scholarly journals Occurrence of Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus among Humans, Rodents, Chickens, and Household Soils in Karatu, Northern Tanzania

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (16) ◽  
pp. 8496
Author(s):  
Valery Silvery Sonola ◽  
Gerald Misinzo ◽  
Mecky Isaac Matee
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Culture Collection ◽  
Aureus Strain ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Mannitol Salt Agar ◽  
Gram Staining ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanate ◽  
Mueller Hinton Agar

We conducted this study to investigate the isolation frequency and phenotypic antibiotic resistance pattern of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from rodents, chickens, humans, and household soils. Specimens were plated onto mannitol salt agar (Oxoid, Basingstoke, UK) and incubated aerobically at 37 °C for 24 h. Presumptive colonies of S. aureus were subjected to Gram staining, as well as catalase, deoxyribonuclease (DNAse), and coagulase tests for identification. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by using the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method on Mueller–Hinton agar (Oxoid, Basingstoke, UK). The antibiotics tested were tetracycline (30 μg), erythromycin (15 μg), gentamicin (10 μg), ciprofloxacin (5 μg), clindamycin (2 μg), and amoxicillin-clavulanate (20 μg/10 μg). The S. aureus strain American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 25,923 was used as the standard organism. We found that 483 out of 956 (50.2%) samples were positive for S. aureus. The isolation frequencies varied significantly between samples sources, being 52.1%, 66.5%, 74.3%, and 24.5%, respectively, in chickens, humans, rodents, and soil samples (p < 0.001). S. aureus isolates had high resistance against clindamycin (51.0%), erythromycin (50.9%), and tetracycline (62.5%). The overall prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) S. aureus isolates was 30.2%, with 8.7% resistant to at least four different classes of antibiotics.

scholarly journals Effects of Carvacrol on Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bulk tank milk

2019 ◽  
Vol 75 (02) ◽  
pp. 6211-2019
Author(s):  
ERHAN KEYVAN ◽  
HIDAYET TUTUN
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Culture Collection ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Bulk Tank Milk ◽  
Microdilution Method ◽  
Bulk Tank ◽  
Susceptibility Profiles

The occurrence of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is an important causative agent of mastitis in cattle and of foodborne diseases. It is a worldwide concern, making it essential to develop alternative treatments to fight against the bacteria. Thus, the aim of this study is to determine the ability of carvacrol to inhibit the growth of S. aureus isolated from bulk tank milk in Turkey’s Burdur Province. All strains (n = 31) were used to investigate the antimicrobial activity of carvacrol, including the methicillin-resistant S. aureus and strains from the American Type Culture Collection and England’s National Collection of Type Cultures. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were determined via a microdilution method, and the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles via a disk diffusion method. Antibiotic resistance was detected in 20 strains (64.5%). Multidrug resistance was observed in 8 strains (25.8%). Carvacrol exhibited strong antimicrobial activity, with MIC value at 0.058-0.234 mg/ml, in the microdilution method. Inhibition zones of carvacrol were in the range of 19 to 45 mm. The results of this study emphasize the promising role of carvacrol among new antibacterial agents that can combat S. aureus strains.

scholarly journals Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Wound Infections

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 19-24
Author(s):  
Jyoti Shrestha ◽  
Krishan Govinda Prajapati ◽  
Om Prakash Panta ◽  
Pramod Poudel ◽  
Santosh Khanal
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Wound Infections ◽  
Mannitol Salt Agar ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Test

Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and antibiotic resistance pattern of the isolates from wound infections. Methods: A total of 706 wound specimens including pus and wound swab were analyzed in the laboratory of B and B Hospital, Lalitpur from May to October 2014. The specimens were cultured on Blood Agar and Mannitol Salt Agar plates and incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. Antibiotic susceptibility test was performed by modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Strains resistant to cefoxitin (30mcg) with inhibition zone ≤ 21mm were identified as MRSA. Results: Out of 366 bacterial isolates, 90 (24.6%) were S. aureus and among them 16.7% were MRSA and 54.4% multi-drug resistant (MDR). All isolates were sensitive to vancomycin and most of the isolates were sensitive to cefoxitin (83.3%). High rate of resistance was observed towards penicillin (98.9%) and ampicillin (86.7%). All MRSA isolates and 52.9% of methicillin sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) were MDR. Conclusion: MRSA incidence is increasing in the population, and therapeutic measures are few and accompanied by diverse side effects. It is noteworthy to state that vancomycin is still the first line drug although vancomycin-resistant strains have been reported.

scholarly journals Aerobic Bacterial Isolates and Their Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns of Pus Samples at Tertiary Healthcare Center of Northern India

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 247-251
Author(s):  
Aditya Rana ◽  
Veehteeanveshna Gupta ◽  
Subhash Chand Jaryal
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Northern India ◽  
Gram Staining ◽  
Bacteriological Profile ◽  
Tertiary Healthcare

Introduction: Emerging resistance in microorganisms is a matter of great concern in health care setups. Bacterial isolate and AMR pattern changes from place to place and time to time. Unprofessional use of antibiotics has resulted in an increasing burden of antibiotic resistance. This study focused over the aerobic bacteriological profile and antibiotic resistance pattern in pus isolates. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was carried out from June, 2020 to May 2021. 1174 pus samples collected during the study period were included. The samples were cultured on Blood and MacConkey agar. After aerobic incubation at 37°C for 18-24 hrs, organisms were identified by biochemical reactions, gram staining and antibiotic susceptibility was tested by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. Result: Among the total 1174 pus samples, 712 (60.6%) were male and 462 (39.3%) were females. 857(72.9%) samples showed positive results. Among them, Staphylococcus aureus was the most common isolate followed by Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas spp. and Klebsiella spp. The sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus was highest with Vancomycin and Linezolid, whereas Enterobacterales and Pseudomonas were sensitive with Piperacillin tazobactam. Conclusion: Increasing resistance always poses a challenge in treating infections. The development of resistant strains of pathogens can be limited by the judicious use of antibiotics. This study shows the infecting bacterial isolates and their antibiogram from this area. Keywords: Pus, antimicrobial resistance, bacterial isolates.

Screening of erm Gene of Inducible Clindamycin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 39-43
Author(s):  
Roshan Timsina ◽  
Bivek Timalsina ◽  
Anjana Singh
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Mannitol Salt Agar ◽  
Inducible Clindamycin Resistance ◽  
Gram Staining ◽  
Nasal Sample ◽  
Nasal Swabs ◽  
Ermb Gene ◽  
Global Concern

 Antibiotic resistance exhibited by Staphylococcus aureus is a growing global concern. This work was undertaken to determine the prevalence rate of inducible clindamycin resistant S. aureus in nasal sample and detect ermB gene in the isolates with inducible clindamycin resistance. Nasal swabs were collected from the school children and cultured on Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA) and Blood Agar (BA) for observation of colony morphology. Gram staining and biochemical test (catalase, oxidase, O-F and coagulase) were performed for further identification of the bacteria. The Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method using a cefoxitin disc (30 μg) was used to detect methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA). All, the MRSA isolates were tested for ermB gene by PCR amplification. Among 64 S. aureus isolates, 17 (26 %) were MRSA. The prevalence of Inducible clindamycin resistant S. aureus (iMLSB) isolates was 23.4 % in the S. aureus isolates. All the isolates of MRSA were resistant to penicillin, while 88.2 % were sensitive to gentamicin. The prevalence of ermB gene was 3.1 % in the total S. aureus isolates and 11.7 % MRSA showed the presence of this gene. Routinely performing a D-test in laboratory will guide the clinicians on the rationale use of clindamycin and improving hygienic practices can reduce the spread of inducible clindamycin resistance.

Emergence of CC8/ST239- SCCmec III/t421 tigecycline resistant and CC/ST22-SCCmec IV/t790 vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from wound: A two-year multi-center study in Tehran, Iran

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Phenotypic Resistance ◽  
Multiplex Pcr Assay ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant

Abstract Staphylococcus aureus as an opportunistic bacterial pathogen with intrinsic and acquired resistance to many antibiotics is a worldwide problem. The current study was undertaken to evaluate the resistance pattern, and determine the genetic types of multidrug-resistant S. aureus isolated from wound. This cross-sectional study was conducted over the period of two years (from December 2018 to November 2020) at the hospitals affiliated to Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. In present study, 75 multidrug-resistant S. aureus isolates collected from wound infections were investigated. Phenotypic resistance was assessed by Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method. Conventional PCR was performed for the detection of virulence encoding genes. Genotyping of strains was performed based on coa gene polymorphism using multiplex-PCR assay. SCCmec typing, spa typing and MLST were also used to characterize the genotype of the mupirocin, tigecycline and vancomycin resistant multidrug-resistant S. aureus isolates. All 75 multidrug-resistant S. aureus isolates in the study were confirmed as MRSA. Coagulase typing distinguished isolates into five genotypic patterns including III (40%), I (24%), IVb (16%), V (10.7%) and type X (9.3%). Resistance to tigecycline was detected in 4% of MDR-MRSA isolates and all belonged to CC8/ST239- SCCmec III/t421 lineage. According to our analysis, one VRSA strain was identified that belonged to coa type V and CC/ST22-SCCmec IV/t790 lineage. Resistance to mupirocin was detected in 9.3% of strains. All 7 mupirocin resistant MDR-MRSA isolates exhibited resistance to mupirocin in high level. Of these, 4 isolates belonged to CC/ST8-SCCmec IV/t008 (57.1%), 2 isolates belonged to CC/ST8-SCCmec IV/t064 (28.6%) and one isolate to CC/ST22-SCCmec IV/t790 (14.3%). Altogether, current survey provides a snapshot of the characteristics of S. aureus strains isolated from patients. Our observations highlighted type III as predominant coa type among multidrug-resistant MDR strains indicating low heterogeneity of these isolates. Our study also indicates the importance of continuous monitoring of the genotypes of MDR-MRSA isolates to prevent nosocomial outbreaks and the spread of MDR isolates.

scholarly journals Antibiotic Susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Retailed Raw Beef at Choba Market, Rivers State

2021 ◽  
pp. 25-30
Author(s):  
Onoriode C. Eruteya ◽  
Patience O. Osariemen
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Mannitol Salt Agar ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Mueller Hinton ◽  
Mueller Hinton Agar ◽  
High Level ◽  
Rivers State

Aims: The aim of the study was to determine the presence of antibiotic resistant Staphylococcus aureus in retail raw beef in Choba market, Nigeria. Study design: The study is based on a completely randomized design with two replicates and the mean being calculated. Place and Duration of Study: Major’s Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Port Harcourt within three months. Methodology: The presence, characterization and antibiotic susceptibility of S. aureus from 30 retail raw beef samples was done using standard microbiological method involving the use of mannitol salt agar (MSA) and Mueller Hinton agar (MHA). Results: All the samples were positive for Staphylococcus species of which 18 (60.00%) were positive for S. aureus. The S. aureus strains were least resistant to gentamycin (22.22%) and cotrimoxazole (38.89%) with varying resistance against erythromycin (83.33%), tetracycline (88.88) and chloramphenicol (61.11%). All the S. aureus isolates in this study were 100% resistant to cloxacillin, amoxicillin and augmentin or amoxicillin-clavulanic acid combination. These results also showed the potential dissemination of multidrug-resistant S. aureus strains in the raw beef samples examined. Conclusion: The results of this study suggested high-level contamination of meat with multi-drug resistant S. aureus and this highlights the public health consequences associated with consuming such unhygienic products if poorly prepared.

scholarly journals Surgical Site Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 120-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raskin Chaudhary ◽  
Shrawan Kumar Thapa ◽  
Jid Chani Rana ◽  
Pradeep Kumar Shah
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Bacterial Growth ◽  
Surgical Site Infections ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Medical Expense ◽  
Gram Negative

Background: Post-operative surgical site infections (SSIs) are among the leading cause of morbidity and increased medical expense. The aim of this study is to isolate identify and study antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of microorganism from surgical wound of admitted patients.Methods: This retrospective study was carried at the Microbiology Laboratory of Bharatpur hospital, Nepal, from May 2015 to October 2015. The pus samples were cultured and antibiotic susceptibility determined in vitro by Kirby Bauer’s disc diffusion method following clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) 2014 recommendation.Results: Of the total 250 samples, 194 (77.6%) showed bacterial growth. Staphylococcus aureus was 47.4% and Escherichia coli 20.60 %. Of 194 isolates 39.2% were multi drug resistant. Amikacin was sensitive in 93.1% of Gram positive isolates and 81.8% of gram negative isolates.Conclusions: Bacterial growth is common in surgical site. Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were multidrug resistant. Grampositive and gram negative isolates were commonly sensitive to Amikacin.

Distribution of Pathogens Involved in Infections in Oncological Patients and their Antibiotic Resistance Profile

2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (12) ◽  
pp. 4287-4294
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Profile ◽  
Oncological Patients ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
Klebsiella Spp

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in Romania and worldwide. Cancer patients are at increasing risk of acquiring bacterial infection with multi-resistant germs, including multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains of Gram-negative bacteria involved in nosocomial infection. Romania is one of the South-Eastern European countries with one of the highest prevalence rates of MDR pathogens. To determine the resistance pattern of bacterial profile and antibiotic resistance pattern in cancer patients admitted at the County Emergency Clinical Hospital Craiova, Romania. A retrospective study of bacterial pathogens was carried out on 90 adult cancer patients admitted from January to December 2018. The analysis of the resistance patterns for the action of the appropriate antibiotics was performed using Vitek 2 Compact system and diffusion method. In this study there were analysed 92 samples from 90 oncological patients (37-86 years). A total of 157 bacterial isolates were obtained, of which 37 strains of Staphylococcus aureus (23.56%), followed by Streptococcus pneumoniae (23- 14.64%), Klebsiella spp. and Escherichia coli (22 - 14,01%). The most common isolates were from respiratory tract (86 isolates - 54.77%). High rates of MDR were found for E. coli (63.63%), MRSA (61,11%) and Klebsiella spp. (54,54%), while one third of the isolated strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter spp. and Proteus spp. were MDR. The findings of this study may be the basis for further more extensive studies highlighting the germs involved in the infectious pathology of cancer patients, in order to determine the antimicrobial resistance and to improve the methods of prophylaxis and treatment. Keywords: multidrug resistance (MDR), cancer patients, bacterial pathogen

scholarly journals Detection of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Dairy Products and Anterior Nares of Dairy Workers

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 59-62
Author(s):  
Ranjana K.C. ◽  
Ganga Timilsina ◽  
Anjana Singh ◽  
Supriya Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Dairy Product ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Mannitol Salt Agar ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Dairy Workers

Objectives: To isolate methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from anterior nares of dairy workers and dairy products and assess the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the isolates. Methods: Swab samples collected from anterior nares of dairy workers and dairy product (butter) were inoculated into mannitol salt agar and incubated at 37ºC for 24 hours. Identification was done based on colony characteristics, Gram's staining, catalase, oxidase and coagulase test. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done by modified Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. MRSA was confirmed by using cefoxitin disc. Results: A total of 109 S. aureus (98 from dairy workers and 11 from butter samples) were isolated. Out of them 32 MRSA were isolated from dairy workers and 4 from butter samples. The association between age group and MRSA was found insignificant (p = 0.115). The association of MRSA between male and female workers was found significant (>0.05). About 86% of the MRSA isolates were susceptible to Gentamicin (86.11%) followed by Ciprofloxacin (77.78%). Conclusion: Detection of MRSA among dairy workers and dairy products warrants proper handling and adequate control measures to prevent transmission of MRSA from dairy industry.

scholarly journals Molecular detection of antibiotic resistance genes in multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from dog dental plaque

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 419-427
Author(s):  
S. Nouri Gharajalar ◽  
M. Onsori
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Multiplex Pcr ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Dental Plaque ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Multiplex Pcr Assay

Multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains are a major health care problem both in humans and animals. In this work we described three multiplex PCR assays for detection of clinically relevant antibiotic resistance genes in S. aureus isolated from dog dental plaques. Thirty dental plaque samples were collected; then cultural, biochemical and molecular tests performed for isolation and identification of S. aureus from samples. The antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates were checked by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method and the prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes determined using multiplex PCR assay. As a result S. aureus was isolated from 18 dog plaque samples. Fifteen of these isolates were resistant to penicillin. The mecA gene was more prevalent than blaZ among penicillin-resistant bacteria. Ten of the isolates were resistant to tetracycline. The percentage of tetM was higher than tetK among them. Also, 10 of the isolates were resistant to cefazolin among them bla TEM detected in higher rate than blaSHV and blaOXA-1. Hence multiplex PCR assay is a suitable method for detection of antibiotic resistance patterns of S. aureus isolates.

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