scholarly journals Optimization of Clostridium tyrobutyricum encapsulation by extrusion method and characterization of the formulation

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 1783-1790
Author(s):  
Muhammad Umar Yaqoob ◽  
Bin Wang ◽  
Xun Pei ◽  
Zhiping Xiao ◽  
Wanjing Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Process Parameters ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Temperature Treatment ◽  
High Temperature Treatment ◽  
Orthogonal Experimental Design ◽  
Clostridium Tyrobutyricum ◽  
Hardening Material ◽  
Encapsulation Rate

Purpose: To optimize the process parameters for the encapsulation of Clostridium tyrobutyricum (Ct) and to determine its in vitro characteristics.Methods: The process parameters, including the concentration of the wall and hardening material, Ct to gelatin ratio and hardening time, were studied by single factor analysis, while optimization was performed by orthogonal experimental design for the encapsulation rate of Ct.Results: Optimal conditions exhibited by orthogonal experimental design at a 92.17 % encapsulation rate with a viable count of 9.61 ± 0.06 lgCFU/g were: 6 % modified starch, 3 % sodium alginate, and 2 % CaCl2 at a Ct to gelatin ratio of 1:1 with a hardening time of 30 min. The survival rates of encapsulated Ct were higher than free Ct in simulated gastric (6.22 %) and intestinal juices (15.55 %). Reduction in viable counts of Ct at 90 °C were higher for free cells (44.76 %) than encapsulated cells (28.09 %) after 30 min of heat treatment. Correspondingly, encapsulation boosted the capacity of Ct to withstand the strong acidic conditions of the stomach and improved the storage properties of Ct.Conclusion: The results suggested that extrusion is a good technique for the encapsulation of Ct, as it enhances the viability of Ct during their transit through the gastrointestinal tract. Furthermore, encapsulation is favorable for Ct if planned for use in formulations where high temperature treatment is required.

scholarly journals In Vitro Immunomodulatory Effect of Food Supplement from Aloe vera

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zaira López ◽  
Antoni Femenia ◽  
Gabriela Núñez-Jinez ◽  
Michelle N. Salazar Zúñiga ◽  
M. Eduardo Cano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Aloe Vera ◽  
Food Supplement ◽  
Temperature Treatment ◽  
Fibre Content ◽  
Intestinal Cell ◽  
High Temperature Treatment ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Intestinal Cell Line

Food industries typically use Aloe vera as concentrated (100× to 200×) and dried powders in their final products. These powders are obtained by extrusion of Aloe inner leaf gel (ILG) or Aloe whole leaf (WLP); the juice is filtered through diatomaceous earth and activated carbon before spray drying at temperatures below 70 °C. In another process, Aloe inner leaf gel was dried at ~80 °C and mashed to a powder rich in high molecular weight fibres and soluble polysaccharides (ILF). In contrast to ILG and WLP, the ILF sample was cytotoxic for the human intestinal cell line Caco-2 (CC50 = 1 g/l), even at concentrations below the recommended dose for human consumption. At lower concentrations (250 mg/l) with LPS challenged macrophage-like THP-1 cells decreased by 40% the release of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, whereas the release of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β increased by 35% (compared to untreated but challenged macrophage-like THP-1 cells). Unexpectedly, under the same conditions, the less cytotoxic ILG and WLP, both samples with a lower fibre content, significantly increased (up to 2.4 times) the release of IL-10, while the concentration of IL-1β remained unaltered and of TNFα decreased by 35%. Even more interesting is that a treatment of the ILF sample with activated carbon reduced its cytotoxicity and increased the IL-10 release (3.1 times). Based on these results, we suggest applying an activated carbon treatment on Aloe-starting products, which have high fibre content and have received high temperature treatment, in order to reduce their cytotoxicity and improve their immunomodulatory properties.

Orthogonal Design Study on the Morphology of Electrospun Poly(butylene Succinate-co-Butylene Terephthalate) (PBST) Nanofibers

2013 ◽  
Vol 749 ◽  
pp. 23-26
Author(s):  
Feng Zhang ◽  
Xue Feng Sun ◽  
Yong Liu
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Process Parameters ◽  
Orthogonal Design ◽  
Orthogonal Experimental Design ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Butylene Succinate ◽  
Butylene Terephthalate ◽  
Electrode Distance ◽  
Weight Concentration ◽  
Spinning Speed

A biodegradable co-polymer, Poly (butylene succinate-co-butyene terephthalate) (PBST) was fabricated into nanofibers by electrospinning. A 4-factor 3-level L 9(34) orthogonal experimental design was employed to examine the effects of process parameters on morphologies of PBST nanofibers. The results showed that the weight concentration = 13wt%, the applied voltage = 20kV, the spinning speed = 0.5ml/h, the electrode distance = 10cm and the diameter of needle = 0.7mm were identified as the optimum conditions.

scholarly journals A Novel Pharmacological Method to Study the Chinese Medicinal Formula Hua-Zheng-Hui-Sheng-Dan

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Cao ◽  
Hong Zhang ◽  
Jie Guo ◽  
Xiao-hui Liu ◽  
Chang Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Antitumor Activity ◽  
Cell Viability ◽  
Hela Cells ◽  
Orthogonal Experimental Design ◽  
Original Formula

Objectives. Hua-Zheng-Hui-Sheng-Dan (HZHSD) was used as an experimental model to explore research methods of large formulae in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) using current molecular biology approaches.Materials and Methods. The trypan blue exclusion assay was used to determine cell viability and cell numbers. Flow cytometry was used to assess cell cycle distribution and apoptosis. The concentration of cyclin D1 was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The median effect principle was used in drug combination studies. An orthogonal experimental design was used to estimate the effects of each herb at different concentrations. The HeLa xenograft mouse model was used to compare the antitumor activity of drugs in vivo.Results. Among the 35 herbs that comprise HZHSD, Radix Rehmanniae Preparata (RRP),Caesalpinia sappan(CS),Evodia rutaecarpa(ER), Folium Artemisiae Argyi (FAA),Leonurus japonicusHoutt (LJH), Tumeric (Tu), Radix Paeoniae Alba (RPA), and Trogopterus Dung (TD) effectively inhibited the proliferation of HeLa and SKOV3 cells. Only RRR had an effect on HeLa and SKOV3 cell viability. According to the median effect principle,Angelica sinensis(Oliv.) (AS),Tabanus(Ta), and Pollen Typhae (PT), which were proven to have a significant synergistic inhibitory effect on the proliferation of HeLa cells, were added to the original eight positive herbs. The combination of RPA and AS had a synergistic effect on inducing cell cycle S phase arrest and decreasing intracellular cyclin D1 in HeLa cells. By orthogonal experimental design, LJH and Tu were considered unnecessary herbs. The small formula (SHZHSD) consisted of RPA, AS, RRR, Ta., TD, PT, ER, CS, and FAA and was able to inhibit cell proliferation and induce cell apoptosis. The antitumor effects of HZHSD and SHZHSD were also compared in vivo.Conclusions. Through molecular biology approaches both in vitro and in vivo, research into single drugs, and analysis using the median effect principle and orthogonal experimental design, the small formula (SHZHSD) was determined from the original formula (HZHSD). SHZHSD exhibited superior antitumor activity compared with the original formula both in vitro and in vivo.

Evaluating in Vitro Culture Medium of Gut Microbiome with Orthogonal Experimental Design and a Metaproteomics Approach

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 154-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leyuan Li ◽  
Xu Zhang ◽  
Zhibin Ning ◽  
Janice Mayne ◽  
Jasmine I. Moore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
In Vitro Culture ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Orthogonal Experimental Design

Optimised Aspergillus Niger Enzyme-Assisted Extraction of Flavonoids from Dicranopteris and Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity In Vitro

2011 ◽  
Vol 396-398 ◽  
pp. 1436-1439
Author(s):  
Jun Juan Xiong ◽  
Li Jun Ding
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Aspergillus Niger ◽  
Hydroxyl Radical ◽  
Orthogonal Experimental Design ◽  
Enzyme Solution ◽  
Assisted Extraction ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Enzyme Assisted Extraction

The orthogonal experimental design was used to optimise Aspergillus niger enzyme-assisted extraction for flavonoids-enriched extract from Dicranopteris. The results indicate that the highest extraction ratio of flavonoids by Aspergillus niger enzyme-assisted extraction could arrive 13.67% using 30ml Aspergillus niger enzyme solution at 70°C,pH5.0 for 2h extraction, which was more efficient than that by without enzymes heating extraction.The flavonoids extract exhibited quite excellent inhibitions of hydroxyl radical. Meanwhile, it was found that the bioactivities appeared to be dose-dependent of flavonoids.

Optimization of Process Parameters for Warpage Minimization on Injection Molding Thin-Walled Parts

2011 ◽  
Vol 101-102 ◽  
pp. 525-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bao Shou Sun ◽  
Yi Min Deng ◽  
Bo Qin Gu ◽  
Xiao Diao Huang
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Injection Molding ◽  
Process Parameters ◽  
Influence Factor ◽  
Simulation Analysis ◽  
Influence Factors ◽  
Mold Temperature ◽  
Orthogonal Experimental Design ◽  
Melt Temperature ◽  
Packing Pressure

In this paper, Taguchi experimental design method is applied, and injection molding CAE simulation analysis is conducted. Influence factors of warpage of products are analyzed. According to the results of ranking, influence factors of warpag are the packing pressure, packing time, melt temperature and mold temperature. The packing pressure is the most important influence factor. To get the best level combination of various factors, mixed level orthogonal experimental design is applied to the optimization. Optimal levels of combination process parameters are obtained and the quality of injection products is greatly improved.

Facile synthesis of size-tunable lanthanum phosphate nanocrystals monodispersible in both organic and aqueous solutions

2008 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 2796-2803 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingbo Li ◽  
Wenbo Bu ◽  
Limin Guo ◽  
Zhenxing Chen ◽  
Feng Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Treatment ◽  
High Temperature Treatment ◽  
Synthetic Approach ◽  
Facile Synthesis ◽  
One Pot ◽  
Lanthanum Phosphate ◽  
Nonpolar Solvents ◽  
Hydrophilic Surfaces ◽  
Potential Use

A facile one-pot synthetic approach, using oleic acid and oleylamine as composite stabilizers combined with high-temperature treatment in 1-octadecene, has been developed for the preparation of monodisperse and uniform lanthanum phosphate and europium-doped lanthanum phosphate nanocrystals. In particular, with the present synthetic approach, the size of the resulting nanocrystals could be tuned precisely and continuously from 3.5 to 6.5 nm by seed-mediated epitaxial growth. The as-obtained uniform nanocrystals with hydrophobic surfaces, which show efficient photoluminescence, could be easily dispersed in nonpolar solvents. More importantly, these nanocrystals can also be easily modified to water-dispersed ones with hydrophilic surfaces for potential use in in vitro imaging in bioanalysis. In addition, a synthetic mechanism for these monodisperse nanocrystals is presented and discussed.

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