Exposure to PM2.5 and Obesity Prevalence in the Greater Mexico City Area

Exposure to PM2.5 has been associated with the prevalence of obesity. In the Greater Mexico City Area (GMCA), both are ranked among the highest in the world. Our aim was to analyze this association in children, adolescents, and adults in the GMCA. We used data from the 2006 and 2012 Mexican National Surveys of Health and Nutrition (ENSANUT). Participants’ past-year exposure to ambient PM2.5 was assessed using land use terms and satellite-derived aerosol optical depth estimates; weight and height were measured. We used survey-adjusted logistic regression models to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) of obesity (vs. normal-overweight) for every 10 µg/m3 increase in annual PM2.5 exposure for children, adolescents, and adults. Using a meta-analysis approach, we estimated the overall odds of obesity. We analyzed data representing 19.3 million and 20.9 million GMCA individuals from ENSANUT 2006 and 2012, respectively. The overall pooled estimate between PM2.5 exposure and obesity was OR = 1.96 (95% CI: 1.21, 3.18). For adolescents, a 10 µg/m3 increase in PM2.5 was associated with an OR of 3.53 (95% CI: 1.45, 8.58) and 3.79 (95% CI: 1.40, 10.24) in 2006 and 2012, respectively. More studies such as this are recommended in Latin American cities with similar air pollution and obesity conditions.

Download Full-text

Abstract 17019: Obesity and Cardiovascular Health in Young American Adults

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.142.suppl_3.17019 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 142 (Suppl_3) ◽

Author(s):

Sarabjeet S Suri ◽

Vibhu Parcha ◽

Rajat Kalra ◽

Garima Arora ◽

Pankaj Arora

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Young Adults ◽

Cardiovascular Health ◽

Piecewise Linear ◽

The United States ◽

Obesity Prevalence ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Prevalence Of Obesity ◽

Adjusted Logistic Regression ◽

The Impact

Background: The growing epidemic of obesity in the United States (US) is associated with cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality. We evaluated the impact of the increasing obesity prevalence on the CV health of young American adults. Methods: The age-adjusted weighted prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia was estimated from the 2008-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) in American adults aged 18-44 years, stratified by the presence of obesity. The trends were evaluated using a piecewise linear regression approach. The odds for CV risk factors were estimated using multivariable-adjusted logistic regression models. Results: Among 14,919 young adults, the prevalence of obesity was 33.9% (95% CI: 32.6-35.3%). Obese young adults were more likely to be non-Hispanic Blacks and in lower socioeconomic and educational attainment strata (p<0.05 for all). Obese young adults had a greater risk of having hypertension (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 3.0 [95% CI: 2.7-3.4]), diabetes (aOR: 4.3 [95% CI: 3.3-5.6]), and hyperlipidemia (aOR: 1.47 [95% CI: 1.3-1.7]). Among obese, hypertension increased from 36.5% (33.9-39.1%) in 2007-2010 to 39.4% (35.6-43.1%) in 2015-2018 (p= 0.07) and diabetes increased from 4.7% (3.6-5.8%) in 2007-2010 to 7.1% (5.3-9.0%) in 2015-2018 (p=0.11). A modest increase in diabetes was seen in non-obese individuals ( Table ). Hypercholesterolemia prevalence remained unchanged from 12.6% (95% CI: 10.6-14.7%) 2007-2010 to 10.9% (95% CI: 9.0-12.8%) in 2015-2018 (p=0.27) among obese young adults. Non-obese young adults showed a decline in hypercholesterolemia from 9.5% (95% CI: 8.0-11.0%) in 2007- 2010 to 7.1% (95% CI: 5.8-8.4%) in 2015-2018 (p=0.002). Conclusions: Nearly one-in-every three young American adults have obesity, which is accompanied by a two-fold higher prevalence of CV risk factors. The CV morbidity in young adults is expected to increase with an increasing prevalence of obesity..

Download Full-text

Educational inequalities in obesity: a multilevel analysis of survey data from cities in Latin America

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980021002457 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Mónica Mazariegos ◽

Amy H Auchincloss ◽

Ariela Braverman-Bronstein ◽

María F Kroker-Lobos ◽

Manuel Ramírez-Zea ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Higher Education ◽

Economic Development ◽

Survey Data ◽

Latin American ◽

Effect Modification ◽

University Education ◽

Educational Inequalities ◽

Obesity Prevalence ◽

Socio Economic Development ◽

American Cities

Abstract Objective: Using newly harmonised individual-level data on health and socio-economic environments in Latin American cities (from the Salud Urbana en América Latina (SALURBAL) study), we assessed the association between obesity and education levels and explored potential effect modification of this association by city-level socio-economic development. Design: This cross-sectional study used survey data collected between 2002 and 2017. Absolute and relative educational inequalities in obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2, derived from measured weight and height) were calculated first. Then, a two-level mixed-effects logistic regression was run to test for effect modification of the education–obesity association by city-level socio-economic development. All analyses were stratified by sex. Setting: One hundred seventy-six Latin American cities within eight countries (Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico and Peru). Participants: 53 186 adults aged >18 years old. Results: Among women, 25 % were living with obesity and obesity was negatively associated with educational level (higher education–lower obesity) and this pattern was consistent across city-level socio-economic development. Among men, 18 % were living with obesity and there was a positive association between education and obesity (higher education–higher obesity) for men living in cities with lower levels of development, whereas for those living in cities with higher levels of development, the pattern was inverted and university education was protective of obesity. Conclusions: Among women, education was protective of obesity regardless, whereas among men, it was only protective in cities with higher levels of development. These divergent results suggest the need for sex- and city-specific interventions to reduce obesity prevalence and inequalities.

Download Full-text

Ethnic Differences in the Smoking-Related Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Journal of Crohn s and Colitis ◽

10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjab047 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Daniele Piovani ◽

Claudia Pansieri ◽

Soumya R R Kotha ◽

Amanda C Piazza ◽

Celia-Louise Comberg ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽

Latin American ◽

Bowel Disease ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Study Data ◽

Future Research ◽

Related Risk ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Inflammatory Bowel

Abstract Background and aims The association between smoking and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) relies on old meta-analyses including exclusively non-Jewish White populations. Uncertainty persists regarding the role of smoking in other ethnicities. Methods We systematically searched Medline/PubMed, Embase and Scopus for studies examining tobacco smoking and the risk of developing IBD, i.e., Crohn’s disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC). Two authors independently extracted study data and assessed each study’s risk-of-bias. We examined heterogeneity and small-study effect, and calculated summary estimates using random-effects models. Stratified analyses and meta-regression were employed to study the association between study-level characteristics and effect estimates. The strength of epidemiological evidence was assessed through prespecified criteria. Results We synthesized 57 studies examining the smoking-related risk of developing CD and UC. Non-Jewish White smokers were at increased risk of CD (29 studies; RR: 1.95, 95% CI: 1.69‒2.24; moderate evidence). No association was observed in Asian, Jewish and Latin-American populations (11 studies; RR: 0.97; 95% CI: 0.83–1.13), with no evidence of heterogeneity across these ethnicities. Smokers were at reduced risk of UC (51 studies; RR: 0.55, 95% CI: 0.48–0.64; weak evidence) irrespectively of ethnicity; however, cohort studies, large studies and those recently published showed attenuated associations. Conclusions This meta-analysis did not identify any increased risk of CD in smokers in ethnicities other than non-Jewish Whites, and confirmed the protective effect of smoking on UC occurrence. Future research should characterize the genetic background of CD patients across different ethnicities to improve our understanding on the role of smoking in CD pathogenesis.

Download Full-text

Modelling local patterns of child mortality risk: a Bayesian Spatio-temporal analysis

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-020-10016-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Alejandro Lome-Hurtado ◽

Jacques Lartigue-Mendoza ◽

Juan C. Trujillo

Keyword(s):

High Risk ◽

Mexico City ◽

Child Mortality ◽

Mortality Risk ◽

Temporal Analysis ◽

Health Concern ◽

The North ◽

Greater Mexico ◽

Spatio Temporal ◽

Child Mortality Rate

Abstract Background Globally, child mortality rate has remained high over the years, but the figure can be reduced through proper implementation of spatially-targeted public health policies. Due to its alarming rate in comparison to North American standards, child mortality is particularly a health concern in Mexico. Despite this fact, there remains a dearth of studies that address its spatio-temporal identification in the country. The aims of this study are i) to model the evolution of child mortality risk at the municipality level in Greater Mexico City, (ii) to identify municipalities with high, medium, and low risk over time, and (iii) using municipality trends, to ascertain potential high-risk municipalities. Methods In order to control for the space-time patterns of data, the study performs a Bayesian spatio-temporal analysis. This methodology permits the modelling of the geographical variation of child mortality risk across municipalities, within the studied time span. Results The analysis shows that most of the high-risk municipalities were in the east, along with a few in the north and west areas of Greater Mexico City. In some of them, it is possible to distinguish an increasing trend in child mortality risk. The outcomes highlight municipalities currently presenting a medium risk but liable to become high risk, given their trend, after the studied period. Finally, the likelihood of child mortality risk illustrates an overall decreasing tendency throughout the 7-year studied period. Conclusions The identification of high-risk municipalities and risk trends may provide a useful input for policymakers seeking to reduce the incidence of child mortality. The results provide evidence that supports the use of geographical targeting in policy interventions.

Download Full-text

A systematic review and meta-analysis of geographic differences in comorbidities and associated severity and mortality among individuals with COVID-19

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-88130-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Bhaskar Thakur ◽

Pallavi Dubey ◽

Joseph Benitez ◽

Joshua P. Torres ◽

Sireesha Reddy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Latin American ◽

Medical Condition ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Effective Control ◽

Renal Diseases ◽

Comorbid Condition ◽

Age And Gender ◽

And Gender

AbstractSeveral comorbidities have been shown to be associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) related severity and mortality. However, considerable variation in the prevalence estimates of comorbidities and their effects on COVID-19 morbidity and mortality have been observed in prior studies. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine geographical, age, and gender related differences in the prevalence of comorbidities and associated severity and mortality rates among COVID-19 patients. We conducted a search using PubMed, Scopus, and EMBASE to include all COVID-19 studies published between January 1st, 2020 to July 24th, 2020 reporting comorbidities with severity or mortality. We included studies reporting the confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 on human patients that also provided information on comorbidities or disease outcomes. We used DerSimonian and Laird random effects method for calculating estimates. Of 120 studies with 125,446 patients, the most prevalent comorbidity was hypertension (32%), obesity (25%), diabetes (18%), and cardiovascular disease (16%) while chronic kidney or other renal diseases (51%, 44%), cerebrovascular accident (43%, 44%), and cardiovascular disease (44%, 40%) patients had more COVID-19 severity and mortality respectively. Considerable variation in the prevalence of comorbidities and associated disease severity and mortality in different geographic regions was observed. The highest mortality was observed in studies with Latin American and European patients with any medical condition, mostly older adults (≥ 65 years), and predominantly male patients. Although the US studies observed the highest prevalence of comorbidities in COVID-19 patients, the severity of COVID-19 among each comorbid condition was highest in Asian studies whereas the mortality was highest in the European and Latin American countries. Risk stratification and effective control strategies for the COVID-19 should be done according to comorbidities, age, and gender differences specific to geographical location.

Download Full-text

Sleep duration and napping in relation to colorectal and gastric cancer in the MCC-Spain study

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-91275-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Kyriaki Papantoniou ◽

Gemma Castaño-Vinyals ◽

Ana Espinosa ◽

Michelle C. Turner ◽

Vicente Martín-Sánchez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gastric Cancer ◽

Sleep Duration ◽

Night Shift ◽

Work History ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Short Sleep ◽

Long Sleep ◽

Adjusted Logistic Regression ◽

Population Controls ◽

Control Study

AbstractSleep duration is a novel and potentially modifiable risk factor for cancer. We evaluated the association of self-reported sleep duration and daytime napping with odds of colorectal and gastric cancer. We included 2008 incident colorectal cancer cases, 542 gastric cancer cases and 3622 frequency-matched population controls, recruited in the MCC-Spain case–control study (2008–2013). Sleep information, socio-demographic and lifestyle characteristics were obtained through personal interviews. Multivariable adjusted logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for cancer, across categories of sleep duration (≤ 5, 6, 7, 8, ≥ 9 hours/day), daytime napping frequency (naps/week) and duration (minutes/nap). Compared to 7 hours of sleep, long sleep was associated with increased odds of colorectal (OR≥9 hours: 1.59; 95%CI 1.30–1.94) and gastric cancer (OR≥9 hours: 1.95; 1.37–2.76); short sleep was associated with increased odds of gastric cancer (OR≤5 hours: 1.32; 0.93–1.88). Frequent and long daytime naps increased the odds of colorectal (OR6–7 naps/week, ≥30 min: 1.32; 1.14–1.54) and gastric cancer (OR6–7 naps/week, ≥30 min: 1.56; 1.21–2.02). Effects of short sleep and frequent long naps were stronger among participants with night shift-work history. Sleep and circadian disruption may jointly play a role in the etiology of colorectal and gastric cancer.

Download Full-text

The prevalence of obesity in older adults in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BMC Geriatrics ◽

10.1186/s12877-019-1396-4 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Aliakbar Vaisi-Raygani ◽

Masoud Mohammadi ◽

Rostam Jalali ◽

Akram Ghobadi ◽

Nader Salari

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Older Adults ◽

Older Adult ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

The Body ◽

Obesity Prevalence ◽

Analysis Software ◽

Obesity And Overweight ◽

Age Dependent ◽

Prevalence Of Obesity

Abstract Background one of the most important age-dependent physiologic alterations in the body composition of older adult people is obesity and overweight, increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality rate. Objective The aim of the present study is to determine the prevalence of obesity in older adults in Iran. Methods The present study was conducted via meta-analysis and systematic review method, from March 2000 to October 2018. Subject-related literature was obtained via searches in ScienceDirect, Medline (PubMed), SID, Magiran, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases. Heterogeneity of studies was assessed using the I2 index, and data were analyzed by Comprehensive-Meta analysis software. Results In the assessment of 18 studies and 29,943 persons aged over 50 years, the prevalence of obesity in older adults of Iran was 21.4% (95%CI: 26.6–16.9%) based on the meta-analysis. The highest obesity prevalence was obtained in older adults of Babol (Amir Shahr) which was 44.2% (95%CI: 41.1–47.2%) in 2007, while the minimum obesity prevalence was found in older adults of Razavi Khorasan which was 11.3% (95%CI, 10–12.8%) in 2007. Further, as the sample size and the study year increased, the obesity prevalence diminished in older Iranian adults (p < 0.05). Conclusion This study suggests that the prevalence of obesity in the older adults of Iran is high. Accordingly, healthcare planners and politicians should consider effective and practical policies to reduce obesity in older adults.

Download Full-text

Mapping Opportunities for Transportation Electrification to Address Social Marginalization and Air Pollution Challenges in Greater Mexico City

Environmental Science & Technology ◽

10.1021/acs.est.9b06148 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 54 (4) ◽

pp. 2103-2111 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

James Adam Mahady ◽

Claudia Octaviano ◽

Oscar Sebastian Araiza Bolaños ◽

Erick Rosas López ◽

Daniel M. Kammen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Mexico City ◽

Social Marginalization ◽

Greater Mexico ◽

Transportation Electrification

Download Full-text

Quality of life in young and middle age adult temporomandibular disorders patients and asymptomatic subjects: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Health and Quality of Life Outcomes ◽

10.1186/s12955-021-01727-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Lucas Bozzetti Pigozzi ◽

Duziene Denardini Pereira ◽

Marcos Pascoal Pattussi ◽

Carmen Moret-Tatay ◽

Tatiana Quarti Irigaray ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Systematic Review ◽

Diagnostic Criteria ◽

Latin American ◽

Temporomandibular Disorders ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Group I ◽

Axis I ◽

Group Ii

Abstract Aims To compare the difference in the quality of life between temporomandibular disorders (TMD) patients and non-TMD subjects diagnosed with the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) or the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD). Methods Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE), Excerpta Medica database (EMBASE) and Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS) databases were searched in studies published in English and Portuguese. The search was performed by two independent reviewers in duplicate. A manual search and the gray literature were also included. The inclusion criteria were clinical studies that used the RDC/TMD axis I and quality of life with standard questionnaires in young and middle-aged adult population (18–55 years). The data were analyzed quantitatively by combining the results in a meta-analysis using forest plots. The measure of effect used was the standardized mean difference (SMD) in depression levels. The Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used to evaluate the quality of the studies. The publication bias was assessed by funnel plots. The initial search included 806 articles without duplications. Results Twenty-four articles were included in the final systematic review. Of these, 9 were included in the meta-analysis, where it was shown a statistically significant in all axis I groups: (a) global TMD—groups I, II and III combined, N = 3829, SMD (95% CI) = 1.06 (0.65–1.51), p = 0.000; (b) group I—muscle disorders, N = 3,056, SMD (95% CI) = 0.82 (0.45–1.18), p = 0.000; (c) group II—disc displacements, N = 3,184, SMD (95% CI) = 0.59 (0.26–0.91), p = 0.000; and (d) group III—arthralgia/arthritis/arthrosis, N = 2781, SMD (95% CI) = 0.98 (0.59–1.36), p = 0.000. When compared to controls. Conclusions Quality of life is affected in all axis I TMD patients, especially in groups I and III with higher pain intensity and disability as compared to group II.

Download Full-text

Regional nuclear arms control in Latin America

International Organization ◽

10.1017/s0020818300004963 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 29 (2) ◽

pp. 415-445 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

John R. Redick

Keyword(s):

Latin America ◽

Mexico City ◽

Latin American ◽

Nuclear Weapons ◽

Nuclear Energy ◽

Control Mechanism ◽

Arms Control ◽

Free Zone ◽

Nuclear Arms Control ◽

Nuclear Arms

The Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America (Treaty of Tlatelolco) was signed in 1967 and is now in force for eighteen Latin American nations (the important exceptions being Argentina and Brazil). Under the terms of the treaty the Organization for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America (OPANAL) was established in 1969. With headquarters in Mexico City, OPANAL is a sophisticated control mechanism composed of three principal organs: a General Conference, Council and Secretariat. This article examines the effort to establish regional nuclear weapons free zone in Latin America and analyzes the ability of the Tlatelolco Treaty to provide the legal and political framework for containment of the growing military potential of Latin American nuclear energy programs. Particular attention is given to the positions of key Latin American nations within the region, nuclear weapons states, and those nations retaining territorial interest within the nuclear weapons free zone. In addition several policy options are advanced which could facilitate the more complete implementation of regional nuclear arms control in Latin America.

Download Full-text