scholarly journals Muscle Ultrasonographic Elastography in Children: Review of the Current Knowledge and Application

Children ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 1042
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Cebula ◽  
Maciej Cebula ◽  
Ilona Kopyta
Keyword(s):  
Gold Standard ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Imaging Modality ◽  
Paediatric Population ◽  
Muscular Diseases ◽  
Tissue Elasticity ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Quantitative Assessments

Ultrasonographic elastography is a relatively new imaging modality for the qualitative and quantitative assessments of tissue elasticity. While it has steadily gained use in adult clinical practice, including for liver diseases, breast cancer, thyroid pathologies, and muscle and tendon diseases, data on its paediatric application is still limited. Moreover, diagnosis of muscular diseases in children remains challenging. The gold standard methods, namely biopsy, electroneurography, and electromyography, are often limited owing to their invasive characteristics, possible contraindications, complications, and need for good cooperation, that is, a patient’s ability to perform certain tasks during the examination while withstanding discomfort, which is a significant problem especially in younger or uncooperative children. Genetic testing, which has broad diagnostic possibilities, often entails a high cost, which limits its application. Thus, a non-invasive, objective, repeatable, and accessible tool is needed to aid in both the diagnosis and monitoring of muscle pathologies. We believe that elastography may prove to be such a method. The aim of this review was to present the current knowledge on the use of muscle elastography in the paediatric population and information on the limitations of elastography in relation to examination protocols and factors for consideration in everyday practice and future studies.

scholarly journals Ultrasound - first imaging modality in the detection of parathyroid adenomas

2008 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 64 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Ahmed ◽  
N Khan ◽  
S Ellemdin ◽  
K Gayaparsad
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Medicine ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Imaging Modality ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Parathyroid Adenomas ◽  
Thyroid Adenomas ◽  
Invasive Method ◽  
Ultrasound Features

Abstract We present a series of 12 patients in whom the typical ultrasound features of parathyroid adenomas were accurately demonstrated. High resolution ultrasound [in experienced hands] is a highly sensitive accurate, safe and non invasive method of localizing parathyroid adenomas especially in patients with typically located glands and an absence of thyroid pathology. Our aim was to compare ultrasound with nuclear medicine as an imaging gold standard in patients with thyroid adenomas.

scholarly journals Elastography: A New Dimension in Oral and Maxillofacial Imaging

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 6-9
Author(s):  
P Balaji ◽  
Nikhat Mukhtar Gazge
Keyword(s):  
Imaging Modality ◽  
Preoperative Assessment ◽  
Elasticity Imaging ◽  
Tissue Elasticity ◽  
Tissue Stiffness ◽  
Maxillofacial Region ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Tissue Hardness ◽  
Oral And Maxillofacial Region ◽  
Pathological Tissues

ABSTRACT Elastography or elasticity imaging is a new non-invasive imaging modality that involves tissue stiffness assessment based on hardness (elasticity) of normal or pathological tissues. The principle being that tissue compression produces strain within the tissue leading to tissue displacement due to which tissue hardness can be estimated. This tissue elasticity resulting from compression is displayed as an image called elastogram. This technique can be particularly useful in preoperative assessment of pathological tissues which are generally harder than normal surrounding tissues. Hence, the purpose of this article is to highlight this technique and its various applications in oral and maxillofacial region. How to cite this article Gazge NM, Balaji P. Elastography: A New Dimension in Oral and Maxillofacial Imaging. J Health Sci Res 2014;5(2):6-9.

scholarly journals THE COMPARATIVE STUDY TO DETECT RENAL & URINARY TRACT CALCULI (NEPHROLITHIASIS AND UROLITHIASIS) ON ULTRASOUND AND CT.

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 25-37
Author(s):  
Mahnoor Pracha ◽  
Amtullah Fatima ◽  
Najeebullah Alakozai ◽  
Azizullah Alakozai ◽  
Taiba Aslam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Imaging Modality ◽  
Color Doppler ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Ureteric Calculi ◽  
Urinary Tract Calculi ◽  
Ionizing Radiations

Background: Ultrasound is a non-invasive imaging modality, and it is cost effective while CT in invasive that uses ionizing radiations, yet it is difficult on ultrasound to diagnose calculi in ureter hence for evaluation of ureteric calculi CT scan is gold standard modality. Objective: To compare the detection of renal& urinary tract calculi (nephrolithiasis & urolithiasis) on ultrasound and CT. Material and methods: The data bases PubMed, ProQuest, and Google scholar and research gate were searched with the key words: nephrolithiasis on ultrasound and CT, sensitivity, specificity, from 2010 to 2021. For inclusion and exclusion of studies independently screened the titles and abstracts of full and related articles. Articles that had information about nephrolithiasis, urolithiasis at ultrasound and CT and its sensitivity and specificity were included. Results:  In total, 28 studies were found on renal & urinary tract calculi at ultrasound and computed tomography. This literature review demonstrates that computed tomography is characterized by high sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing renal, ureteric calculi while ultrasound has low sensitivity and specificity. Conclusions: Ultrasound is the best modality for imaging calculi within the kidney, a well hyper echoic mass with posterior acoustic shadow is identified as stone on gray scale, color Doppler can be used for demarcation of stone. At Color Doppler twinkling artifact appears around the calculi hence it can be differentiated by hyper echoic renal sinuses but this is crucially dependant on the size and anatomical position of the stone. The ultrasonic evaluation either overestimates or misinterprets the calculi size while CT gives an exact measurement, position with authentic sensitivity and specificity. Hence, CT is the gold standard for detection of renal calculi. Recommendation: Ultrasound is a non-invasive imaging modality and it is cost effective while CT in invasive that uses ionizing radiations, yet it is difficult on ultrasound to diagnose calculi in ureter hence for evaluation of ureteric calculi CT scan is gold standard modality.

scholarly journals Liquid Biopsy for Solid Ophthalmic Malignancies: An Updated Review and Perspectives

Cancers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3284
Author(s):  
Arnaud Martel ◽  
Stephanie Baillif ◽  
Sacha Nahon-esteve ◽  
Lauris Gastaud ◽  
Corine Bertolotto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Anterior Chamber ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Liquid Biopsy ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
The Other ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
History Of ◽  
Diagnosis Of Cancer ◽  
The One

Tissue biopsy is considered the gold standard when establishing a diagnosis of cancer. However, tissue biopsies of intraocular ophthalmic malignancies are hard to collect and are thought to be associated with a non-negligible risk of extraocular dissemination. Recently, the liquid biopsy (LB) has emerged as a viable, non-invasive, repeatable, and promising way of obtaining a diagnosis, prognosis, and theragnosis of patients with solid tumors. LB refers to blood, as well as any human liquid. The natural history of uveal melanoma (UM) and retinoblastoma (RB) are radically opposed. On the one hand, UM is known to disseminate through the bloodstream, and is, therefore, more accessible to systemic venous liquid biopsy. On the other hand, RB rarely disseminates hematogenous, and is, therefore, more accessible to local liquid biopsy by performing an anterior chamber puncture. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge concerning LB in UM, RB, conjunctival tumors, and choroidal metastases. We also develop the current limitations encountered, as well as the perspectives.

Mesophyll conductance: the leaf corridors for photosynthesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 429-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Gago ◽  
Danilo M. Daloso ◽  
Marc Carriquí ◽  
Miquel Nadal ◽  
Melanie Morales ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Mesophyll Conductance ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Cell Structures ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Change Framework ◽  
Chloroplast Stroma

Besides stomata, the photosynthetic CO2 pathway also involves the transport of CO2 from the sub-stomatal air spaces inside to the carboxylation sites in the chloroplast stroma, where Rubisco is located. This pathway is far to be a simple and direct way, formed by series of consecutive barriers that the CO2 should cross to be finally assimilated in photosynthesis, known as the mesophyll conductance (gm). Therefore, the gm reflects the pathway through different air, water and biophysical barriers within the leaf tissues and cell structures. Currently, it is known that gm can impose the same level of limitation (or even higher depending of the conditions) to photosynthesis than the wider known stomata or biochemistry. In this mini-review, we are focused on each of the gm determinants to summarize the current knowledge on the mechanisms driving gm from anatomical to metabolic and biochemical perspectives. Special attention deserve the latest studies demonstrating the importance of the molecular mechanisms driving anatomical traits as cell wall and the chloroplast surface exposed to the mesophyll airspaces (Sc/S) that significantly constrain gm. However, even considering these recent discoveries, still is poorly understood the mechanisms about signaling pathways linking the environment a/biotic stressors with gm responses. Thus, considering the main role of gm as a major driver of the CO2 availability at the carboxylation sites, future studies into these aspects will help us to understand photosynthesis responses in a global change framework.

A novel use of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in uterine artery embolization

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Jemianne Bautista Jia ◽  
Eric Mastrolonardo ◽  
Mateen Soleman ◽  
Ilya Lekht
Keyword(s):  
Uterine Artery Embolization ◽  
Uterine Artery ◽  
Imaging Modality ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound ◽  
Artery Embolization ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Contrast Enhanced

Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) is a cost-effective, quick, and non-invasive imaging modality that has yet to be incorporated in uterine artery embolization (UAE). We present two cases that demonstrate the utility of CEUS in UAE for the identification of uterine-ovarian collaterals which otherwise can result in ineffective fibroid treatment and non-target embolization.

Diagnostic efficacy and suitability of trans-thoracic ultrasonography for pleural fluid detection – The future non-invasive gold-standard?

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 184-190
Author(s):  
Muhammad Irfan ◽  
Abdul Rasheed Qureshi ◽  
Zeeshan Ashraf ◽  
Muhammad Amjad Ramzan ◽  
Tehmina Naeem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pleural Effusion ◽  
Diagnostic Accuracy ◽  
Pleural Fluid ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Pleural Effusions ◽  
Diagnostic Efficacy ◽  
Chest Sonography ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Fluid Detection

ABSTRACT Background: Conventionally Pleural effusions are suspected by history of pleuritis, evaluated by physical signs and multiple view radiography. Trans-thoracic pleural aspiration is done and aspirated pleural fluid is considered the gold-standard for pleural effusion. Chest sonography has the advantage of having high diagnostic efficacy over radiography for the detection of pleural effusion. Furthermore, ultrasonography is free from radiation hazards, inexpensive, readily available  and feasible for use in ICU, pregnant and pediatric patients. This study aims to explore the diagnostic accuracy of trans-thoracic ultrasonography for pleural fluid detection, which is free of such disadvantages. The objective is to determine the diagnostic efficacy of trans-thoracic ultrasound for detecting pleural effusion and also to assess its suitability for being a non-invasive gold-standard.   Subject and Methods: This retrospective study of 4597 cases was conducted at pulmonology  OPD-Gulab Devi Teaching Hospital, Lahore from November 2016 to July 2018. Adult patients with clinical features suggesting pleural effusions were included while those where no suspicion of pleural effusion, patients < 14 years and pregnant ladies were excluded. Patients were subjected to chest x-ray PA and Lateral views and chest ultrasonography was done by a senior qualified radiologist in OPD. Ultrasound-guided pleural aspiration was done in OPD & fluid was sent for analysis. At least 10ml aspirated fluid was considered as diagnostic for pleural effusion. Patient files containing history, physical examination, x-ray reports, ultrasound reports, pleural aspiration notes and informed consent were retrieved, reviewed and findings were recorded in the preformed proforma. Results were tabulated and conclusion was drawn by statistical analysis. Results: Out of 4597 cases, 4498 pleural effusion were manifested on CXR and only 2547(56.62%) pleural effusions were proved by ultrasound while 2050 (45.57%) cases were reported as no Pleural effusion. Chest sonography demonstrated sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV and diagnostic accuracy 100 % each. Conclusions: Trans-thoracic ultrasonography revealed an excellent efficacy that is why it can be considered as non-invasive gold standard for the detection of pleural effusion.

Plant Compounds for the Treatment of Diabetes, a Metabolic Disorder: NF-κB as a Therapeutic Target

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (39) ◽  
pp. 4955-4969
Author(s):  
Ravi Sahukari ◽  
Jyothi Punabaka ◽  
Shanmugam Bhasha ◽  
Venkata S. Ganjikunta ◽  
Shanmugam K. Ramudu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Complications ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
World Population ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Treatment Of Diabetes ◽  
Online Library ◽  
And Oxidative Stress ◽  
Stress Activation ◽  
Plant Compounds

Background: The prevalence of diabetes in the world population hás reached 8.8 % and is expected to rise to 10.4% by 2040. Hence, there is an urgent need for the discovery of drugs against therapeutic targets to sojourn its prevalence. Previous studies proved that NF-κB serves as a central agent in the development of diabetic complications. Objectives: This review intended to list the natural plant compounds that would act as inhibitors of NF-κB signalling in different organs under the diabetic condition with their possible mechanism of action. Methods: Information on NF-κB, diabetes, natural products, and relation in between them, was gathered from scientific literature databases such as Pubmed, Medline, Google scholar, Science Direct, Springer, Wiley online library. Results and Conclusion: NF-κB plays a crucial role in the development of diabetic complications because of its link in the expression of genes that are responsible for organs damage such as kidney, brain, eye, liver, heart, muscle, endothelium, adipose tissue and pancreas by inflammation, apoptosis and oxidative stress. Activation of PPAR-α, SIRT3/1, and FXR through many cascades by plant compounds such as terpenoids, iridoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, tannins, carbohydrates, and phytocannabinoids recovers diabetic complications. These compounds also exhibit the prevention of NF-κB translocation into the nucleus by inhibiting NF-κB activators, such as VEGFR, RAGE and TLR4 receptors, which in turn, prevent the activation of many genes involved in tissue damage. Current knowledge on the treatment of diabetes by targeting NF-κB is limited, so future studies would enlighten accordingly.

The Use of Sonography in Pediatrics: The Bioethical Concerns in Clinical and Research Practice

2021 ◽  
pp. 875647932110350
Author(s):  
Nicole Weikle
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Setting ◽  
Imaging Modality ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Ethical Principles ◽  
Pediatric Care ◽  
Research Practice ◽  
Ethical Guidelines ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Clinical Pediatric

Sonography has been widely used in both a clinical and non-clinical setting. This imaging modality is a common tool of choice for both physicians and researchers. Although sonography is a non-ionizing and non-invasive tool for imaging, special considerations need to be made when working with the pediatric population. Ethical guidelines for clinical pediatric care and research need to consider the varying ethical guidelines and bioethical concerns in children. As sonographers, researchers, educators and clinicians, pediatric care and research must balance the protection of children and the need for imaging to improve pediatric well-being. The discussion of this paper will delve into The Principles Approach developed by Beauchamp and Childress. Each principle will be explored and how those ethical principles could be considered in pediatric care.

scholarly journals Role of MRI in the diagnosis of adult traumatic and obstetric brachial plexus injury compared to intraoperative findings

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Doria Mohammed Gad ◽  
Mostafa Thabet Hussein ◽  
Nagham Nabil Mahmoud Omar ◽  
Mohamed Mostafa Kotb ◽  
Mohamed Abdel-Tawab ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brachial Plexus ◽  
Tissue Characterization ◽  
Brachial Plexus Injury ◽  
Imaging Modality ◽  
Preoperative Evaluation ◽  
Diagnostic Modality ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Upper Limb Function ◽  
Obstetric Brachial Plexus ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity

Abstract Background Brachial plexus injury occurs following birth trauma or adult trauma as well, surgical repair is important to regain upper limb function, and preoperative evaluation with MRI is important and considered the accurate and safe imaging modality. Thirty-seven patients with clinically suspected obstetric (15 patients) or adult traumatic (22 patients) brachial plexus injury were included in our study; all of them underwent MRI examination including T1WI, T2WI, STIR, DWIBS, 3D STIR SPACE, and MR myelography sequences. Results In obstetric cases, MRI sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for preganglionic injury were 63%, 89%, and 82%, respectively, while for postganglionic lesions, MRI sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 60%, 99%, and 95%, respectively. In adult cases, MRI sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for preganglionic injury were 96%, 95%, and 95% respectively, while for postganglionic injury, MRI sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 60%, 100%, and 99%, respectively. Conclusion MRI represents a safe, non-invasive, diagnostic modality having the multiplanar capability and better soft tissue characterization.

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