scholarly journals Gut Hormones as Potential Therapeutic Targets or Biomarkers of Response in Depression: The Case of Motilin

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 892
Author(s):  
Ravi Philip Rajkumar
Keyword(s):  
Antidepressant Drug ◽  
Gut Hormones ◽  
Peptide Hormone ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Gut Peptides ◽  
Scientific Databases ◽  
Mechanistic Pathway ◽  
Predictors Of Response ◽  
Treatment Of Depression ◽  
Prevalence Of Depression

Recent research has identified the gut–brain axis as a key mechanistic pathway and potential therapeutic target in depression. In this paper, the potential role of gut hormones as potential treatments or predictors of response in depression is examined, with specific reference to the peptide hormone motilin. This possibility is explored through two methods: (1) a conceptual review of the possible links between motilin and depression, including evidence from animal and human research as well as clinical trials, based on a literature search of three scientific databases, and (2) an analysis of the relationship between a functional polymorphism (rs2281820) of the motilin (MLN) gene and cross-national variations in the prevalence of depression based on allele frequency data after correction for potential confounders. It was observed that (1) there are several plausible mechanisms, including interactions with diet, monoamine, and neuroendocrine pathways, to suggest that motilin may be relevant to the pathophysiology and treatment of depression, and (2) there was a significant correlation between rs2281820 allele frequencies and the prevalence of depression after correcting for multiple confounding factors. These results suggest that further evaluation of the utility of motilin and related gut peptides as markers of antidepressant response is required and that these molecular pathways represent potential future mechanisms for antidepressant drug development.

scholarly journals Gut Hormones as Potential Therapeutic Targets or Biomarkers of Response in Depression: The Case of Motilin

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ravi Philip Rajkumar
Keyword(s):  
Antidepressant Drug ◽  
Gut Hormones ◽  
Peptide Hormone ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Gut Peptides ◽  
Mechanistic Pathway ◽  
Predictors Of Response ◽  
Treatment Of Depression ◽  
Prevalence Of Depression

Recent research has identified the gut-brain axis as a key mechanistic pathway and potential therapeutic target in depression. In this paper, the potential role of gut hormones as potential treatments or predictors of response in depression is examined, with specific reference to the peptide hormone motilin. This possibility is explored through two methods: (a) a conceptual review of the possible links between motilin and depression, including evidence from animal and human research as well as clinical trials, and (b) an analysis of the relationship between a functional polymorphism (rs2281820) of the motilin (MLN) gene and cross-national variations in the prevalence of depression. It was observed that (a) there are several plausible mechanisms, including interactions with diet, monoamine, and neuroendocrine pathways, to suggest that motilin may be relevant to the pathophysiology and treatment of depression, and (b) there was a significant correlation between rs2281820 allele frequencies and the prevalence of depression after correcting for multiple confounding factors. These results suggest that further evaluation of the utility of motilin and related gut peptides as markers of antidepressant response is required, and that these molecular pathways represent potential future mechanisms for antidepressant drug development.

Hormones and the gastrointestinal tract

2020 ◽  
pp. 2862-2870
Author(s):  
Rebecca Scott ◽  
T.M. Tan ◽  
S.R. Bloom
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Gastrointestinal Hormones ◽  
Gut Hormones ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hormonal Changes ◽  
Gut Peptides ◽  
Appetite Control ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Fold Family

The gastrointestinal tract is the largest endocrine organ in the body, with its component cells dispersed along its length rather than being clustered in glands. More than 20 gut peptides integrate gastrointestinal function by regulating the actions of the epithelium, muscles, and nerves; they also affect the growth and development of the gut and have a major role in appetite control. They mostly work in an autocrine or paracrine manner. Gastrointestinal hormones include the gastrin–cholecystokinin family, the secretin superfamily, preproglucagon derivatives, the motilin–ghrelin family, the pancreatic polypeptide-fold family, and various other gut peptides. Gastrointestinal and other diseases may cause abnormalities of these gut peptides, for example: (1) achlorhydria (from atrophic gastritis or drug-induced) causes elevation of circulating gastrin; (2) malabsorptive conditions are associated with a decrease in the amount of peptides produced in the affected region, and a compensatory elevation of other peptides; and (3) obesity is associated with orexigenic (appetite-stimulating) and less satiating hormonal changes, and the beneficial effects of bariatric surgery are partly explained through alterations in gut hormones.

Glucocorticoids in the Physiological and Transcriptional Regulation of 5-HT1A Receptor and the Pathogenesis of Depression

2020 ◽  
pp. 107385842097571
Author(s):  
Darakhshan Jabeen Haleem
Keyword(s):  
Transcriptional Regulation ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Stressful Events ◽  
Antagonist Activity ◽  
Treatment Of Depression ◽  
Prevalence Of Depression ◽  
Circulating Levels

There is growing increase in the global prevalence of depression, but treatment outcome of this highly disabling disease is not satisfactory. Many patients are not benefitted by the currently prescribed antidepressants—together with this partial remission is very common. Improving treatment strategies and developing better therapeutic agents for treating depression is therefore highly needed. Stress-related epigenetic changes play a critical role in the pathogenesis as well as treatment of depression. Stressful events activate hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis to increase circulating levels of glucocorticoids (GCs), and a greater sensitivity to this fright and flight response increases risk of depression. A role of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) in responses to stress and in the pathogenesis and treatment of depression is well established. Substantial evidence supports a critical role of 5-HT1A receptors in these effects of 5-HT. The present article targets stress-induced higher and sustained increases of GCs and mediated influences on the physiological as well transcriptional regulation of 5-HT1A receptors to evaluate their causal role in the pathogenesis of depression. It is suggested that synthetic compounds with antagonist activity for GC receptors and agonist activity for 5-HT1A receptors may prove better therapeutic agents for treating depression.

Dibenzepin and Amitriptyline in the Treatment of Depression

1971 ◽  
Vol 118 (546) ◽  
pp. 523-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Y. Ekdawi
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Antidepressant Drug ◽  
Comparative Trial ◽  
Tricyclic Antidepressant ◽  
Pharmacological Properties ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Depressed Patients ◽  
Treatment Of Depression ◽  
Significant Difference

Dibenzepin hydrochloride is a new tricyclic antidepressant drug with pharmacological properties midway between those of imipramine and amitriptyline. In a double-blind comparative trial, J. M. Fielding (Med. J. Australia, 1969, 1, 614) found no significant difference in the speed of the effect of the two drugs in depressed patients. He reported that side-effects rated subjectively by patients were maximal before starting on the drugs and tended to decrease with time. The following trial was accordingly staged.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Depression in the Elderly

1989 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kye Y. Kim ◽  
Linda A. Hershey
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Severe Depression ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Diagnostic Dilemma ◽  
Memory Problems ◽  
Alzheimer Type Dementia ◽  
Dementia Patients ◽  
Treatment Of Depression ◽  
Prevalence Of Depression ◽  
Early Dementia

Depression and suicide are significant problems in the elderly, both in terms of their severity and their prevalence. It is particularly difficult to distinguish depression from early dementia, since elderly depressed patients often deny mood disorder and focus on their memory problems. This differential diagnostic dilemma is further complicated by the fact that 20 percent of Alzheimer-type dementia patients have moderate to severe depression. An even higher prevalence of depression can be seen in elderly patients with stroke or Parkinson's disease. Most all of the depressive disorders of the elderly are amenable to one form or combination of therapies: pharmacologic, electro-convulsive, or psychotherapy. Tricyclic antidepressants are often associated with adverse drug reactions in the elderly, so alternatives such as MAO inhibitors, alprazolam, bupropion and psychostimulants are currently being explored in this patient population.

Patient predictors of response to treatment of depression in Alzheimer's disease: the DIADS study

2004 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 144-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Steinberg ◽  
Cynthia A. Munro ◽  
Quincy Samus ◽  
Peter V.Rabins ◽  
Jason Brandt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Predictors Of Response ◽  
Treatment Of Depression

scholarly journals The gut hormone Allatostatin C regulates food intake and metabolic homeostasis under nutrient stress

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Kubrak ◽  
Line Jensen ◽  
Nadja Ahrentløv ◽  
Takashi Koyama ◽  
Alina Malita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Somatostatin Receptors ◽  
Gut Hormones ◽  
Peptide Hormone ◽  
Nutrient Stress ◽  
Metabolic Homeostasis ◽  
Adipokinetic Hormone ◽  
Energy Mobilization ◽  
Gut Hormone

AbstractThe intestine is a central regulator of metabolic homeostasis. Dietary inputs are absorbed through the gut, which senses their nutritional value and relays hormonal information to other organs to coordinate systemic energy balance. However, the specific gut hormones that communicate energy availability to target organs to induce appropriate metabolic and behavioral responses are poorly defined. Here we show that the enteroendocrine cells (EECs) of the Drosophila gut sense nutrient stress via the intracellular TOR pathway, and in response secrete the peptide hormone allatostatin C (AstC). Gut-derived AstC induces secretion of glucagon-like adipokinetic hormone (AKH) via its receptor AstC-R2, a homolog of mammalian somatostatin receptors, to coordinate food intake and energy mobilization. Loss of gut AstC or its receptor in the AKH-producing cells impairs lipid and sugar mobilization during fasting, leading to hypoglycemia. Our findings illustrate a nutrient-responsive endocrine mechanism that maintains energy homeostasis under nutrient-stress conditions, a function that is essential to health and whose failure can lead to metabolic disorders.

scholarly journals Exploration of Undertreatment and Patterns of Treatment of Depression in Multiple Sclerosis

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 292-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aida Raissi ◽  
Andrew G.M. Bulloch ◽  
Kirsten M. Fiest ◽  
Keltie McDonald ◽  
Nathalie Jetté ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Antidepressant Drug ◽  
Antidepressant Drugs ◽  
Patient Characteristics ◽  
Comorbid Condition ◽  
Depression Status ◽  
Treatment Of Depression ◽  
Dsm Iv ◽  
Receive Treatment

Background: Depression is a common comorbid condition with multiple sclerosis (MS). Historically, however, it has been undertreated. Little is known about the characteristics of those who receive, or do not receive, treatment for depression in the MS population. This study evaluated depression treatment in patients with MS, associated patient characteristics, and probable determinants of antidepressant drug use in those with and without depression. Methods: A total of 152 patients with MS completed questionnaires and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR (SCID) to determine depression status. Tabular analyses and a binary regression model were used to identify patient characteristics associated with antidepressant drug use. Results: Of participants with major depression according to the SCID, 65% were taking antidepressant medications. With adjustment for successful treatment (antidepressant drug use by those not currently depressed and currently depressed), the prevalence of treated depression increased to 85.7%. Of those receiving treatment for depression, 19% were receiving nonpharmacologic treatment alone, 38% were taking antidepressant drugs only, and 44% were receiving both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments. Demographic and clinical variables were not statistically significantly associated with antidepressant drug use in those with depression. Conclusions: A large proportion of participants with depression in MS are now receiving treatment, a change from previous reports. The adequacy of treatment has become a bigger question because many of the treated patients continued to have depressive symptoms. Further research is needed to identify ways to achieve better outcomes for depression.

scholarly journals What Is the Recommended Dose of Physical Activity in the Treatment of Depression in Adults? A Protocol for a Systematic Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (14) ◽  
pp. 5726
Author(s):  
Érica M. Correia ◽  
Teresa Bento ◽  
Filipe Rodrigues ◽  
Luís Cid ◽  
Anabela Vitorino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Systematic Reviews ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Recommended Dose ◽  
Health Consequences ◽  
Treatment Of Depression ◽  
Prevalence Of Depression ◽  
Important Health ◽  
Beneficial Impact

The accurate measurement of physical activity (PA) in adults with depression is critical to identify important health consequences and determinants of this behavior. This study aimed to propose a protocol for a systematic review investigating the recommended dose of PA in the treatment of depression in adults aged 18 to 65 years. Additionally, we intend to examine the effect of PA interventions on the prevalence of depression. This protocol for a systematic review has been submitted in the Prospective International Register submitted in Register of Systematic Reviews of PROSPERO and is being prepared in accordance with the Declaration of Preferential Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Protocols. This protocol provides justification and planned methods for a systematic review to examine the respective dose of PA and how interventions have a beneficial impact on adults with depression.

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