The Occurrence of Antimicrobial-Resistant Salmonella enterica in Hatcheries and Dissemination in an Integrated Broiler Chicken Operation in Korea

Positive identification rates of Salmonella enterica in hatcheries and upstream breeder farms were 16.4% (36/220) and 3.0% (6/200), respectively. Among the Salmonella serovars identified in the hatcheries, S. enterica ser. Albany (17/36, 47.2%) was the most prevalent, followed by the serovars S. enterica ser. Montevideo (11/36, 30.6%) and S. enterica ser. Senftenberg (5/36, 13.9%), which were also predominant. Thirty-six isolates showed resistance to at least one antimicrobial tested, of which 52.8% (n = 19) were multidrug resistant (MDR). Thirty-three isolates (enrofloxacin, MIC ≥ 0.25) showed point mutations in the gyrA and parC genes. One isolate, S. enterica ser. Virchow, carrying the blaCTX-M-15 gene from the breeder farm was ceftiofur resistant. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) showed that 52.0% S. enterica ser. Montevideo and 29.6% S. enterica ser. Albany isolates sourced from the downstream of hatcheries along the broiler chicken supply chain carried the same PFGE types as those of the hatcheries. Thus, the hatcheries showed a high prevalence of Salmonella isolates with high antimicrobial resistance and no susceptible isolate. The AMR isolates from hatcheries originating from breeder farms could disseminate to the final retail market along the broiler chicken supply chain. The emergence of AMR Salmonella in hatcheries may be due to the horizontal spread of resistant isolates. Therefore, Salmonella control in hatcheries, particularly its horizontal transmission, is important.

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Ciprofloxacin-Resistant Salmonella enterica Serovar Kentucky ST198 in Broiler Chicken Supply Chain and Patients, China, 2010–2016

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms8010140 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 140 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Zhiying Xiong ◽

Shaojun Wang ◽

Yumei Huang ◽

Yuan Gao ◽

Haiyan Shen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Supply Chain ◽

Salmonella Enterica ◽

Broiler Chicken ◽

Genomic Island ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis ◽

Sequence Type ◽

Quinolone Resistance ◽

Zoonotic Pathogen ◽

Ciprofloxacin Resistance

Salmonella enterica serovar Kentucky (S. Kentucky) sequence type 198 has emerged as a global zoonotic pathogen. We explored Salmonella enterica serovar Kentucky ST198 samples from the broiler chicken supply chain and patients between 2010 and 2016. Here, we collected 180 S. Kentucky isolates from clinical cases and the poultry supply chain. We performed XbaI pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and multilocus sequence typing. We assessed mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining regions and screened for the presence of the Salmonella genomic island 1 (SGI1). We determined that 63 (35.0%) of the 180 isolates were S. Kentucky ST198. Chinese strains of S. Kentucky ST198 have a high transmission of ciprofloxacin resistance (38/63, 60.3%) and a high risk of multidrug resistance. The quinolone resistance of the S. Kentucky ST198 strain found in China may be due to mutations in its quinolone resistance-determining region. Our study firstly revealed that ciprofloxacin-resistant S. Kentucky ST198 strains can undergo cross-host transmission, thereby causing a serious foodborne public health problem in China.

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Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases in Human Isolates of Multidrug-Resistant Non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica

Frontiers in Microbiology ◽

10.3389/fmicb.2020.592223 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Anahit M. Sedrakyan ◽

Zhanna A. Ktsoyan ◽

Karine A. Arakelova ◽

Magdalina K. Zakharyan ◽

Alvard I. Hovhannisyan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Multidrug Resistance ◽

Salmonella Enterica ◽

Genetic Background ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Sequence Type ◽

Whole Genome ◽

Esbl Producer ◽

Extended Spectrum ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Serovar Typhimurium

A total of 291 non-duplicate isolates of non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) were collected from the fecal samples of patients with salmonellosis in Armenia and Georgia during 1996–2016. The isolates were tested for resistance to antimicrobials, including extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL). The high prevalence of multidrug-resistance (MDR) and ESBL-producer phenotypes was detected among Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) isolates collected from patients in Armenia between 1996 and 2016. A total of 36 MDR NTS isolates were subjected to whole genome sequencing (WGS) to determine the genetic background of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and mobile genetic elements. All ESBL-producing S. Typhimurium isolates belonged to the same sequence type (ST328). The ESBL-producer phenotype was associated with plasmid-encoded CTX-M-5 production. A range of other plasmids was associated with resistance to other antimicrobials, including the MDR phenotype.

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Longitudinal Study of the Distribution of Antimicrobial-Resistant Campylobacter Isolates from an Integrated Broiler Chicken Operation

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11020246 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 246

Author(s):

Bo-Ram Kwon ◽

Bai Wei ◽

Se-Yeoun Cha ◽

Ke Shang ◽

Jun-Feng Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Broiler Chicken ◽

Horizontal Transmission ◽

Meat Products ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Control Points ◽

Production Lines ◽

Production Chain ◽

Production Stages ◽

Retail Meat ◽

Broiler Farm

The aim of this study was to analyze the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and genetic diversity of Campylobacter isolates that were obtained from whole chicken production stages in Korea. A total of 1348 samples were collected from 10 production lines. The prevalence of Campylobacter in breeder farm, broiler farm, slaughterhouse, and retail meat products was 50.0%, 3.3%, 13.4%, and 68.4%, respectively, and Campylobacter was not detected at the hatchery stage. Resistance to quinolones/fluoroquinolones was the most prevalent at all stages. Among the multidrug-resistant isolates, 16 isolates (19.8%) from breeder farm were resistant to both azithromycin and ciprofloxacin. A total of 182 isolates were subdivided into 82 pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) genotypes with 100% similarity. Diverse genotypes were presented with discontinuous patterns along the whole production chain. Thirty percent of Campylobacter-free flocks became positive after slaughtering. An identical genotype was simultaneously detected from both breeder farm and retail meat, even from different production lines. This study reveals that antimicrobial-resistant Campylobacter contamination can occur at all stages of the chicken supply chain. In particular, the breeder farm and slaughterhouse should be the main control points, as they are the potential stages at which antimicrobial-resistant Campylobacter could spread to retail meat products by horizontal transmission.

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Whole-Genome Sequencing of a Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Infantis Strain Isolated from Broiler Chicken in Peru

Microbiology Resource Announcements ◽

10.1128/mra.00826-19 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (43) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Katherine Vallejos-Sánchez ◽

Luis Tataje-Lavanda ◽

Doris Villanueva-Pérez ◽

Jorge Bendezú ◽

Ángela Montalván ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Genome Sequencing ◽

Salmonella Enterica ◽

Genetic Information ◽

Broiler Chicken ◽

Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Whole Genome Sequence ◽

Whole Genome ◽

Content Type

This report shows the whole-genome sequence of the multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Infantis strain FARPER-219. Antibiotic resistance genes are found mainly in the plasmid. Our findings show important genetic information that provides an understanding of the recent spread of this serotype in poultry.

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Tigecycline Efflux as a Mechanism for Nonsusceptibility in Acinetobacter baumannii

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.01198-06 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 51 (6) ◽

pp. 2065-2069 ◽

Cited By ~ 161

Author(s):

Anton Y. Peleg ◽

Jennifer Adams ◽

David L. Paterson

Keyword(s):

Efflux Pump ◽

Point Mutations ◽

Regulatory System ◽

Fold Increase ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Clinical Strain ◽

Efflux Pump Inhibitor ◽

Susceptible Isolate

ABSTRACT Tigecycline has an extended spectrum of in vitro antimicrobial activities, including that against multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter. After identifying bloodstream isolates of Acinetobacter with reduced susceptibilities to tigecycline, we performed a study to assess tigecycline efflux mediated by the resistance-nodulation-division-type transporter AdeABC. After exposure of two tigecycline-nonsusceptible isolates to the efflux pump inhibitor phenyl-arginine-β-naphthylamide (PABN), a fourfold reduction in the tigecycline MIC was observed. Both tigecycline-susceptible and -nonsusceptible isolates were found to carry the gene coding for the transmembrane component of the AdeABC pump, adeB, and the two-component regulatory system comprising adeS and adeR. Previously unreported point mutations were identified in the regulatory system in tigecycline-nonsusceptible isolates. Real-time PCR identified 40-fold and 54-fold increases in adeB expression in the two tigecycline-nonsusceptible isolates compared to that in a tigecycline-susceptible isolate. In vitro exposure of a tigecycline-susceptible clinical strain to tigecycline caused a rapid rise in the MIC of tigecycline from 2 μg/ml to 24 μg/ml, which was reversible with PABN. A 25-fold increase in adeB expression was observed in a comparison between this tigecycline-susceptible isolate and its isogenic tigecycline-nonsusceptible mutant. These results indicate that an efflux-based mechanism plays a role in reduced tigecycline susceptibility in Acinetobacter.

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Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Prevalence of bla and qnr Genes in Salmonella Enterica Isolated from Slaughtered Pork

10.21203/rs.3.rs-143023/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Alyzza Marie B. Calayag ◽

Kenneth W. Widmer ◽

Windell L. Rivera

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Foodborne Pathogens ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Salmonella Enterica ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Hog Industry ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Severe Infections

Abstract Background: Salmonella enterica is known as one of the most common foodborne pathogens worldwide. While salmonellosis is usually self-limiting, severe infections may require antimicrobial therapy. However, increasing resistance of Salmonella to antimicrobials, particularly fluoroquinolones and cephalosporins, is of utmost concern. The present study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial susceptibility of S. enterica isolated from pork, the major contributor in Philippine livestock production.Results: Our results show that 61.2% of the isolates carried antimicrobial resistance genes qnrS and blaTEM. While qnrA (12.9%) and qnrB (39.3%) were found less frequently, co-carriage of blaTEM and one to three qnr subtypes was observed in 45.5% of the isolates. Co-carriage of blaTEM and blaCTX-M was also observed in 3.9% of the isolates. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that majority of the isolates were non-susceptible to ampicillin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and 13.5% of the isolates were multidrug-resistant.Conclusions: High prevalence rates of S. enterica carrying antimicrobial resistance genes (ARG), specifically the presence of isolates co-carrying resistance to both ß-lactams and fluoroquinolones, raise a concern on antimicrobial use in the Philippine hog industry and on possible transmission of ARG to other bacteria.

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ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY IN CULTURE POSITIVE ENTERIC FEVER

International Journal of Medical and Biomedical Studies ◽

10.32553/ijmbs.v3i7.357 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (7) ◽

Author(s):

Dr. Manish Kulshrestha ◽

Dr. Anjali Kulshrestha

Keyword(s):

Bone Marrow ◽

Blood Culture ◽

Nalidixic Acid ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Salmonella Enterica ◽

Enteric Fever ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Bone Marrow Culture ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Culture Positive

INTRODUCTION: Enteric fever includes typhoid and paratyphoid fever. Peak incidence is seen in children 5–15 years of age; but in regions where the disease is highly endemic, as in India, children younger than 5 years of age may have the highest infection rates. There are about 22 million new typhoid cases occur each year. Young children in poor, resource limited areas, who make up the majority of the new cases and there is a mortality figures of 215,000 deaths annually. A sharp decline in the rates of complications and mortality due to typhoid fever is observed as a result of introduction of effective antibiotic therapy since 1950s. MDR-ST became endemic in many areas of Asia, including India soon after multidrug-resistant strains of Salmonella enterica serotype typhi (MDR-ST) that were resistant to all the three first-line drugs then in use, namely chloramphenicol, amoxycillin and co-trimoxazole emerged in early 1990s. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Only blood culture or bone marrow culture positive cases were included. The patients with culture isolated enteric fever were included in the study. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out by disk diffusion method using antibiotic discs. The analysis of the antimicrobial susceptibility was carried out as per CLSI interpretative guidelines. RESULTS: A total of 82 culture positive cases were included in the present study. 80 culture isolates were from blood culture and 2 from the bone marrow culture. Salmonella entericasubspecies enterica serovartyphi (S typhi) was isolated from 67 (81.70%) patients while Salmonella enterica subspecies entericaserovarparatyphi (S paratyphi A) was isolated from 13 (15.85%) cases and 2 (2.44%) were Salmonella enterica subspecies entericaserovarschottmuelleri (S paratyphi B). Of the 82 cases 65(79.3%) isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin, 17 (20.7%) were resistant to nalidixic acid, one (1.2%) case each was resistant to Cefotaxime and ceftriaxone, 2 (2.4%) were resistant to chloramphenicol, 10 (12.2%) were resistant and to cotrimoxazole 3 (3.7%) were resistant. CONCLUSION: In a culture positive cases 65(79.3%) isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin and 17 (20.7%) were resistant to nalidixic acid. Multidrug resistant isolates were 65(79.3%).

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of Factors contributing to the high prevalence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: a study from China.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.717949459.793454662 ◽

2012 ◽

Author(s):

Adam Hill

Keyword(s):

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Resistant Tuberculosis ◽

Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis ◽

High Prevalence

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Presence of β-Lactamase-producing Enterobacterales and Salmonella Isolates in Marine Mammals

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22115905 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (11) ◽

pp. 5905

Author(s):

Olivia M. Grünzweil ◽

Lauren Palmer ◽

Adriana Cabal ◽

Michael P. Szostak ◽

Werner Ruppitsch ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Marine Mammals ◽

Virulence Genes ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Healthcare Sector ◽

Whole Genome ◽

E Coli ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Lactamase Gene ◽

Sequence Types

Marine mammals have been described as sentinels of the health of marine ecosystems. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate (i) the presence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)- and AmpC-producing Enterobacterales, which comprise several bacterial families important to the healthcare sector, as well as (ii) the presence of Salmonella in these coastal animals. The antimicrobial resistance pheno- and genotypes, as well as biocide susceptibility of Enterobacterales isolated from stranded marine mammals, were determined prior to their rehabilitation. All E. coli isolates (n = 27) were screened for virulence genes via DNA-based microarray, and twelve selected E. coli isolates were analyzed by whole-genome sequencing. Seventy-one percent of the Enterobacterales isolates exhibited a multidrug-resistant (MDR) pheno- and genotype. The gene blaCMY (n = 51) was the predominant β-lactamase gene. In addition, blaTEM-1 (n = 38), blaSHV-33 (n = 8), blaCTX-M-15 (n = 7), blaOXA-1 (n = 7), blaSHV-11 (n = 3), and blaDHA-1 (n = 2) were detected. The most prevalent non-β-lactamase genes were sul2 (n = 38), strA (n = 34), strB (n = 34), and tet(A) (n = 34). Escherichia coli isolates belonging to the pandemic sequence types (STs) ST38, ST167, and ST648 were identified. Among Salmonella isolates (n = 18), S. Havana was the most prevalent serotype. The present study revealed a high prevalence of MDR bacteria and the presence of pandemic high-risk clones, both of which are indicators of anthropogenic antimicrobial pollution, in marine mammals.

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