d−1; 5D). The effect of clonidine on average daily gain was dose-, breed- and time-dependent. Growth response was only observed during the latter part of the trial. At this time the effects of both the low and high doses of clonidine were positive in Suffolk lambs whereas in Strain 2 lambs the effects were negative. Clonidine caused a reduction in dressing percent and kidney fat as a percentage of slaughter weight in a dose-related manner with the effect more pronounced in the fatter Strain 2 lambs. Percentage fat in the longissimus dorsi muscle of the 10th–12th rib section of lambs treated with the low dose of clonidine (3.42 ± 0.24) was greater than that of control lambs (2.55 ± 0.24) and lambs treated with the high dose of clonidine (2.52 ± 0.24). Key words: Clonidine, growth, carcass composition, lambs

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Short Communication: Effect of dietary lysine content and sanitation conditions on performance of weaned pigs fed antibiotic-free diets

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas2013-016 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 94 (1) ◽

pp. 115-118 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

R. K. Kahindi ◽

J. K. Htoo ◽

C. M. Nyachoti

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Soybean Meal ◽

Feed Intake ◽

Short Communication ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Feed Ratio ◽

Lysine Content ◽

Weaned Pigs ◽

Communication Effect ◽

Daily Gain

Kahindi, R. K., Htoo, J. K. and Nyachoti, C. M. 2014. Short Communication: Effect of dietary lysine content and sanitation conditions on performance of weaned pigs fed antibiotic-free diets. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 94: 115–118. One hundred and ninety-two piglets (7.2±0.50 kg body weight) were fed corn–wheat–soybean meal based-diets to determine dietary Lys requirement in a 2×4 factorial setting [two sanitation conditions (SC): clean and unclean, and four dietary lysine contents: 0.94, 1.09, 1.25 and 1.43%]. The average daily gain (ADG) and gain to feed ratio (G:F) linearly increased (P<0.05) with dietary lysine contents, but were lower (P<0.0001) under unclean sanitation conditions from day 0 to 7 but not from day 8 to 21. Overall, dietary lysine contents did not affect average daily feed intake (ADFI), but unclean sanitation conditions reduced (P<0.01) ADFI; however, ADG was increased by both dietary lysine contents and SC? (P<0.001), whereas only dietary lysine contents affected G:F.

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Comparison of anesthetic and cardiorespiratory effects of tiletamine-zolazepam-xylazine and tiletamine-zolazepam-xylazine-butorphanol in ferrets

Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association ◽

10.5326/15473317-34-2-164 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 34 (2) ◽

pp. 164-174 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

JC Ko ◽

CF Nicklin ◽

T Montgomery ◽

WC Kuo

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Body Weight ◽

Standard Deviation ◽

Endotracheal Intubation ◽

Low Dose ◽

High Dose ◽

Ventilatory Function ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Short Period ◽

The Times

Nine ferrests were used in a crossover study to determine the anesthetic effects of intramuscular (i.m.) administration of a low dose of tiletamine-zolazepam (1.5 mg/kg body weight)-xylazine (1.5 mg/kg body weight); a high dose of tiletamine-zolazepam (3 mg/kg body weight)-xylazine (3 mg/kg body weight); and tiletamine-zolazepam (1.5 mg/kg body weight)-xylazine (1.5 mg/kg body weight)-butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg body weight). All ferrets became laterally recumbent within two minutes following the administration of each drug combination. The tiletamine-zolazepam-xylazine-butorphanol combination induced significantly longer (p less than 0.05) durations of tail clamp analgesia (mean +/- standard deviation [SD], 90.0 +/- 17.1 min versus 17.8 +/- 15.8 min and 41.9 +/- 26.3 min) and endotracheal intubation (mean +/- SD, 84.8 +/- 21.7 min versus 5.2 +/- 10.3 min and 26.3 +/- 29.8 min) than the low-dose tiletamine-zolazepam-xylazine and high-dose tiletamine-zolazepam-xylazine combinations, respectively. Heart rates and the times from dorsal recumbency to standing were not significantly different among the three treatment groups. However, systolic blood pressure was significantly lower in the tiletamine-zolazepam-xylazine-butorphanol group. Ventilatory function was more depressed in the tiletamine-zolazepam-xylazine-butorphanol group than in the low-dose tiletamine-zolazepam-xylazine and high-dose tiletamine-zolazepam-xylazine groups. A short period of hypoxia was observed in the tiletamine-zolazepam-xylazine-butorphanol-treated ferrets. Tiletamine-zolazepam-xylazine-butorphanol was found to be the best of the three combinations evaluated in these ferrets. The addition of butorphanol to the low-dose tiletamine-zolazepam-xylazine combination greatly enhanced the duration of analgesia, endotracheal intubation, and dorsal recumbency. However, since hypoxemia occurred during the tiletamine-zolazepam-xylazine-butorphanol anesthesia, oxygen (O2) insufflation is recommended. Doubling the dose of the low-dose tiletamine-zolazepam-xylazine increased the duration of analgesia and endotracheal intubation without prolonging the recovery when compared to the low-dose tiletamine-zolazepam-xylazine group.

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GROWTH RESPONSE OF YANKASA SHEEP TO DIFFERENT LEVELS OF CONCENTRATE SUPPLEMENTATION

Nigerian Journal of Animal Production ◽

10.51791/njap.v18i.1937 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 ◽

pp. 19-22

Author(s):

C. U. OSUHOR ◽

I. F. ADU ◽

N. N. UMUNNA

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Growth Response ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Live Weight ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Concentrate Supplementation ◽

Concentrate Mixture ◽

The Cost ◽

Daily Gain ◽

Different Levels

In a study that lasted for 120 days, 20 weaned Yankasa ram lambs aged 6 months and weighing between 10.5 and 14.5kg with an average of 12.75kg were offered a basal Digitaria smutsii hay diet at 2% of body weight. This was supplemented with a concentrate mixture made to supply 14.6% crude protein and 2.6 Mcal ME per kg and offered to treatment groups A, B, C and D at 1, 2, 3, and 4% of body weight respectively. There were five replicates and the animals were fed individually. Results indicated that the differences in Average Daily Gain was significant (P<0.05) between all the treatments; the value increased with increased level of feeding. The cost of effecting one unit of live weight increase was not significantly different (P<0.05) between treatments, A, B, and C, but it was significantly lower (P<0.05) than for treatment D. The low growth response of lambs fed the concentrate at 1% of body weight and the higher cost per unit gain of lambs offered the supplement at 4% of body weight suggested that concentrate supplementation at 2 and 3% of body weight was adequate for optimum liveweight gains in the Yankasa sheep breed.

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