scholarly journals ADHD from Chıldhood to Adulthood

2021 ◽  
Vol 04 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeynep Gamze Kalkanlı ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Academic Success ◽  
School Environment ◽  
Adult Adhd ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Social Adaptation ◽  
Inherited Disease ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
The Family ◽  
School Period

ttention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurodevelopmental disorder in childhood, characterized by inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Recognizing and diagnosing ADHD in children is mostly during the school period. ADHD negatively affects children's skills necessary for academic success and social adaptation in the school environment. ADHD symptoms are at the forefront of the situations in which the child, not only the parents but also the teachers, directs the family to seek treatment or help. ADHD appears to affect 5-10% of children and 4.4% of adults worldwide. ADHD is a genetically inherited disease that emerges with the effect of genetic factors. For this reason, problems may arise in family functions when there is more than one person with ADHD at home. In this study, DSM-5 diagnostic criteria, models developed for the diagnosis of adult ADHD and what families can do when living with ADHD are shared.

Treating adult ADHD and comorbid substance-related disorders

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. S54-S54
Author(s):  
J.A. Ramos-Quiroga
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Substance Use Disorders ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Adult Adhd ◽  
Stimulant Medication ◽  
Behavioral Therapy ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Competing Interest

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a complex, and multifactorial and chronic neurodevelopmental disorder. Comorbid psychiatric disorders are highly prevalent in individuals with a diagnosis of ADHD. There is a solid overlap between ADHD and substance use disorders (SUD). Prevalence of SUD is high among patients with ADHD, so that SUD are approximately double as common among individuals with ADHD than in general population, and individuals with SUD have much higher rates than expected of a comorbid ADHD. Studies shown that treatment during childhood of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with stimulant medication neither protects nor increases the risk of later substance use disorders. Nevertheless, recent studies found that patients with ADHD and SUD can reduce ADHD symptoms and SUD with stimulants and cognitive-behavioral therapy. Treatment of ADHD in patients with SUD requires a comprehensive diagnostic assessment. It is recommendable to stabilize the addiction prior to treating the ADHD. In this talk, the recent literature for the treatment of adults with co-occurring ADHD and SUD will be reviewed.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.

Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

2019 ◽  
pp. 395-423
Author(s):  
Beth Krone ◽  
Amanda Kirschenbaum ◽  
Thomas Yang ◽  
Amy Glick ◽  
Alexander Newcorn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Adult Adhd ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Risky Behaviors ◽  
Cognitive Domain ◽  
Marital Problems ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Axis I

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common, symptomatically heterogeneous, neurodevelopmental disorder. It’s symptoms first appear early in life and evolve as the brain matures and reorganizes over the lifespan. Cognitive dysfunction is a key feature of adult ADHD and typically manifests as a dysregulation of executive control of attention, working memory, inhibitory control, and emotion regulation rather than as a defining deficit in a specific cognitive domain. The heterogeneity of presentation, changing clinical manifestations across development, and variability in functional impairment associated with ADHD contribute to the difficulty of obtaining a “snapshot” diagnosis using a single assessment or representative battery. Careful history-taking of information across raters and settings generally reveals a pattern of symptoms beginning in childhood. Manifested impairment required for diagnosis depends on a variety of supportive or mitigating versus contributory factors. In adulthood, persisted or untreated ADHD may predispose to a variety of other conditions, including low educational and/or academic attainment, decreased earning potential, substance use or abuse, parenting and marital problems, poor health practices, a variety of risky behaviors, and a variety of comorbid Axis I and Axis II psychiatric disorders. High-functioning adults who have not previously come to clinical attention may present for care because of academic underattainment, suboptimal performance in the workplace, or behavioral or mood dysregulation. In addition, ADHD may be discovered as part of a more comprehensive workup of other disorders. A range of psychosocial and psychopharmacological treatments are available; response is often good to excellent once the disorder is properly identified.

Review of Research on Teachers’ Knowledge and Attitudes About Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

2001 ◽  
Vol 25 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 67-85
Author(s):  
Bruna Bekle
Keyword(s):  
Academic Success ◽  
School Environment ◽  
Developmental Disorder ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Knowledge And Attitudes ◽  
Oppositional Defiant ◽  
Raising Awareness ◽  
Persistent Pattern ◽  
Childhood Population ◽  
Geographical Locations

ADHD is a neuro‐developmental disorder that is diagnosed in 3 to 6% of the childhood population in a diversity of cultures and a variety of geographical locations. It presents as a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity‐impulsivity, with boys being over‐represented by approximately 3 to 1. High levels of comorbidity between ADHD and a number of other disorders, including Oppositional Defiant Disorder, Conduct Disorder, and learning disabilities, have been identified. This review will examine the historical development of the understanding of ADHD, knowledge of its etiology, and most importantly contribute to raising awareness of the influence of this disorder in the school environment. The literature will be used to provide evidence of the difficulties that children diagnosed with ADHD experience in the behavioral components needed for academic success, and the role that teachers might play in the process of identification, assessment, and management of this disorder. Finally, this review will examine the implications of these findings for the provision of training of teachers in regards to ADHD.

Fifteen-minute consultation: To prescribe or not to prescribe in ADHD, that is the question

2020 ◽  
pp. edpract-2020-318866
Author(s):  
Annie Swanepoel
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
School Environment ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Social Construct ◽  
Developmental Trauma ◽  
Children With Adhd ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Evolutionary Science

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is fraught with controversy. Some clinicians believe it is a biological neurodevelopmental disorder which should be treated with medication. Others are adamant that ADHD is a social construct in which children, who have suffered developmental trauma, are medicalised. Evolutionary science may help us find a solution to this dichotomy by seeing ADHD as an example of an evolutionary mismatch in which children with ADHD are caught in a school environment that does not suit their natures. By considering how to improve the ‘goodness of fit’ between the child and their environment, clinicians can be more flexible in finding solutions that are ethically sound.

scholarly journals Atypical resting-state gamma band trajectory in adult attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
László Tombor ◽  
Brigitta Kakuszi ◽  
Szilvia Papp ◽  
János Réthelyi ◽  
István Bitter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Adult Adhd ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Gamma Band ◽  
Gamma Activity ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Gamma Power ◽  
Gamma Band Activity ◽  
Band Activity

AbstractDecreased gamma activity has been reported both in children and adults with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, while ADHD is a lifelong neurodevelopmental disorder, our insight into the associations of spontaneous gamma band activity with age is limited, especially in adults. Therefore, we conducted an explorative study to investigate trajectories of resting gamma activity in adult ADHD patients (N = 42) versus matched healthy controls (N = 59). We investigated the relationship of resting gamma activity (30–48 Hz) with age in four right hemispheric electrode clusters where diminished gamma power in ADHD had previously been demonstrated by our group. We found significant non-linear association between resting gamma power and age in the lower frequency gamma1 range (30–39 Hz) in ADHD as compared to controls in all investigated locations. Resting gamma1 increased with age and was significantly lower in ADHD than in control subjects from early adulthood. We found no significant association between gamma activity and age in the gamma2 range (39–48 Hz). Alterations of gamma band activity might reflect altered cortical network functioning in adult ADHD relative to controls. Our results reveal that abnormal gamma power is present at all ages, highlighting the lifelong nature of ADHD. Nonetheless, longitudinal studies are needed to confirm our results.

scholarly journals Study of white matter integrity in fathers of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Heba H. ElShahawi ◽  
Safeya M. Effat ◽  
Eman M. Shorab ◽  
Hossam M. Sakr ◽  
Safaa E. Azab ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Adult Adhd ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Occurrence Rate ◽  
Adhd Group ◽  
Corona Radiata ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
The Right

Abstract Background Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is an early-onset neurodevelopmental disorder that can extend into adulthood with multiple reported neuroimaging abnormalities. The focus of this research was to assess white matter impairments in ADHD children’s fathers with and without potential adult ADHD to see if these differences are connected with the persistence of ADHD into adulthood. Results The occurrence rate of the potential adult ADHD diagnosis among fathers of children with ADHD was 60%. There were statistically significant differences between fathers with ADHD and the non-ADHD population, due to the fact that the mean FA of the left superior corona radiata and the right posterior corona radiata were lower in the ADHD group than in the non-ADHD group, while the FA of the ADHD group was significantly greater than that of the non-ADHD group in terms of the left and right anterior thalamic radiations, the right superior longitudinal fasciculus and the left anterior corona radiata. Conclusions We observed an increased prevalence of ADHD in fathers of children diagnosed with ADHD. Fathers with potential adult ADHD have a variety of white matter abnormalities that reflect the neurobiological basis of ADHD, even in sub-threshold cases. This may provide insight into the neuroanatomical locations associated with the maintenance of ADHD throughout adulthood.

scholarly journals Differences in the genetic architecture of common and rare variants in childhood, persistent and late-diagnosed attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veera Rajagopal ◽  
Jinjie Duan ◽  
Laura Vilar Ribó ◽  
Jakob Grove ◽  
Tetyana Zayats ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Rare Variants ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
Childhood Adhd ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Genetic Overlap

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder, with onset in childhood ("childhood ADHD"), and around two thirds of affected individuals will continue to have ADHD symptoms in adulthood ("persistent ADHD"). Age at first diagnosis can vary, and sometimes ADHD is first diagnosed in adulthood ("late-diagnosed ADHD"). In this study, we analyzed a large Danish population-based case-cohort generated by iPSYCH in order to identify common genetic risk loci and perform in-depth characterization of the polygenic architecture of childhood (N=14,878), persistent (N=1,473) and late-diagnosed ADHD (N=6,961) alongside 38,303 controls. Additionally, the burden of rare protein truncating variants in the three groups were evaluated in whole-exome sequencing data from a subset of the individuals (7,650 ADHD cases and 8,649 controls). We identified genome-wide significant loci associated with childhood ADHD (four loci) and late-diagnosed ADHD (one locus). In analyses of the polygenic architecture, we found higher polygenic score (PGS) of ADHD risk variants in persistent ADHD (mean PGS=0.41) compared to childhood (mean PGS=0.26) and late-diagnosed ADHD (mean PGS=0.27), and we found a significant decreased genetic correlation of late-diagnosed ADHD with inattention (rg=0.57) compared to childhood ADHD (rg=0.86). These results suggest that a higher ADHD polygenic risk burden is associated with persistence of symptoms, and that a later diagnosis of ADHD could be due in part to genetic factors. Additionally, childhood ADHD demonstrated both a significantly increased genetic overlap with autism compared to late-diagnosed ADHD as well as the highest burden of rare protein-truncating variants in highly constrained genes among ADHD subgroups (compared to controls: beta=0.13, P=2.41x10-11). Late-diagnosed ADHD demonstrated significantly larger genetic overlap with depression than childhood ADHD and no increased burden in rare protein-truncating variants (compared to controls: beta=0.06). Overall, our study finds genetic heterogeneity among ADHD subgroups and suggests that genetic factors influence time of first ADHD diagnosis, persistence of ADHD and comorbidity patterns in the sub-groups.

Prevalence of ADHD Symptomatology in Adult Population in the Czech Republic–A National Study

2020 ◽  
pp. 108705472093404
Author(s):  
Martina Vňuková ◽  
Radek Ptáček ◽  
Filip Děchtěrenko ◽  
Simon Weissenberger ◽  
Hana Ptáčková ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adult Adhd ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Self Report ◽  
National Study ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Demographic Questionnaire ◽  
Education Status ◽  
Adhd Symptomatology

Background: Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder is a common neurodevelopmental disorder frequently diagnosed between the ages 7 and 10 years. We measured ADHD symptomatology in a representative sample of the Czech population. Material and Methods: Data collection was performed in January 2019 through the European National Panel. The respondents completed a demographic questionnaire focusing on ADHD history and a standardized questionnaire, the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) screener for ADHD symptomatology in adulthood. Results: From the sample of 1,518 respondents, 3% of the respondents reported having been diagnosed with ADHD/hyperkinetic disorder in their lifetime. According to ASRS scoring, 119 respondents were classified as suspected ADHD. Overall, more males than females reported ADHD symptomatology. Age was also significantly associated with ASRS. Education status yielded no significant results. Conclusion: Our study documents that the prevalence of ADHD symptomatology in adults is comparable with that in Western countries despite the different historical and health care backgrounds.

scholarly journals Neurochemical sex differences in adult ADHD patients: an MRS study

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominique Endres ◽  
Ludger Tebartz van Elst ◽  
Simon J. Maier ◽  
Bernd Feige ◽  
Peter Goll ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Adult Adhd ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Cerebellar Hemisphere ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Single Voxel ◽  
Left Cerebellar Hemisphere ◽  
Level Of Significance

Abstract Objective Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder. Relevant sex differences in symptomatology are discussed. This study compared brain neurometabolism in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and left cerebellar hemisphere in age- and IQ-matched adult male (mADHD) and female (fADHD) ADHD patients. Methods We studied 48 (ACC) and 42 (cerebellum) male/female pairs of stimulant-free patients with adult ADHD. Single voxel magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) was used to investigate creatine (Cre), total choline (t-Cho), glutamate + glutamine (Glx), N-acetylaspartate, and myo-inositol. The mADHD and fADHD groups were compared using robust linear regression. The level of significance was corrected for multiple tests using the Benjamini-Hochberg approach. Results For the ACC, the signals of Cre (p = 0.008) and t-Cho (p = 0.004) showed significant effects of the age covariate as well as an interaction of sex and age (Cre: p = 0.033; t-Cho: p = 0.040). For the Glx signal, an interaction of sex and age could also be observed (p = 0.033). For cerebellar neurometabolites, the signals of t-Cho (p = 0.049) and Glx (p = 0.049) showed significant effects of the factor sex. Conclusion This is the largest study yet to analyze sex differences in brain neurochemistry in adult patients with ADHD. Different age-dependent t-Cho signals in the ACC might be associated with delayed myelinization in mADHD. Further MRS studies in adult ADHD, accounting for possible sex effects, are warranted to validate the present findings.

Neurobiological marker for child and adult ADHD diagnoses

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. S454-S455
Author(s):  
H. Super ◽  
J. Cañete ◽  
S.V. Faraone ◽  
P. Asherson ◽  
J.A. Ramos-Quiroga
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Diagnosis ◽  
Adult Adhd ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Correct Diagnosis ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Medical Disorders ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Core Symptoms

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorder. It is a chronic disease where 50–60% of ADHD cases persist into adult life. ADHD is associated with a range of clinical and psychosocial impairments. In children hyperactivity, impulsivity and inattention are the core symptoms of ADHD. In adults these core symptom are also present but inattention is more prominent. Correct diagnosis of ADHD remains challenging, especially as several other psychiatric and medical disorders show the similar symptomology.ObjectivesThe diagnosis of ADHD is clinical based upon a cluster of symptoms and criteria established by guidelines such as the DSM-5. Yet, objective markers are needed to support the clinical ADHD diagnosis in children and adults. Studies suggest that a neurobiological marker (eye vergence i.e. where the eyes move in opposite directions) can detect ADHD in children and adults. The eyes converge during orienting attention, as evidenced by visual event related potentials at parietal locations. This attention related vergence is impaired in ADHD patients.MethodsWe review the neurobiology and findings of eye vergence and the relevance of its measurement for the clinical diagnosis of ADHD.ResultsNeural circuits underlying eye vergence and attention largely overlap. Using machine learning, eye vergence measurements can classify ADHD in children and adults with high (> 90%) accuracy.ConclusionsEye vergence is a promising candidate for an objective clinical diagnosis of ADHD.Disclosure of interestPart of this research was paid by Braingaze. HS is co-founder and shareholder of Braingaze.

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