The Idea of Justice in Innovation: Applying Non-Ideal Political Theory to Address Questions of Sustainable Public Policy in Emerging Technologies

Justice as such is not a new idea. Since the time of Plato and Aristotle, justice has been conceived as a moral and political standard of how people ought to conduct themselves and relate to one another in a fair society and institutions. However, even though principles of justice and related theories have been used to provide guidance to social and political actions, technological innovation remains an area of policy and practice in which justice cannot be easily applied. This is not only due to the complex process of generating new technologies and their unpredictable impact on social relations and institutions but also to perceptions of value neutrality in the innovation process. Such perceptions make public policy difficult to sustain. Nevertheless, innovation is a human action that is guided by both ethical norms and interests and is significant for justice. Emerging technologies create opportunities for promoting justice, but at the same time, they also pose risks to injustice. This paper is of theoretical nature and aims to explain why justice needs to provide the normative direction of innovation systems and related public policy in the 21st century. Through a critical review of the literature, the paper argues that justice as such is a non-ideal standard which is significant for the legitimacy of emerging technologies and related developmental change. The normative direction of innovation systems in the 21st century depends on non-ideal principles of equity, participation, and recognition. These principles embody sustainable public-policy solutions to problems of unequal generation and diffusion of emerging technologies.

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Development Trends in Economics of Distance Education from the Perspective of New Technologies

Handbook of Research on Emerging Priorities and Trends in Distance Education - Advances in Mobile and Distance Learning ◽

10.4018/978-1-4666-5162-3.ch016 ◽

2014 ◽

pp. 231-244

Author(s):

Eren Kesim

Keyword(s):

Distance Education ◽

21St Century ◽

Global Economy ◽

New Technologies ◽

Emerging Technologies ◽

Social Institution ◽

Education Services ◽

General Evaluation ◽

The Individual ◽

Access To Knowledge

New and developing technologies influence all societies in the 21st century in which the process of change is experienced intensely. Through the increased routes of access to knowledge and the increased importance of up-to-date information, the needs and expectations of individuals have become more varied. Countries with individuals equipped with new and current information in accordance with the needs of the age have an important competitive advantage in the global economy. The importance of education as a social institution grows every day in this process. In the 21st century understanding of education, which portrays the individual as a value to be developed, many sub-fields of expertise have emerged as educational sciences developed further. Studies in these fields allow for educational institutions to train and raise more qualified people. One area of expertise that guides national educational policies today is distance education. Distance education services provided by emerging technologies provide flexible learning opportunities for all individuals. An important aspect in providing distance education services is the economics of distance education. This chapter studies the economic aspects of distance education services through a general evaluation of emerging technologies with regard to the economics of distance education.

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The Impact of Emerging Technologies on the Law of Armed Conflict

10.1093/oso/9780190915322.001.0001 ◽

2019 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Keyword(s):

Armed Conflict ◽

New Technologies ◽

Emerging Technologies ◽

Legal Issues ◽

Technological Advancement ◽

Law Of Armed Conflict ◽

Legal Challenges ◽

Challenges And Opportunities ◽

The Law ◽

The Impact

Emerging technologies have always played an important role in armed conflict. From the crossbow to cyber capabilities, technology that could be weaponized to create an advantage over an adversary has inevitably found its way into military arsenals for use in armed conflict. The weaponization of emerging technologies, however, raises challenging legal issues with respect to the law of armed conflict. As States continue to develop and exploit new technologies, how will the law of armed conflict address the use of these technologies on the battlefield? Is existing law sufficient to regulate new technologies, such as cyber capabilities, autonomous weapons systems, and artificial intelligence? Have emerging technologies fundamentally altered the way we should understand concepts such as law-of-war precautions and the principle of distinction? How can we ensure compliance and accountability in light of technological advancement? This book explores these critical questions while highlighting the legal challenges—and opportunities—presented by the use of emerging technologies on the battlefield.

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Teaching and learning in the new technologies: matters arising from emerging technologies

10.1049/ic:20030212 ◽

2003 ◽

Author(s):

E.N. Okey

Keyword(s):

Teaching And Learning ◽

New Technologies ◽

Emerging Technologies

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Innovating on Inhaled Bioequivalence: A Critical Analysis of the Current Limitations, Potential Solutions and Stakeholders of the Process

Pharmaceutics ◽

10.3390/pharmaceutics13071051 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (7) ◽

pp. 1051

Author(s):

Jonattan Gallegos-Catalán ◽

Zachary Warnken ◽

Tania F. Bahamondez-Canas ◽

Daniel Moraga-Espinoza

Keyword(s):

New Technologies ◽

Innovation Process ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Regulatory Agencies ◽

Drug Products ◽

Effective Strategies ◽

Rate Analysis ◽

Orally Inhaled Drug Products ◽

Next Generation Impactor ◽

First Time

Orally inhaled drug products (OIDPs) are an important group of medicines traditionally used to treat pulmonary diseases. Over the past decade, this trend has broadened, increasing their use in other conditions such as diabetes, expanding the interest in this administration route. Thus, the bioequivalence of OIDPs is more important than ever, aiming to increase access to affordable, safe and effective medicines, which translates into better public health policies. However, regulatory agencies leading the bioequivalence process are still deciding the best approach for ensuring a proposed inhalable product is bioequivalent. This lack of agreement translates into less cost-effective strategies to determine bioequivalence, discouraging innovation in this field. The Next-Generation Impactor (NGI) is an example of the slow pace at which the inhalation field evolves. The NGI was officially implemented in 2003, being the last equipment innovation for OIDP characterization. Even though it was a breakthrough in the field, it did not solve other deficiencies of the BE process such as dissolution rate analysis on physiologically relevant conditions, being the last attempt of transferring technology into the field. This review aims to reveal the steps required for innovation in the regulations defining the bioequivalence of OIDPs, elucidating the pitfalls of implementing new technologies in the current standards. To do so, we collected the opinion of experts from the literature to explain these trends, showing, for the first time, the stakeholders of the OIDP market. This review analyzes the stakeholders involved in the development, improvement and implementation of methodologies that can help assess bioequivalence between OIDPs. Additionally, it presents a list of methods potentially useful to overcome some of the current limitations of the bioequivalence standard methodologies. Finally, we review one of the most revolutionary approaches, the inhaled Biopharmaceutical Classification System (IBCs), which can help establish priorities and order in both the innovation process and in regulations for OIDPs.

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What’s Next for a National Infrastructure Policy: An Encore or a Requiem?

Public Works Management & Policy ◽

10.1177/1087724x211014655 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1087724X2110146

Author(s):

Richard G. Little

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Public Policy ◽

21St Century ◽

Environmental Sustainability ◽

Infrastructure Systems ◽

Infrastructure Policy ◽

Policy Objectives ◽

The Many ◽

National Infrastructure ◽

Roll Out

In an essay almost 30 years ago, Professor Dick Netzer of NYU asked the question “Do We Really Need a National Infrastructure Policy?” and came to the conclusion that we did not. As the Biden Administration prepares to roll out a multi-trillion dollar infrastructure package, the nation is faced with numerous questions regarding the infrastructure systems necessary to support continued economic growth and environmental sustainability. The purpose of this essay is to look to recent history for guidance for how to proceed by revisiting the underlying premises of the Netzer essay and reconsider whether a National Infrastructure Policy is needed. Because linking infrastructure to broader public policy objectives could both unite the nation and position it to address the many challenges that the 21st century will present, I believe the idea of a National Infrastructure Policy definitely deserves a second look.

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Sustainable Supply Chains with Blockchain, IoT and RFID: A Simulation on Order Management

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13116372 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (11) ◽

pp. 6372

Author(s):

Vincenzo Varriale ◽

Antonello Cammarano ◽

Francesca Michelino ◽

Mauro Caputo

Keyword(s):

Supply Chains ◽

New Technologies ◽

Emerging Technologies ◽

Sustainable Supply Chains ◽

Time Performance ◽

Order Management ◽

Management Processes ◽

Managerial Implications ◽

The Impact ◽

The Internet Of Things

The digital transformation of supply chains should revolutionize entire management processes and improve various aspects of sustainability. In particular, the plans of Industry 4.0 aim towards a digitization of several procedures by exploiting emerging technologies such as the Internet of Things, RFID and blockchain. The purpose of this study is to highlight how order and disruption events processes can be improved with the adoption of emerging technologies and how this reflects on the improvement of sustainability aspects. The study is based on the comparison of two simulation scenarios between three actors in the cheese supply chain. In particular, a first traditional scenario “as is” is simulated without the use of new technologies and is compared to a second scenario “to be” that adopts IoT, RFID and blockchain. The results show an improvement in time performance for managing both perfect and non-compliant orders. The developed framework highlights the impact of new technologies on sustainability aspects, showing further managerial implications.

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Technology 2005: 2nd Joint Specialty Conference for Sustainable Management of Water Quality Systems for the 21st Century: Development of New Technologies to Suppress Leachate of Heavy Metals from Sewage Sludge Incineration Ash

Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation ◽

10.2175/193864705783977655 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 2005 (5) ◽

pp. 81-95

Author(s):

Eiji Nagatsuka

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Water Quality ◽

Sewage Sludge ◽

21St Century ◽

Sustainable Management ◽

New Technologies ◽

Quality Systems ◽

Sludge Incineration ◽

Century Development

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The Industrial Safety Professionals: A Comparative Analysis from World War I until the 1980S

International Journal of Health Services ◽

10.2190/x3kl-exyc-12g7-ptx3 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 22 (4) ◽

pp. 705-727 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Tom Dwyer

Keyword(s):

World War I ◽

Social Relations ◽

New Technologies ◽

Cost Benefit Analysis ◽

Traditional Approach ◽

Cost Benefit ◽

The United States ◽

Industrial Safety ◽

Industrial Society ◽

Industrial Medicine

The birth of industrial society produced demand for the services of professionals specialized in matters related to industrial safety. Three professions—safety engineering, industrial medicine, and ergonomics—are examined. These professions are observed to either submit to single sets of demands, to integrate contradictory demands, or to experience scission. Until the late 1960s their growth appears to have been relatively peaceful and uncontroversial. From this period onward, controversy breaks out over questions related to industrial safety, and professions and government administrations grow. Increasingly, the traditional approach of safety professionals is called into question, and they adopt new orientations. These changes are mapped through the examination of data drawn principally from the United States, France, Great Britain, and to a lesser extent Brazil. The traditional standards approach competes with cost-benefit analysis and with systemic safety for influence; in addition, an emergent approach that analyzes accident causes in terms of social relations of work is detected. From Bhopal to Chernobyl, new technologies subject civilian populations to risks of catastrophic accidents, and the action of safety professionals comes under the spotlight. The analysis constructed permits new understandings of the past and the future of these professions.

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