New scale insect country records for Kenya (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) from old samples in insect collections

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-104
Author(s):  
Watson G. W. ◽  
◽  
Ouvrard D. ◽  
Muo Kasina ◽  
Achieng J. C. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Introduced Species ◽  
Native Species ◽  
New Records ◽  
Scale Insect ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
African Species ◽  
History Museum ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
Research Organisation ◽  
Do So

Scale insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccomorpha) are some of the least understood insects, particularly in agriculture, even though they can cause high crop losses. Due to their small size and cryptic habits they are rarely noticed at the onset of an infestation. In Kenya, efforts have been initiated to understand these pests better. Scale insects from Kenya, found in samples between 13 and 107 years old, were studied in the insect collections of the Natural History Museum, London, U.K. and the Kenya Agriculture and Livestock Research Organisation, Nairobi, Kenya. The study identified 51 new country records of scale insects including one new continental record for Africa, Ferrisia dasylirii (Cockerell) (Pseudococcidae). Of the new records, 35 species (68.6%) are native to Africa and 16 (31.4%) have been introduced from elsewhere. Six of the 51 species (11.8%) are pests in Kenya today. Amongst the introduced species, at least one (Aonidiella comperei McKenzie) could cause plant quarantine issues in trade, and four (25.0%) are pests, more than four times the frequency of pests amongst the African species (5.7%). The remaining 45 species have been present in Kenya for at least 13 years and many have not been collected again since the original samples, suggesting that either they have not survived or they are rare because they are under good natural control. Most of the introduced species listed (75.0%) have not caused economic problems in Kenya to date, so it is thought unlikely that they will do so in the future. Key words: Scale insects, introduced species, native species

A checklist of the scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) of Kenya, with some new combinations

Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5060 (4) ◽  
pp. 515-532
Author(s):  
GILLIAN W. WATSON
Keyword(s):  
Introduced Species ◽  
Unknown Origin ◽  
Scale Insect ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Insect Species ◽  
New Combinations ◽  
African Origin ◽  
African Species ◽  
Plant Damage

The checklist of scale insect species recorded from Kenya comprises 14 families, 128 genera and 304 species, of which 207 (68.0%) are probably of African origin, 91 (29.9%) have been introduced from outside Africa and six (2.0%) are of unknown origin. Out of the 207 African species, only 11 (5.3%) have been recorded damaging plants, whereas out of the 91 introduced species, 45 (49.5%) have caused or are highly likely to cause plant damage in Kenya. The most economically important scale insect families in Kenya are (in order of importance) the Pseudococcidae, Coccidae and Diaspididae. Four new combinations are made: Eurycoccus glomerulus De Lotto is transferred to Trionymus, as Trionymus glomerulus (De Lotto) comb. n.; Trionymus sativus James is transferred to Paracoccus, as Paracoccus sativus (James) comb. n.; Pseudococcus masakensis James is transferred to Nipaecoccus as Nipaecoccus masakensis (James) comb. n., and Spilococcus commiphorae De Lotto is transferred to Paracoccus, as Paracoccus commiphorae (De Lotto) comb. n.  

Neolecanium cornuparvum (Magnolia scale).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Whittaker
Keyword(s):  
Endangered Species ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Scale Insect ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Eastern Usa

Abstract Magnolia scale, Neolecanium cornuparvum, is a scale insect that is native to the eastern USA, where it is a widely distributed pest of wild and ornamental Magnolia in landscapes and nurseries. In general, non-native species of Magnolia tend to be more susceptible to attack than native US species. N. cornuparvum has also been reported on Wisteria in Connecticut. The genus and species were first reported from Canada from a specimen of N. cornuparvum collected in 1998 in southern Ontario, where the insect is now an established pest of Magnolia, having probably been spread via the plant trade. An infestation of scale insects believed to be N. cornuparvum was first observed in Hawaii on Sesbania tomentosa on Kauai in August 2004; it had significant adverse effects on this endangered species.

A newly recognised species that has been confused with the global polyphagous pest scale insect, Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 4320 (3) ◽  
pp. 571 ◽  
Author(s):  
YEN-PO LIN ◽  
HIROTAKA TANAKA ◽  
LYN G. COOK
Keyword(s):  
Adult Female ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Scale Insect ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
History Museum ◽  
Dna Sequence Data ◽  
Cryptic Species Complex ◽  
Coccus Hesperidum

Coccus hesperidum L. (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae), the type species of the soft scale genus Coccus L., the family Coccidae and the whole of the scale insects (Coccoidea), is a cosmopolitan plant pest. Using DNA sequence data and morphological comparisons, we determine that there is a distinct species that is morphologically very similar to C. hesperidum. Here, we describe the species as Coccus praetermissus Lin & Tanaka sp. n., based on adult female specimens from Australia, Malaysia and Thailand. The adult female of C. praetermissus sp. n. differs from C. hesperidum in having dorsal setae with bluntly rounded tips, whereas they are sharply pointed in C. hesperidum. A detailed description of the newly recognised species is provided, incorporating adult female morphology and DNA sequences from mitochondrial and nuclear loci. Our examination of slides from The Natural History Museum, London, and several Australian institutions indicates that C. praetermissus sp. n. has been confused sometimes with C. hesperidum s. s. These findings have potential relevance to plant biosecurity and quarantine because C. hesperidum is cosmopolitan whereas C. praetermissus sp. n., which is also polyphagous and the two species can share many host plants, currently appears to be more geographically restricted. Additionally, there is deep genetic divergence within C. praetermissus sp. n. that might indicate that it is a cryptic species complex, but wider geographic sampling is required to test this possibility. 

Introduced Carabidae (Coleoptera) from Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island: new records and ecological perspectives

2006 ◽  
Vol 138 (5) ◽  
pp. 602-609 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher G. Majka ◽  
Joyce Cook ◽  
Susan Westby
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Introduced Species ◽  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Native Species ◽  
New Records ◽  
Atlantic Canada ◽  
Considerable Time ◽  
Adventive Species ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Native Habitats

AbstractSeven species of introduced Carabidae are newly reported in Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island. Trechus quadristriatus (Schrank), Amara ovata (Fabricius), and Harpalus rubripes (Duftschmid) are newly recorded in Atlantic Canada as a whole. Possible modes of introduction of these species to the region are discussed. Several may have been introduced in association with dry ballast shipments. Some may have arrived via natural dispersion from neighbouring areas; others appear to have been present and undetected for a considerable time. The possible impact of such introductions is also discussed. Synanthropic environments have higher proportions of introduced species than relatively undisturbed, native habitats. Some adventive species do become widespread in native environments; however, negative impacts on native species may not be readily apparent.

E.E. Green’s collection of scale insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccomorpha) in The Natural History Museum, London, U.K.

Zootaxa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 4318 (2) ◽  
pp. 201
Author(s):  
D.J. WILLIAMS
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
British Museum ◽  
Scale Insect ◽  
Natural History Museum ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
History Museum ◽  
Authentic Material ◽  
Microscope Slides

In 1940, E.E. Green’s collection of scale insects, consisting of 6505 microscope slides and 2172 boxes of dry material, was donated to the The Natural History Museum, London, U.K. (then the British Museum (Natural History)). Green was a tea and coffee planter in Sri Lanka, and later became Government Agricultural Entomologist there before retiring to England in 1913. He continued to work on scale insects and became one of the foremost scale insect specialists at the time. His collection includes most of the species he described as new, but is also important because it contains authentic material sent to Green by other contemporary workers on scale insects.                         The collection is listed as it was when originally donated, firstly giving the names of species that Green recognised at the time, followed by the number of microscope slides, followed by numbers of developmental stages in the material; lastly is provided the current name of each species. The list is divided into the 31 extant families represented in Green’s collection. 

New records of scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) from Turkey

2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 397-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. B. Kaydan ◽  
N. Kilincer ◽  
F. Kozár
Keyword(s):  
New Records ◽  
Scale Insects

scholarly journals Orthoptera and allies in the Maritime provinces, Canada: new records and updated provincial checklists

2019 ◽  
Vol 132 (4) ◽  
pp. 319-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Klymko ◽  
Paul Catling ◽  
Jeffrey B. Ogden ◽  
Robert W. Harding ◽  
Donald F. McAlpine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Periplaneta Americana ◽  
New Records ◽  
American Cockroach ◽  
Maritime Provinces ◽  
Praying Mantis ◽  
Mole Cricket ◽  
Oecanthus Nigricornis ◽  
Periplaneta Australasiae

We provide an updated checklist of Orthoptera and their allies for each Maritime province of Canada with details for 21 new species records. Drumming Katydid (Meconema thalassinum), recorded from Nova Scotia (NS) and Prince Edward Island (PEI), and Sprinkled Grasshopper (Chloealtis conspersa), recorded from New Brunswick (NB) are reported for the first time from the Maritimes as a whole. We report range extensions in the Maritime region for Australian Cockroach (Periplaneta australasiae; NB), Treetop Bush Katydid (Scudderia fasciata; NS), Short-legged Camel Cricket (Ceuthophilus brevipes; PEI), Spotted Camel Cricket (Ceuthophilus maculatus; PEI), Roesel’s Shield-backed Katydid (Roeseliana roesellii; NS), and Black-horned Tree Cricket (Oecanthus nigricornis; PEI). Short-winged Mole Cricket (Neoscapteriscus abbreviatus; NB) and European Mole Cricket (Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa; NS) are reported as adventives (non-native species that are believed to be not yet established), new to Canada from the Maritimes. Other new records for species not known to be established are Lined Earwig (Doru taeniatum; NS), Australian Cockroach (Periplaneta australasiae; PEI), American Cockroach (Periplaneta americana; NB), Brown Cockroach (Periplaneta brunnea; PEI), Smooth Cockroach (Nyctibora laevigata; NB), West Indian Leaf Cockroach (Blaberus discoidalis; NB), an unidentified Parcoblatta species (NB), Brown-banded Cockroach (Supella longipalpa; PEI), Praying Mantis (Mantis religiosa; NB), and American Bird Grasshopper (Schistocerca americana; NS).

scholarly journals Diet composition of the invasive red-whiskered bulbul Pycnonotus jocosus in Mauritius

2010 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jannie Fries Linnebjerg ◽  
Dennis M. Hansen ◽  
Nancy Bunbury ◽  
Jens M. Olesen
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
Introduced Species ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Diet Composition ◽  
Ecological Perspective ◽  
Positive Interactions ◽  
Invasional Meltdown ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Successful Establishment ◽  
The Impact

Disruption of ecosystems is one of the biggest threats posed by invasive species (Mack et al. 2000). Thus, one of the most important challenges is to understand the impact of exotic species on native species and habitats (e.g. Jones 2008). The probability that entire ‘invasive communities’ will develop increases as more species establish in new areas (Bourgeois et al. 2005). For example, introduced species may act in concert, facilitating one another's invasion, and increasing the likelihood of successful establishment, spread and impact. Simberloff & Von Holle (1999) introduced the term ‘invasional meltdown’ for this process, which has received widespread attention since (e.g. O'Dowd 2003, Richardson et al. 2000, Simberloff 2006). Positive interactions among introduced species are relatively common, but few have been studied in detail (Traveset & Richardson 2006). Examples include introduced insects and birds that pollinate and disperse exotic plants, thereby facilitating the spread of these species into non-invaded habitats (Goulson 2003, Mandon-Dalger et al. 2004, Simberloff & Von Holle 1999). From a more general ecological perspective, the study of interactions involving introduced and invasive species can contribute to our knowledge of ecological processes – for example, community assembly and indirect interactions.

Towards the identification of the scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) of continental Africa: 1. Identification of the families

Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5052 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-40
Author(s):  
GILLIAN W. WATSON ◽  
DAVID OUVRARD
Keyword(s):  
Scale Insect ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Insect Fauna ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Plant Parasites ◽  
Plant Sap

Scale insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccomorpha) are obligate plant parasites feeding on plant sap; some are damaging pests in agriculture, horticulture and forestry. Despite their economic importance, the scale insects found in continental Africa have not been extensively studied and the keys for identifying them are incomplete and scattered through the literature in several languages. The aim of this study is to improve our understanding of the African scale insect fauna. As a first step towards their identification, we provide a key to the 23 families currently known from continental Africa, based on slide-mounted adult females, covering Aclerdidae, Asterolecaniidae, Cerococcidae, Coccidae, Conchaspididae, Dactylopiidae, Diaspididae, Eriococcidae, Halimococcidae, Kermesidae, Kerriidae, Kuwaniidae, Lecanodiaspididae, Margarodidae, Matsucoccidae, Micrococcidae, Monophlebidae, Ortheziidae, Phoenicococcidae, Pseudococcidae, Putoidae, Rhizoecidae and Stictococcidae.  

An eco-evolutionary rationale to distinguish alien and native status: why the dingo is a native species on mainland Australia

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 358-366
Author(s):  
Peter B. Banks
Keyword(s):  
Alien Species ◽  
Introduced Species ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Evolutionary Approach ◽  
Range Transport ◽  
The Status ◽  
Local Species ◽  
Natural Range ◽  
Native Status

Distinguishing between whether a species is alien or native can be problematic, especially for introduced species that are long-established in new areas outside of their natural range. Transport by humans is the criterion for alien status used by many definitions, whereas arbitrary time since arrival to a location is often used to define native status. Here I propose an eco-evolutionary approach to distinguish between alien and native status and use this to resolve uncertainty in the status of the dingo in Australia. Dingoes were transported to mainland Australia by humans, but more than 4000 years ago, and dingoes now interbreed with feral domestic dogs. Legally, this mix of events has the dingo classified as native in some jurisdictions and alien in others. I suggest that native status for introduced species should be based on (1) whether the species has evolved in their new environment; (2) whether local species recognise and respond to them as they do towards deep endemic native species, and; (3) whether their impacts benchmark against those of a native species or are exaggerated like those of other alien species. Dingoes are behaviourally, reproductively and morphologically different to close ancestors from south-east Asia, and this difference has a genetic basis indicative of evolution in Australia. There is abundant evidence that native prey species on mainland Australia recognise and respond to them as a dangerous predator, which they are. But there is strong evidence that dingo impacts on prey are not exaggerated, with effect sizes from mensurative experiments similar to those of experiments on native predators rather than alien predators. These three lines of evidence suggest dingoes should be considered native to mainland Australia. I suggest this eco-evolutionary approach to defining native status can be helpful in resolving the often-heated debates about when an alien species becomes native.

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