scholarly journals Comparative Efficacy of State-of-the-Art and New Biological Stump Treatments in Forests Infested by the Native and the Alien Invasive Heterobasidion Species Present in Europe

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1272
Author(s):  
Martina Pellicciaro ◽  
Guglielmo Lione ◽  
Silvia Ongaro ◽  
Paolo Gonthier
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Abies Alba ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Heterobasidion Annosum ◽  
The North ◽  
Phlebiopsis Gigantea ◽  
New Treatments

The Heterobasidion annosum species complex includes major fungal pathogens of conifers worldwide. State-of-the-art preventative stump treatments with urea or with commercial formulations of the fungal biological control agent Phlebiopsis gigantea (i.e., Rotstop®) may become no longer available or are not approved for use in many areas of Europe infested by the three native Heterobasidion species and by the North American invasive H. irregulare, making the development of new treatments timely. The efficacy of Proradix® (based on Pseudomonas protegens strain DSMZ 13134), the cell-free filtrate (CFF) of the same bacterium, a strain of P. gigantea (MUT 6212) collected in the invasion area of H. irregulare in Italy, Rotstop®, and urea was comparatively investigated on a total of 542 stumps of Abies alba, Picea abies, Pinus pinea, and P. sylvestris in forest stands infested by the host-associated Heterobasidion species. Additionally, 139 logs of P. pinea were also treated. Results support the good performances of Rotstop®, and especially of urea against the native Heterobasidion species on stumps of their preferential hosts and, for the first time, towards the invasive North American H. irregulare on stumps of P. pinea. In some experiments, the effectiveness of Proradix® and of the strain of P. gigantea was weak, whereas the CFF of P. protegens strain DSMZ 13134 performed as a valid alternative to urea and Rotstop®. The mechanism of action of this treatment hinges on antibiosis; therefore, further improvements could be possible by identifying the active molecules and/or by optimizing their production. Generally, the performance of the tested treatments is not correlated with the stump size.

Evaluation of pruning wound protection products for the management of almond canker diseases in California

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie Amanda Holland ◽  
Renaud Travadon ◽  
Daniel P. Lawrence ◽  
Mohamed Taieb Nouri ◽  
Florent P Trouillas
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Thiophanate Methyl ◽  
Pruning Wound ◽  
Wound Protection ◽  
Canker Pathogens

Almond trunk and branch canker diseases constitute a major cause of tree mortality in California. Numerous fungal pathogens have been associated with these canker diseases and pruning wounds act as major infection courts. Prior to this study, there were no products registered in California for the management of these diseases. In this study, fungicidal products including synthetic chemistries, biocontrols, paint and a sealant were evaluated for preventing fungal pathogen infection via pruning wounds. In four field trials conducted over two dormant seasons, sixteen pruning wound treatments were tested using hand-held spray applications, against five almond canker pathogens, namely Botryosphaeria dothidea, Neofusicoccum parvum, Cytospora sorbicola, Ceratocystis destructans, and Eutypa lata. The fungicide thiophanate-methyl (Topsin M) provided 82% overall disease prevention against four fungal pathogens. The biological control agent, Trichoderma atroviride SC1 (Vintec), tested at three application rates, resulted in 90 to 93% protection of pruning wounds in field trials, and for individual pathogens ranged from 81-100% protection for the three rates. At the time of this publication, Vintec is being considered for registration as a biological control product for the prevention of almond canker diseases, while Topsin M is recommended to growers for the prevention of almond canker diseases. This research indicates that effective protection of pruning wounds from infection by almond canker pathogens can be achieved with a one-time spray application of thiophanate-methyl or the biocontrol, T. atroviride SC1 (recommended 2 g/liter) after pruning.

scholarly journals Identification of the Fungal Pathogens of Postharvest Disease on Peach Fruits and the Control Mechanisms of Bacillus subtilis JK-14

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuwu Zhang ◽  
Qi Zheng ◽  
Bingliang Xu ◽  
Jia Liu
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
Postharvest Disease ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Control Mechanisms

Postharvest fungal disease is one of the significant factors that limits the storage period and marketing life of peaches, and even result in serious economic losses worldwide. Biological control using microbial antagonists has been explored as an alternative approach for the management of postharvest disease of fruits. However, there is little information available regarding to the identification the fungal pathogen species that cause the postharvest peach diseases and the potential and mechanisms of using the Bacillus subtilis JK-14 to control postharvest peach diseases. In the present study, a total of six fungal isolates were isolated from peach fruits, and the isolates of Alternaria tenuis and Botrytis cinerea exhibited the highest pathogenicity and virulence on the host of mature peaches. In the culture plates, the strain of B. subtilis JK-14 showed the significant antagonistic activity against the growth of A. tenuis and B. cinerea with the inhibitory rates of 81.32% and 83.45% at 5 days after incubation, respectively. Peach fruits treated with different formulations of B. subtilis JK-14 significantly reduced the mean disease incidences and lesion diameters of A. tenuis and B. cinerea. The greatest mean percent reduction of the disease incidences (81.99% and 71.34%) and lesion diameters (82.80% and 73.57%) of A. tenuis and B. cinerea were obtained at the concentration of 1 × 107 CFU mL−1 (colony forming unit, CFU). Treatment with the strain of B. subtilis JK-14 effectively enhanced the activity of the antioxidant enzymes-superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) in A. tenuis and B. cinerea inoculated peach fruits. As such, the average activities of SOD, POD and CAT were increased by 36.56%, 17.63% and 20.35%, respectively, compared to the sterile water treatment. Our results indicate that the isolates of A. tenuis and B. cinerea are the main pathogens that cause the postharvest peach diseases, and the strain of B. subtilis JK-14 can be considered as an environmentally-safe biological control agent for the management of postharvest fruits diseases. We propose the possible mechanisms of the strain of B. subtilis JK-14 in controlling of postharvest peach diseases.

ESTABLISHMENT OF ACERIA MALHERBAE (ACARI: ERIOPHYIDAE) AS A BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENT FOR FIELD BINDWEED (CONVOLVULACEAE) IN THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS

1999 ◽  
Vol 131 (4) ◽  
pp. 541-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.S. McClay ◽  
J.L. Littlefield ◽  
J. Kashefi
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Convolvulus Arvensis ◽  
The North ◽  
Southern Alberta ◽  
Field Bindweed ◽  
Gall Mite

AbstractA European gall mite, Aceria malherbae Nuzzaci, was released and established in southern Alberta and Montana as a biological control agent for field bindweed, Convolvulus arvensis L. (Convolvulaceae). Populations of the mite survived for up to 4 years at some sites and caused slight to severe damage to the weed. The establishment of A. malherbae in these areas suggests that it could be established throughout the North American range of field bindweed.

Population structure of Heterobasidion annosum from North America and Europe

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (8) ◽  
pp. 1064-1071 ◽  
Author(s):  
William J. Otrosina ◽  
Thomas E. Chase ◽  
Fields W. Cobb Jr. ◽  
Kari Korhonen
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
North America ◽  
North American ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Heterobasidion Annosum ◽  
Evolutionary Relationships ◽  
The North ◽  
Isozyme Loci ◽  
Intersterility Groups ◽  
European Populations

Isolates of Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. representing North American S and P and European S, P, and F intersterility groups were subjected to isozyme analysis. European S, P, and F groups had more variability than the North American S and P groups in expected hterozygosity, number of alleles per locus, and percent polymorphic loci. In contrast with the North American S and P groups, the European intersterility groups could not be distinguished from each other on the basis of individual isozyme loci, although significant differences in allele frequencies exist between European S and P groups. This suggests that evolution proceeded at different rates in the intersterility groups, or intersterility barriers appeared later in the European populations relative to the North American populations of H. annosum. Changes in climate and host species associations during the Tertiary may have been a major factor in evolution of H. annosum intersterility groups. Key words: allozymes, forest tree hosts, playnological events, evolutionary relationships, Hymenomycetes, root disease.

scholarly journals Fungal Diversity in Multiple Post-harvest Aged Red Pine Stumps and Their Potential Influence on Heterobasidion Root Rot in Managed Stands Across Minnesota

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric C. Otto ◽  
Benjamin W. Held ◽  
Trevor J. Gould ◽  
Robert A. Blanchette
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Illumina Miseq ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Similar Species ◽  
Native Range ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Phlebiopsis Gigantea ◽  
Over Time

Thinning operations that occur in managed red pine (Pinus resinosa) stands, create tree stumps that can serve as a habitat for fungi, especially Heterobasidion irregulare, the cause of a serious root disease. Different fungi can colonize stumps early and the community of fungi can change over time as initial fungal species become replaced. Samples were collected from both the native and non-native range of red pine from stumps that were cut at different time periods. Stumps that were harvested at 0–1, 2–3, 5–6, and 10–12 years before sampling were used to provide data on the diversity of fungi that colonize tree stumps and how these communities can change over time as well as how they influence colonization of H. irregulare. Traditional culturing methods and Illumina MiSeq sequencing were used to identify the fungi in the samples. Of particular interest was Phlebiopsis gigantea, which can colonize cut stumps and prevent H. irregulare from becoming established. Overall, P. gigantea was the most abundant fungus isolated and sequenced via Illumina MiSeq. Results show that Phlebiopsis gigantea was isolated from 90% of all stumps sampled for sites harvested within 3 years of sampling in the native range of red pine compared to 33% in the non-native range. For Illumina MiSeq, 5,940 total amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) were detected. P. gigantea represented 14% of the total reads and composed 19% of the reads in the native range and 8% in non-native range of red pine. Furthermore, P. gigantea represented 38% of the reads for stumps that were harvested within 3 years of sampling in the native range of red pine compared to 14% in the non-native range. These results help demonstrate that a higher amount of P. gigantea is present in the native range of red pine and could be acting as a native biological control agent. Additional fungi, including Resinicium bicolor, Hypochnicium cremicolor, Leptographium spp., and others identified at different cutting times are also discussed. Finally, different diversity indices revealed similar, but slightly higher diversity for southern sites via Shannon and Simpson Diversity indices. Beta diversity demonstrated a similar species composition in stumps harvested at different times with these stumps being grouped together based on harvesting years.

scholarly journals First Report of Heterobasidion annosum on the Endemic Abies hickeli of Southern Mexico

Plant Disease ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 84 (9) ◽  
pp. 1047-1047 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Garbelotto ◽  
I. Chapela
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
North American ◽  
Heterobasidion Annosum ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer Region ◽  
Southern Mexico ◽  
Geographic Ranges ◽  
The North ◽  
Mexican State ◽  
Standing Trees ◽  
Pinus Spp

The basidiomycete Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.:Fr.) Bref. is a pathogen of conifers in the Northern Hemisphere. This fungus has been previously reported from Pinus spp. (1) and from Abies religiosa (H.B.K.) Schl. et Cham. (2) in Central Mexico. In 1998, H. annosum was collected for the first time from stumps of Abies hickeli Flous et Gaussen in the Southern Mexican State of Oaxaca, at an altitude of 2,900 m (Lat 17° 28′ N, Long 96° 31′ W). Although standing trees at the sampled site were asymptomatic, the sapwood and heartwood of several fir stumps were extensively decayed. The white laminated rot was similar to that caused by H. annosum on other Abies spp. Decay pockets extended to the upper surface of the stumps, indicating the fungus had infected and colonized the tree butts prior to tree felling. H. annosum basidiocarps were found both outside the roots in the duff layer and inside the decay pockets. The anamorph of H. annosum (Spiniger meineckellum (A. Olson) Stalpers) was isolated from the context of three basidiocarps. Based on comparative analysis of DNA sequences of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region, all three isolates belonged to the North American S intersterility group (ISG). This report expands the host and the geographic ranges of the North American S ISG, and represents the world's southernmost finding of an Abies species infected by this pathogen. References: (1) R. Martinez Barrera and R. Sanchez Ramirez. Ciencia Forestal 5(26):3, 1980. (2) M. Ruiz-Rodriguez and L. M. Pinzon-Picaseno. Bol. Soc. Bot. Mexico 54:225, 1994.

Occurrence, Identification, and Virulence of Native Fungal Pathogens Isolated From Mexican Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) Larvae From Soils of Three Cropping Systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (3) ◽  
pp. 1088-1096
Author(s):  
Ehdibaldo Presa-Parra ◽  
Francisco Hernández-Rosas ◽  
Julio S Bernal ◽  
Jorge E Valenzuela-González ◽  
Alma Altúzar-Molina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Anastrepha Ludens ◽  
Mexican Fruit Fly ◽  
Metarhizium Robertsii

Abstract The Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens Loew, is a significant pest in mango and citrus production areas of Mexico. In this study, we evaluated the effects of some geographic characteristics, rainfall period, soil micro-environmental, and soil coverage variables on the occurrence of entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) associated with A. ludens larvae in soils of mango, grapefruit and mixed crops in central Veracruz state, Mexico. EPF isolates were characterized morphologically and identified by sequence analysis of elongation factor (EF1-1018F, EF1-1620R). We recorded four species of EPF (Metarhizium robertsii J.F. Bisch, S.A. Rehner & Humber [Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae], M. brunneum Petch [Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae], M. pinghaense Q.T. Chen & H.L. Guo [Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae], and Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin [Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae]), of which Metarhizium robertsii was the most abundant and the most virulent. Also, we found that rainfall period, organic matter, coverage of herbs and forbs, and calcium levels modulated EPF occurrence. We estimated lethal concentrations for A. ludens larvae of the four most promising isolates, V3-123, V3-160, V1-332, and V3-369. Our results suggest that M. robertsii obtained from agricultural soils holds potential as a biological control agent for A. ludens.

scholarly journals Draft Genome Sequence of Bacillus velezensis Strain E68, Isolated from an Oil Battery

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (24) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan Liang ◽  
Suha Jabaji
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Draft Genome ◽  
Gene Clusters ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Biosynthetic Gene ◽  
Bacillus Velezensis ◽  
Biosynthetic Gene Clusters ◽  
Content Type

ABSTRACT Bacillus velezensis strain E68 is a biosurfactant-producing bacterium isolated from an oil battery near Chauvin, Alberta, Canada. Strain E68 exhibited antimicrobial activity against fungal pathogens and could potentially serve as a biological control agent. Its genome was sequenced and annotated, revealing the presence of multiple lipopeptide biosynthetic gene clusters.

Pathological and molecular genetic variation in the interaction between Sporobolus spp. and Bipolaris spp.

1999 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 583 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. Hetherington ◽  
J. A. G. Irwin
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
New South ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
South Wales ◽  
False Smut ◽  
Molecular Genetic Variation ◽  
Diverse Plant

Members of the Sporobolus indicus complex, particularly Sporobolus indicus (L.) R. Br. var. major (Buse) Baaijens (Giant Parramatta Grass; GPG) and S. pyramidalis P. Beauv. (Giant Rat’s Tail Grass; GRTG), are serious pastoral weeds in coastal areas of Australia. Ovariicolous fungal pathogens from the genus Bipolaris Shoem. are agents of the disease false smut on these plants. The hosts are morphologically plastic and variation in disease susceptibility may affect the use of the fungus as a biological control agent. Variation was investigated by screening 22 clones representative of 5 taxonomic entities within the S. indicus complex with 39 fungal isolates representative of 4 Bipolaris species. Both weed entities were highly susceptible to B. ravenelii and B. crustacea and only slightly susceptible to B. cylindrica and B. australis. The converse was true for other Sporobolus entities tested. Genomic DNA was extracted from 20 Sporobolus clones (genotypes) and the RAPD technique used to generate an index of variation. This technique was able to separate the members of the complex into taxonomic groupings. There was only a 2% difference in banding patterns of S. indicus var. major clones collected in New South Wales. Variation amongst clones of S. pyramidalis was greater (15%), indicating a more genetically diverse plant population. The more variable genetic background of S. pyramidalis is more likely to provide variation in susceptibility than that of S. indicus var. major

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