Occurrence, Risk Factors, Serotypes and Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella Strains Isolated from Imported Fertile Hatching Eggs, Hatcheries, and Broiler Farms in Trinidad and Tobago

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANISA S. KHAN ◽  
KARLA GEORGES ◽  
SAED RAHAMAN ◽  
WOUBIT ABEBE ◽  
Abiodun Adesiyun
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Trinidad And Tobago ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Therapeutic Implications ◽  
Production Practices ◽  
Hatching Eggs

This cross-sectional study determined the occurrence, risk factors and characteristics of Salmonella isolated from imported broiler hatching fertile eggs, hatcheries, and broiler farms in Trinidad and Tobago. Standard methods were used to isolate and characterize Salmonella isolates from two broiler hatcheries and 27 broiler farms in the country. Salmonella was isolated from 0.0% (0/45), 7.6% (12/158) and 2.8% (24/866) of fertile hatching eggs (composite of 450), hatcheries and broiler farms, respectively (p=0.006). The highest frequency of Salmonella isolation was detected in stillborn chicks, 28.0% (7/28) and in cloacal swabs, 2.2% (15/675) in samples collected from the hatcheries and farms, respectively. None of the 15 farm management and production practices investigated was significantly (P>0.05) associated with the isolation of Salmonella . The predominant serotypes among Salmonella were Kentucky (83.3%) and Infantis (62.5%) for hatchery and farms isolates, respectively. The disc diffusion method revealed a frequency of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella of 44.0% (11/25) and 87.5% (35/40) in isolates from the hatcheries and broiler farms, respectively (p=0.0002). Antimicrobial resistance was highest (28.0%) to doxycycline and kanamycin for hatchery isolates, while for farm isolates resistance was high (>65%) to sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim, gentamycin, ceftriaxone, kanamycin, and doxycycline. Multi-drug resistance (MDR) was exhibited by 4.0% and 85.7% of Salmonella isolates from the hatcheries and farms, respectively (p<0.0001). The high antimicrobial resistance and MDR exhibited by Salmonella from broiler farms highlight the therapeutic implications and the potential to enter the food chain.

scholarly journals Dietary Factors of blaNDM Carriage in Health Community Population: A Cross-Sectional Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 5959
Author(s):  
Shuangfang Hu ◽  
Ziquan Lv ◽  
Qiumei Xiang ◽  
Yang Wang ◽  
Jianzhong Shen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Coarse Grain ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Health Community ◽  
Health Communities ◽  
Tuber Crops

Aim: There is an ongoing debate as to what extent antimicrobial resistance (AMR) can be transmitted from dietary to humans via the consumption of food products. We investigated this association between dietary and global spreading carbapenem-resistant gene blaNDM Methods: We did a cross-sectional study to assess the risk factors for carrier of blaNDM in health community. Healthy adults were recruited from the residents attending Community Healthcare Service in Shenzhen City (Guangdong Province, China), through 1February 2018 to 31December 2019, and 718 pre-participants were included in this study. Questionnaire were obtained and the qualitative food frequency questionnaire (Q-FFQ) were used to assess dietary intake. qPCR was applied to confirm the carrier of blaNDM in participants’fecal samples. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of each outcome according to each dietary factor before and after prosperity score matching (PSM). Results: we showed that a high intake of coarse grain (OR 1.003; 95% CI 1.001–1.005, p < 0.01) and root and tuber crops (OR 1.003; 95% CI 1.001–1.004, p < 0.05) were independent risk factor for blaNDM carrier in health communities, suggesting a possible transfer of AMRbetweendietary andhumans. Surprisingly, we also showed an association between a higher intake of poultry as a protective, which may be explained by the beneficial effects on the gut microbiota. Conclusion: Dietary factors such as intake of coarse grain, root and tuber crops and poultry were associated with blaNDM carrier in health communities. The influence of dietary factorson blaNDM carrier in the present study provides insights for the tangible dietary advice with guidelines to the routine of people with the risk of blaNDM carrier. This demonstrates the role of dietary intake in the prevention of blaNDM carrier, since prevention is the best way to control modifiable risk factors. A lower carrier rate of blaNDM is helpful to reduce the possibility of transmission and pathogenicity. Further studies on food, microbiota and antimicrobial resistance are necessary to confirm this possible association and unravel underlying mechanisms.

scholarly journals Bacterial Tonsillitis and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles Among Children Within Five Years of Age At Hargeisa Group of Hospital, Somaliland: A Cross-Sectional Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamda Hussein Darod ◽  
Addisu Melese ◽  
Mulugeta Kibret ◽  
Wondemagegn Mulu
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
School Attendance ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
History Of

Abstract Background Tonsillitis is the third most frequently diagnosed infection in the pediatrics age group around the world. It causes significant morbidity and loss of school attendance in children. The emergence of drug resistance in bacterial tonsillitis is getting higher every year. However, data on the drug resistance profiles of bacterial causes of tonsillitis among children within five years of age is not available in Somaliland.Therefore; this study determined the bacterial causes of tonsillitis and their antimicrobial resistance profiles among children within five years of age at Hargeisa Group of Hospital, Somaliland. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from March to July 2020. A total of 374 children within five years of age were included using convenient sampling method. Throat swabs were collected from children, processed and bacterial species were identified using standard bacteriological procedures. Antimicrobial susceptibility was done using disc diffusion method. Data on demographic variables and clinical profiles were collected using structured questionnaires. Logistic regression analysis was computed to identify factors associated with bacterial tonsillitis. P-values < 0.05 were taken as statistically significant. Results The median age of children included in the study was 4 years. Overall, 120(32.1%)(95% CI 27.4–36.8%) of children had culture confirmed bacterial tonsillitis. Of them,23(19.2%) had mixed infections.The most frequent bacterial isolates were Streptococcus pyogenes 78(55%), Staphylococcus aureus 42 (29%) and Streptococcus pneumoniae 10(7%). Isolates revealed 83.3–100 % rate of resistance to ampicillin. S. aureus was resistant to clarithromycin (38%) while 60% of S. pneumoniae isolates were resistant to gentamicin. The overall multidrug resistance (MDR) was 50.4% and 52.6% of S.pyogenes and 60% of S.pneumoniae were MDR. History of tonsillitis(AOR = 0.12; 95% CI = 0.06–0.21), difficulty of swallowing(AOR = 6.99; 95% CI = 3.56–13.73), weight loss (AOR = 0.33; 95% CI = 0.186–0.597) and attending school (AOR = 2.98; 95% CI = 1.64–5.42) were found to be associated with tonsillitis among children within five years of age. Conclusions Bacterial tonsillitis with high degree of ampicillin resistance, mixed infections and MDR isolates are major concerns in children within five years of age at Hargeisa, Somaliland. Therefore, treatment of cases should be guided by regular culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing to prevent disease consequences and critical drug resistance.

Carbapenem resistance among common Enterobacteriaceae Clinical Isolates in part of North-East India

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohan Sharma ◽  
Pankaj Chetia ◽  
Minakshi Puzari ◽  
Nakul Neog ◽  
Upasana Phukan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Carbapenem Resistance ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
North East

Background: Enterobacteriaceae, the normal dwellers in the human intestine, are commonly associated with a variety of community acquired and nosocomial infections. Emerging trend of antibiotic resistance among these strains is a notable issue globally; more serious threat is the resistance against the available last resort antibiotics- the carbapenems. Objective: The objective of our study was intended to determine the burden of resistance towards common antibiotic classes, so as to address the gap of drug resistance prevalence data, among the Enterobacteriaceae isolates obtained from the health settings in this region. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was done with inclusion of clinical isolates collected from varied sources, from health settings in upper Assam. The isolates were identified based on standard methods of morphology study and biochemical tests. The identified isolates were then subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing by following Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method and the result interpreted as per the CLSI guidelines. The resistance of the reported carbapenem resistant isolates was confirmed by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination using commercial E-strip kit. Results: Among the enterobacterial isolates Klebsiella spp. accounted the majority, followed by Escherichia coli, Citrobacter spp., Shigella spp. and others. Multi-drug resistance (MDR) was noted among 67.6% isolates; however, carbapenem resistance was confirmed in 18.9% of the total Enterobacteriaceae isolates. Conclusion: Higher prevalence of resistance towards carbapenems, among the Enterbacteriaceae isolates of upper Assam seems to be upcoming threat to the region, limiting the treatment options in future.

scholarly journals Prevalence, risk factors and antimicrobial resistance ofSalmonelladiarrhoeal infection among children in Thi-Qar Governorate, Iraq

2017 ◽  
Vol 145 (16) ◽  
pp. 3486-3496 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. HARB ◽  
M. O'DEA ◽  
Z. K. HANAN ◽  
S. ABRAHAM ◽  
I. HABIB
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Tertiary Education ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Stool Culture ◽  
Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
Culture Positive

SUMMARYWe conducted a hospital-based cross-sectional study among children aged <5 years in Thi-Qar Governorate, south-eastern Iraq, in order to examine the prevalence, risk factors and antimicrobial resistance associated with gastroenteritis caused bySalmonellainfection. From 320 diarrhoea cases enrolled between March and August 2016, 33 (10·3%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 8·4–12·4) cases were stool culture-positive for non-typhoidalSalmonella enterica. The most commonly identified serovar was Typhimurium (54%). Multivariable logistic regression analysis indicated that the odds ofSalmonellainfection in children from households supplied by pipe water was 4·7 (95% CI 1·6–13·9) times higher compared with those supplied with reverse osmosis treated water. Similarly, children from households with domestic animals were found to have a higher odds (OR 10·5; 95% CI 3·8–28·4) of beingSalmonellastool culture-positive. The likelihood ofSalmonellainfection was higher (OR 3·9; 95% CI 1·0–6·4) among children belonging to caregiver with primaryvs. tertiary education levels. Lower odds (OR 0·4; 95% CI 0·1–0·9) ofSalmonellainfection were associated with children exclusively breast fed as compared with those exclusively bottle fed.Salmonellainfection was three times lower (95% CI 0·1–0·7) in children belonging to caregiver who reported always washing hands after cleaning children following defecation,vs.those belonging to caregivers who did not wash hands. The antimicrobial resistance profile by disc diffusion revealed that non-susceptibility to tetracycline (78·8%), azithromycin (66·7%) and ciprofloxacin (57·6%) were the most commonly seen, and 84·9% ofSalmonellaisolates were classified as multi-drug resistant. This is the first study on prevalence and antimicrobial resistance ofSalmonellainfection among children in this setting. This work provides specific epidemiological data which are crucial to understand and combat paediatric diarrhoea in Iraq.

Therapeutic implications of prevalence and predictor risk factors for burn out syndrome in Egyptian dermatologists: A cross sectional study

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed L. Elsaie ◽  
Sherief M. Hussein ◽  
Mohamed S. Zaky ◽  
Noha S. Hanafy ◽  
Mohammad Jafferany
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Therapeutic Implications ◽  
Burn Out

scholarly journals Prevalence and risk factors for faecal carriage of multidrug resistant Escherichia coli among slaughterhouse workers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mabel Kamweli Aworh ◽  
Damilola Abiodun-Adwusi ◽  
Nwando Mba ◽  
Birgitte Helwigh ◽  
Rene S. Hendriksen
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Faecal Carriage

Abstract The increasing occurrence of antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli in human and animal population has become a global public health problem that requires immediate intervention. We aimed to investigate prevalence and risk factors for faecal carriage of drug-resistant E. coli among slaughterhouse workers. We conducted this cross-sectional study among 118 apparently healthy workers in the largest slaughterhouses in Abuja and Lagos from July to December 2020. E. coli was isolated from stool samples of slaughterhouse workers and antimicrobial susceptibility testing performed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Multi-drug resistance (MDR) was defined as resistance to three or more classes of antibiotics. Majority were males: 88.1% (n = 104), aged > 41years: 28.8% (n = 34), married: 70.3% (n = 83), and were butchers: 53.4% (n = 63). Prevalence of MDR E. coli was 50% (n = 59), highest among butchers compared to Slaughterhouse cleaners. Of 75 E. coli isolates identified, 25.3% (n = 19) were ESBL producers; 78.7% (n = 59) were MDR. Keeping animals (p = 0.01); eating at the Slaughterhouse (p = 0.03) and collecting waste (p = 0.02) remained independent risk factors for acquiring MDR E. coli. Prevalence of resistant E. coli was highest among butchers and associated with keeping animals at home, eating at work, and waste-collection. Hand-hygiene and responsible use of antibiotics among slaughterhouse workers should be encouraged.

Evaluating the Saliva of Burn ICU Patients for Resistant Infections Harbor Metallo-β-Lactamase Genes

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 647-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir Emami ◽  
Neda Pirbonyeh ◽  
Abdolkhalegh Keshavarzi ◽  
Abdollah Bazargani ◽  
Somayeh Hassanpour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Drug Susceptibility ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Fermenting Bacteria ◽  
Infection Source

Abstract Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii are the bacteria which increasingly account for nosocomial infections. Due to high virulence, the rate of Multi-Drug Resistance (MDR) and limited availability of new agents, these infections create significant clinical burdens, making it important to identify the possible sources of their occurrence. The aim of this study was to assess non-lactose fermenting bacteria and their metallo-β-lactamase (MBLs) genes expression in the Burn Intensive Care Unit (BICU) patients’ saliva samples. This cross-sectional study was conducted from 2017 to 2018 on 124 saliva samples of BICU patients. Identified isolates were evaluated for drug susceptibility by disc diffusion method. MBLs production isolates were detected by Modified Hodge test and Imipenem-EDTA Combined disk. MBLs related genes were evaluated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A total of 86 Gram negative non-lactose fermenting bacteria (38; A. baumannii) and (48; P. aeruginosa), were detected. All of the A. baumannii isolates were resistant to Carbapenems, while more than 90% of them were sensitive to Colistin. However, the highest sensitivity in P. aeruginosa isolates was related to Carbapenems and Colistin. More than 95% of A. baumannii and 32% of P. aeruginosa were detected MDR. MBLs production was confirmed in 9 (33.33%) P. aeruginosa and 18 (66.67%) A. baumannii isolates. The blaVIM was the most prevalent gene, while this gene was detected in all of MBLs positive strains. This study confirmed the prevalence of carbapenemase producer Gram-negative bacilli in the saliva of BICU patients. The results of the present study provide a new data set about saliva infection source that could lead to the proper antibiotic regimen and better control of drug resistance.

scholarly journals Risk Factors for Antimicrobial Resistance in Turkey Farms: A Cross-Sectional Study in Three European Countries

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 820
Author(s):  
Mayu Horie ◽  
Dongsheng Yang ◽  
Philip Joosten ◽  
Patrick Munk ◽  
Katharina Wadepohl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Beta Lactam ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Shotgun Metagenomics ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Food-producing animals are an important reservoir and potential source of transmission of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to humans. However, research on AMR in turkey farms is limited. This study aimed to identify risk factors for AMR in turkey farms in three European countries (Germany, France, and Spain). Between 2014 and 2016, faecal samples, antimicrobial usage (AMU), and biosecurity information were collected from 60 farms. The level of AMR in faecal samples was quantified in three ways: By measuring the abundance of AMR genes through (i) shotgun metagenomics sequencing (n = 60), (ii) quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) targeting ermB, tetW, sul2, and aph3′-III; (n = 304), and (iii) by identifying the phenotypic prevalence of AMR in Escherichia coli isolates by minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) (n = 600). The association between AMU or biosecurity and AMR was explored. Significant positive associations were detected between AMU and both genotypic and phenotypic AMR for specific antimicrobial classes. Beta-lactam and colistin resistance (metagenomics sequencing); ampicillin and ciprofloxacin resistance (MIC) were associated with AMU. However, no robust AMU-AMR association was detected by analyzing qPCR targets. In addition, no evidence was found that lower biosecurity increases AMR abundance. Using multiple complementary AMR detection methods added insights into AMU-AMR associations at turkey farms.

scholarly journals Prevalence and risk factors for faecal carriage of multidrug resistant Escherichia coli among slaughterhouse workers

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mabel Kamweli Aworh ◽  
Oluwadamilola Abiodun-Adewusi ◽  
Nwando Mba ◽  
Birgitte Helwigh ◽  
Rene S. Hendriksen
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Faecal Carriage

AbstractThe increasing occurrence of antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli in human and animal population has become a global public health problem that requires immediate intervention. We aimed to investigate prevalence and risk factors for faecal carriage of drug-resistant E. coli among slaughterhouse workers. We conducted this cross-sectional study among 118 apparently healthy workers in the largest slaughterhouses in Abuja and Lagos from July to December 2020. E. coli was isolated from stool samples of slaughterhouse workers and antimicrobial susceptibility testing performed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Multi-drug resistance (MDR) was defined as resistance to three or more classes of antibiotics. Majority were males: 88.1% (n = 104), aged > 41 years: 28.8% (n = 34), married: 70.3% (n = 83), and were butchers: 53.4% (n = 63). Prevalence of MDR E. coli was 50% (n = 59), highest among butchers compared to slaughterhouse cleaners. Of 75 E. coli isolates identified, 25.3% (n = 19) were ESBL producers; 78.7% (n = 59) were MDR. Keeping animals (p = 0.01); eating at the slaughterhouse (p = 0.03) and collecting waste (p = 0.02) remained independent risk factors for acquiring MDR E. coli. Prevalence of resistant E. coli was highest among butchers and associated with keeping animals at home, eating at work, and waste-collection. Hand-hygiene and responsible use of antibiotics among slaughterhouse workers should be encouraged.

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