scholarly journals Hyaluronic Acid Allows Enzyme Immobilization for Applications in Biomedicine

Biosensors ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 28
Author(s):  
Jackie Arnold ◽  
Jordan Chapman ◽  
Myra Arnold ◽  
Cerasela Zoica Dinu
Keyword(s):  
Hyaluronic Acid ◽  
Enzyme Immobilization ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Living Organism ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Future Market ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Chemical Waste ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Commercial World

Enzymes are proteins that control the efficiency and effectiveness of biological reactions and systems, as well as of engineered biomimetic processes. This review highlights current applications of a diverse range of enzymes for biofuel production, plastics, and chemical waste management, as well as for detergent, textile, and food production and preservation industries respectively. Challenges regarding the transposition of enzymes from their natural purpose and environment into synthetic practice are discussed. For example, temperature and pH-induced enzyme fragilities, short shelf life, low-cost efficiency, poor user-controllability, and subsequently insufficient catalytic activity were shown to decrease pertinence and profitability in large-scale production considerations. Enzyme immobilization was shown to improve and expand upon enzyme usage within a profit and impact-oriented commercial world and through enzyme-material and interfaces integration. With particular focus on the growing biomedical market, examples of enzyme immobilization within or onto hyaluronic acid (HA)-based complexes are discussed as a definable way to improve upon and/or make possible the next generation of medical undertakings. As a polysaccharide formed in every living organism, HA has proven beneficial in biomedicine for its high biocompatibility and controllable biodegradability, viscoelasticity, and hydrophilicity. Complexes developed with this molecule have been utilized to selectively deliver drugs to a desired location and at a desired rate, improve the efficiency of tissue regeneration, and serve as a viable platform for biologically accepted sensors. In similar realms of enzyme immobilization, HA’s ease in crosslinking allows the molecule to user-controllably enhance the design of a given platform in terms of both chemical and physical characteristics to thus best support successful and sustained enzyme usage. Such examples do not only demonstrate the potential of enzyme-based applications but further, emphasize future market trends and accountability.

scholarly journals Plants: biofactories for a sustainable future?

2011 ◽  
Vol 369 (1942) ◽  
pp. 1826-1839 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Jenkins ◽  
Aurélie Bovi ◽  
Robert Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Edible Plant ◽  
Oil Reserves ◽  
Optimal Processing ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Food Applications

Depletion of oil reserves and the associated effects on climate change have prompted a re-examination of the use of plant biomass as a sustainable source of organic carbon for the large-scale production of chemicals and materials. While initial emphasis has been placed on biofuel production from edible plant sugars, the drive to reduce the competition between crop usage for food and non-food applications has prompted massive research efforts to access the less digestible saccharides in cell walls (lignocellulosics). This in turn has prompted an examination of the use of other plant-derived metabolites for the production of chemicals spanning the high-value speciality sectors through to platform intermediates required for bulk production. The associated science of biorefining, whereby all plant biomass can be used efficiently to derive such chemicals, is now rapidly developing around the world. However, it is clear that the heterogeneity and distribution of organic carbon between valuable products and waste streams are suboptimal. As an alternative, we now propose the use of synthetic biology approaches to ‘re-construct’ plant feedstocks for optimal processing of biomass for non-food applications. Promising themes identified include re-engineering polysaccharides, deriving artificial organelles, and the reprogramming of plant signalling and secondary metabolism.

scholarly journals Biomass and lipid induction strategies in microalgae for biofuel production and other applications

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hossein Alishah Aratboni ◽  
Nahid Rafiei ◽  
Raul Garcia-Granados ◽  
Abbas Alemzadeh ◽  
José Rubén Morones-Ramírez
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Content ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Lipid Production ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Microalgae Biomass

Abstract The use of fossil fuels has been strongly related to critical problems currently affecting society, such as: global warming, global greenhouse effects and pollution. These problems have affected the homeostasis of living organisms worldwide at an alarming rate. Due to this, it is imperative to look for alternatives to the use of fossil fuels and one of the relevant substitutes are biofuels. There are different types of biofuels (categories and generations) that have been previously explored, but recently, the use of microalgae has been strongly considered for the production of biofuels since they present a series of advantages over other biofuel production sources: (a) they don’t need arable land to grow and therefore do not compete with food crops (like biofuels produced from corn, sugar cane and other plants) and; (b) they exhibit rapid biomass production containing high oil contents, at least 15 to 20 times higher than land based oleaginous crops. Hence, these unicellular photosynthetic microorganisms have received great attention from researches to use them in the large-scale production of biofuels. However, one disadvantage of using microalgae is the high economic cost due to the low-yields of lipid content in the microalgae biomass. Thus, development of different methods to enhance microalgae biomass, as well as lipid content in the microalgae cells, would lead to the development of a sustainable low-cost process to produce biofuels. Within the last 10 years, many studies have reported different methods and strategies to induce lipid production to obtain higher lipid accumulation in the biomass of microalgae cells; however, there is not a comprehensive review in the literature that highlights, compares and discusses these strategies. Here, we review these strategies which include modulating light intensity in cultures, controlling and varying CO2 levels and temperature, inducing nutrient starvation in the culture, the implementation of stress by incorporating heavy metal or inducing a high salinity condition, and the use of metabolic and genetic engineering techniques coupled with nanotechnology.

scholarly journals Oil crops in biofuel applications: South Africa gearing up for a bio-based economy

2009 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
BB Marvey
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Renewable Resources ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Oil Crops ◽  
Crude Oil Prices ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Large Fluctuations ◽  
The World

Large fluctuations in crude oil prices and the diminishing oil supply have left economies vulnerable to energy shortages thus placing an enormous pressure on nations around the world to seriously consider alternative renewable resources as feedstock in biofuel applications. Apart from energy security reasons, biofuels offer other advantages over their petroleum counterparts in that they contribute to the reduction in green- house gas emissions and to sustainable development. Just a few decades after discontinuing its large scale production of bioethanol for use as en- gine fuel, South Africa (SA) is again on its way to resuscitating its biofuel industry. Herein an overview is presented on South Africa’s oilseed and biofuel production, biofuels industrial strategy, industry readiness, chal- lenges in switching to biofuels and the strategies to overcome potential obstacles.

scholarly journals A Review of Energy Consumption in the Acquisition of Bio-Feedstock for Microalgae Biofuel Production

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 8873
Author(s):  
Minghao Chen ◽  
Yixuan Chen ◽  
Qingtao Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Biomass Concentration ◽  
Biomass Productivity ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Culture Methods ◽  
Cultivation System ◽  
Cultivation Systems

Microalgae biofuel is expected to be an ideal alternative to fossil fuels to mitigate the effects of climate change and the energy crisis. However, the production process of microalgae biofuel is sometimes considered to be energy intensive and uneconomical, which limits its large-scale production. Several cultivation systems are used to acquire feedstock for microalgal biofuels production. The energy consumption of different cultivation systems is different, and the concentration of culture medium (microalgae cells contained in the unit volume of medium) and other properties of microalgae vary with the culture methods, which affects the energy consumption of subsequent processes. This review compared the energy consumption of different cultivation systems, including the open pond system, four types of closed photobioreactor (PBR) systems, and the hybrid cultivation system, and the energy consumption of the subsequent harvesting process. The biomass concentration and areal biomass production of every cultivation system were also analyzed. The results show that the flat-panel PBRs and the column PBRs are both preferred for large-scale biofuel production for high biomass productivity.

Enzymes: A Very Short Introduction

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Engel
Keyword(s):  
Food Production ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Living Organism ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Short Introduction ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Working Together ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
The Many

Enzymes: A Very Short Introduction explores enzymes, the tiny molecular machines that make life possible. These proteins speed up chemical reactions inside a living organism many millionfold. Working together, teams of enzymes carry out all the processes that can be collectively recognized as life, from making DNA to digesting food. This VSI explains how this works, before going on to reveal how these catalysts of such extraordinary power and exquisite selectivity have evolved. It also examines the many varied ways in which individual enzymes are used nowadays as tools—in medical diagnosis and therapy, washing powders, food production, waste treatment, and chemical synthesis. New vistas have opened up through application of molecular genetics, not only allowing cheap, large-scale production of pure enzymes but also making possible new, tailor-made enzymes.

scholarly journals Factors Affecting Microalgae Production for Biofuels and the Potentials of Chemometric Methods in Assessing and Optimizing Productivity

Cells ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 851 ◽  
Author(s):  
Musa ◽  
Ayoko ◽  
Ward ◽  
Rösch ◽  
Brown ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Downstream Processing ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Chemometric Methods ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Time Saving ◽  
Continuous Growth

Microalgae are swift replicating photosynthetic microorganisms with several applications for food, chemicals, medicine and fuel. Microalgae have been identified to be suitable for biofuels production, due to their high lipid contents. Microalgae-based biofuels have the potential to meet the increasing energy demands and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, the present state of technology does not economically support sustainable large-scale production. The biofuel production process comprises the upstream and downstream processing phases, with several uncertainties involved. This review examines the various production and processing stages, and considers the use of chemometric methods in identifying and understanding relationships from measured study parameters via statistical methods, across microalgae production stages. This approach enables collection of relevant information for system performance assessment. The principal benefit of such analysis is the identification of the key contributing factors, useful for decision makers to improve system design, operation and process economics. Chemometrics proffers options for time saving in data analysis, as well as efficient process optimization, which could be relevant for the continuous growth of the microalgae industry.

scholarly journals THE ORGANISATION OF DRILL PRODUCTION AT A NEOLITHIC LITHIC WORKSHOP SITE OF BAI BEN, CAT BA ISLAND, VIETNAM

2014 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Dong Truong Nguyen ◽  
Chris Clarkson
Keyword(s):  
Mass Production ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Late Neolithic ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Drill Point ◽  
Trade And Exchange

We investigate stone drill point production, use, maintenance, and discard from a technological perspective at the Late Neolithic workshop of Bai Ben on Cat Ba Island, Northeastern Vietnam. Bai Ben contains over 18,000 retouched chert flakes classified as drill points and dating to c.3000BP. Large scale production of drills most likely took place for reasons of mass production of drilled organic and inorganic objects. Few of such drilled objects are found at the site, perhaps due to poor organic preservation or removal of finished objects for trade and exchange. An analysis of attribute on drills and cores examines the time-ordering of dimensional and morphological changes as reduction continued at the site. The research finds that drills were produced from a diverse range of nodules sizes, blanks, core technologies and raw materials, but similar blanks were selected to produce very similar drill point forms.

scholarly journals A Review of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticle Delivery Systems in Chemo-Based Combination Cancer Therapies

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Gao ◽  
Dongruo Gao ◽  
Jie Shen ◽  
Qiwen Wang
Keyword(s):  
Mesoporous Silica ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles ◽  
Silica Nanoparticle ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Cancer Therapies ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Combination Therapies ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Large Scale Production

Chemotherapy is an important anti-tumor treatment in clinic to date, however, the effectiveness of traditional chemotherapy is limited by its poor selectivity, high systemic toxicity, and multidrug resistance. In recent years, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) have become exciting drug delivery systems (DDS) due to their unique advantages, such as easy large-scale production, adjustable uniform pore size, large surface area and pore volumes. While mesoporous silica-based DDS can improve chemotherapy to a certain extent, when used in combination with other cancer therapies MSN based chemotherapy exhibits a synergistic effect, greatly improving therapeutic outcomes. In this review, we discuss the applications of MSN DDS for a diverse range of chemotherapeutic combination anti-tumor therapies, including phototherapy, gene therapy, immunotherapy and other less common modalities. Furthermore, we focus on the characteristics of each nanomaterial and the synergistic advantages of the combination therapies. Lastly, we examine the challenges and future prospects of MSN based chemotherapeutic combination therapies.

Effective Viscosity of Chlorella Sp. USTB-01 Suspension for Biofuel Production

2013 ◽  
Vol 291-294 ◽  
pp. 316-319
Author(s):  
Ai Hui Chou ◽  
Liang Chen ◽  
Xin Ru Zhang ◽  
Ze Yi Jiang ◽  
Fang He
Keyword(s):  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Newtonian Fluid ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Processing Technologies ◽  
Chlorella Sp

Rheological properties of microalgae suspensions affect the mixing and mass transport in photobioreactor systems and the design of downstream biomass processing technologies，and directly impact the energy demand and system performance of algae biofuel production. The purpose of this paper is to obtain the rheological properties as a function of volume fraction. The volume fractions of microalgae suspensions φ were derived according to the size distribution of the microalgae cells and cell number concentrations per cubic meter liquid. We found that at low concentrations, microalgae suspensions display a Newtonian fluid behavior. At high concentrations, microalgae suspensions behave as a shear thinning non-Newtonian fluid. The results are of potential scientific relevance and also useful in relation to the design of algae bioprocessing for the large scale production of economic biofuels.

scholarly journals Advanced Metabolic Engineering Approaches and Renewable Energy to Improve Environmental Benefits of Algal Biofuels: LCA of Large-scale Biobutanol Production with Cyanobacteria Synechocystis PCC6803

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Villacreses-Freire ◽  
Franziska Ketzer ◽  
Christine Rösch
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Renewable Electricity ◽  
Synechocystis Pcc6803 ◽  
Cell Factories ◽  
Green Cell

AbstractWith modern genetic engineering tools, microorganisms can become resilient green cell factories to produce sustainable biofuels directly. Compared to non-engineered algae and cyanobacteria, the photon conversion efficiency can be significantly increased. Furthermore, simplified harvesting processes are feasible since the novel microorganisms are excreting the biofuels or their precursors continuously and directly into the cultivation media. Along with higher productivity and direct product harvesting, it is expected that environmental benefits can be achieved, especially for climate protection. A life cycle assessment (LCA) for biobutanol production with the genetically engineered cyanobacteria Synechocystis PCC6803 is performed to test this hypothesis. A prospective and upscaled approach was applied to assess the environmental impacts at large-scale production (20 ha plant) for better comparability with conventional butanol production. The LCA results show that the engineering of microorganisms can improve the environmental impact, mainly due to the higher productivity compared to non-engineered cyanobacteria. However, the nevertheless high electricity demand required for the cultivation and harvesting process overcompensates this benefit. According to the scenario calculations, a more favourable climate gas balance can be achieved if renewable electricity is used. Then, greenhouse gas emissions are reduced to 3.1 kg CO2 eq/kg biobutanol, corresponding to 20% more than the fossil reference: (2.45 kg CO2 eq./kg 1-butanol). The results indicate the importance of genetic engineering and the energy transition towards renewable electricity supply to take full advantage of the environmental potential of microorganisms as future green cell factories for sustainable biofuel production. Besides, the necessity of developing different scenarios for perspective and upscaled LCA for a fairer comparison with mature reference technologies is demonstrated.

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