Varia: On distinguishing between the predicative and the subject complement

Proglas ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Nedev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Meaning ◽  
Verbal Predicate ◽  
Concept Combination ◽  
The Subject

In this article we review the current concepts of the Compound Nominal Predicate and the combinations of the Verbal Predicate and the Subject Complement. There are several aspects that need further investigation. We suggest that the combinations of verbs with diminished lexical meaning and a nominal, describing a property of the subject, be removed from the concept of Compound Nominal Predicate and included into a new concept: “Combination of Verbal Predicate and Subject Complement”. Thus the term “Compound Nominal Predicate” will be reserved for combinations of the verb “sam” (resp. its synonyms “bada”, „bivam”, “predstavliavam”, “sastavliavam” and “iaviavam se”) and a nominal describing the entity denoted by the subject of the sentence. In all other instances of a verb and a nominal, describing the subject of the sentence, they will be considered a Verbal Predicate and a Subject Complement, which are secondary parts of the sentence.

scholarly journals The interaction of the underived vocabulary of the Smolensk patois and the Belarusian language (incomplete lexical matches)

Neophilology ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 202-212
Author(s):  
Ekaterina S. Lunkova
Keyword(s):  
Official Language ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
Lexical Meaning ◽  
Synchronous Language ◽  
Oral Form ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Language Laws

The work is focused on specific underived nouns that are functioning in the Smolensk patois and in the Belarusian language at the present stage of the existence of these language systems and are quite close, but not identical formations in semantic and structural terms. The subject of the study is the volume of lexical meaning and potential derivational connections of nouns recorded in two synchronous language formations. The relevance of the study is determined by the complex history of the Russian and Belarusian borderland, which is reflected both in the Smolensk patois and in the Belarusian language, which had been created on the dialect basis. The vocabulary of the Russian and Belarusian borderland belongs to a single cultural and historical continuum de-termined by the history of the region, it reflects the diverse material and spiritual ties of the two language idioms’ speakers. The complexity of the historical relations between the two language systems, one of which is codified and has the status of an official language (Belarusian language), and the second exists only in an oral form and has a norm due to internal language laws of devel-opment (Smolensk patois), has led to the fact that when studying two language formations at the present stage, it is possible to speak not only about unambiguous types of relations between words, but also about peripheral types, about zones of various transitions, changes in lexical and grammatical semantics, which can potentially be points of development of two idioms in the future and are therefore valuable for study.

scholarly journals SENSUAL VARIETY OF TOPONYMS IN THE AZERBAIJANI AND ENGLISH LITERAry s

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (21) ◽  
Author(s):  
Irada Y. Ganiyeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Literary Texts ◽  
Place Names ◽  
Semantic Meaning ◽  
Research Papers ◽  
Concrete Material ◽  
Lexical Meaning ◽  
Literary Style ◽  
Artistic Style ◽  
Writing Research ◽  
The Subject

To create figurativeness in literary style such semantic means of expression as synonyms, antonyms and homonyms are widely used. In the Azerbaijani and English literary texts the semantic meaning of toponyms is expressed in two ways: by using their paraphrased equivalents and by using their new and archaic forms. The synonymous toponyms in literature are used to avoid repetition of one and the same word and give the reader certain information about the toponym. If it is necessary to give imagery in the artistic style, in addition to the semantic shades of toponyms, various phonetic, grammatical and lexical means are also used. Of course, this stylistic event does not happen by itself. This is what arises from the differences in the approaches of writers and poets to words, or rather, toponyms. Apparently, in both the Azerbaijani and English literary style, writers could not but take into account the communicativeness created by the lexical meaning of toponyms as units of language, and the stylistic nuances expressed by their internal semantics. The relevance of this article is defined by the comparative analysis of the semantic meaning of place names on the basis of concrete material of the two languages of different systems (Azerbaijani and English). The aim of the research is to define the semantic means of expression of the place names used within the literary text. The subject of the research is to analyze the function of the place names in the literary texts of the two languages of different systems. The object of the research is the real and fictitious place names used by the Azerbaijani and English writers. In the work the complex technique of investigation is applied and such methods as descriptive, comparative, contextual, stylistic, etc. are used. The Azerbaijani and English literary texts and also scientific literature on onomastic, stylistics and lexicology have been the sources of the research. The results of the work can be applied when teaching special courses, holding seminars, writing research papers and dissertations.

scholarly journals Predicate of "Mangan" in Sasak Language: A Study of Natural Semantic Metalanguage

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarwadi Sarwadi
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Meaning ◽  
Lexical Meaning ◽  
Word Usage ◽  
Subject And Object ◽  
The Subject

The aim of this study were to know semantic meaning of predicate Ngajengan, Daharan, Ngelor, Mangan, Ngrodok (Eating), Kaken (Eating), Suap, Bejijit, (Eating) Bekeruak (Eating), Ngerasak (Eating) and Nyangklok (Eating). Besides that, to know the lexical meaning of each words and the function of words in every sentences especially the meaning of eating in Sasaknese language.The lexical meaning of Ngajengan, Daharan, Ngelor, Mangan, Ngrodok (Eating), Kaken (Eating), Suap, Bejijit, (Eating) Bekeruak (Eating), Ngerasak (Eating) and Nyangklok (Eating) was doing something to eat but the differences of these words are usage in sentences. Besides that, the word usage based on the subject and object and there is predicate that need tool to state eat meals or food.

Dagur

2020 ◽  
pp. 321-333
Author(s):  
Yohei Yamada
Keyword(s):  
Northeast China ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Verbal Predicate ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Negative Marker

Dagur is a Mongolic language spoken mainly in Northeast China. It is said that this language maintains some Middle Mongolian features, such as a verbal negative marker ul and predicative personal markers. The negative marker ul, which is placed before the verb, is found in Middle Mongolian and some other colloquial Mongolic languages, but lost in central Mongolian. Predicative personal markers, which are placed subsequent to the indicative verbal predicate or the nominal predicate and display agreement with the subject, are shown in Northern Mongolic languages such as Buryat. These features might suggest that Dagur contributes to tracing the historical development of Mongolic languages.

scholarly journals Theoretical aspects of modern security threats. Definitions, typologies, evolution

2021 ◽  
Vol 199 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-95
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Rogozińska
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Research Process ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Security Threats ◽  
Lexical Meaning ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Scientific Cognition ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Political Economic

In the literature on the subject, the term “security” is accompanied by the terms “non-threatening state”, “non-threatening state of peace”, “state of peace”, “state of certainty”. The lexical meaning of the term (Latin sine cura – no worries) should be understood as a situation in which there are no threats. In the context of lexical meaning, the term security means a risk-free situation. Contemporary understanding of the term focuses its attention on learning security understood as the resultant of the theory and practice of providing a reference subject with the possibility of survival (existence) and the pursuit of own interests, particularly using opportunities, taking challenges, minimizing risk and counteracting all types of threats. Definitive approaches to the term security indicate that it should be understood as a state and process. The state of security should be understood as a sense of confidence of the subject and guarantee of its survival, while the process – as chance for improvement and development of state’s means to protect and defend it. The current catalog of security threats proposed by Barry Buzan was extended in the second half of the 20th century from military nature threats to threats of a political, economic, social, and environmental nature. These changes have redefined the modern understanding of security. The main research problem was formulated as the question: what are the theoretical aspects of contemporary security threats? The article aims to analyze and diagnose contemporary definitions of security and its threats. The research process uses methodological methods of scientific cognition, mainly analysis and criticism of literature.

scholarly journals Siladang Syntax: A Study of Grammar Typology

2021 ◽  
pp. 541-549
Author(s):  
Purwanto Siwi
Keyword(s):  
Argument Structure ◽  
Prepositional Phrase ◽  
Clause Structure ◽  
Transitive Verb ◽  
Grammatical Subject ◽  
Alignment System ◽  
Verbal Predicate ◽  
Transitive Verbs ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Intransitive Verbs

The analysis of basic clause structures shows that clauses in Bahasa Siladang consist of verbal and non-verbal predication. The non-verbal predicate can be filled by an adjective, noun, numeral or prepositional phrase. The analysis of the argument structure shows that the intransitive predicate requires one NP argument as the only argument functioning as the grammatical subject, which can be an agent or a patient. Meanwhile, the transitive verb predicate requires two or more arguments. The presence of these arguments in the predicate in transitive sentences is mandatory. The conclusion from the analysis of the grammatical behavior in syntactic construction is that SL is a language which has a grammatical alignment system which gives the same treatment to A and S, and a different treatment to P. It can be categorized as an accusative language, marking the direct object of transitive verbs, making them different from the subject of both transitive and intransitive verbs. Keywords: clause structure, argument structure, syntactic typology

scholarly journals Interrelation Between Conceptual and Linguistic Worldviews (Based on the Economic Lexical Item ‘CLIENT’)

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 164-180
Author(s):  
Lesia Kushmar
Keyword(s):  
Native Speaker ◽  
Field Structure ◽  
Lexical Item ◽  
Human Knowledge ◽  
Principle Calculation ◽  
Lexical Meaning ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Main Components

This article presents a theoretical approach to the concept interpretation “worldview” which expresses human knowledge about environment. The difference between conceptual and linguistic worldviews has been determined. Associative meaning represents the conceptual worldview. Vocabulary definitions reflect the linguistic worldview. To identify main peculiarities in conceptual and linguistic worldviews the lexical item ‘CLIENT’ was selected according to criteria: contextual conditioning, frequency, information, presence in dictionaries and encyclopedias of different areas, expressing relevant concepts nowadays. 915 respondents took part in the experiment. Obtained results (1,600 reactions) have been processed using statistical methods. The application of modeling allowed creating the associative field structure defining core and periphery. Items representing essential features of the concept form the core; secondary features of the subject form the periphery. The core and periphery combine associative meaning of the item. Comparison of lexical and associative meanings has been made according to algorithm: defining main components in the lexeme structure using structural-semantic principle; calculation of core reactions because the lexicon core of the native speaker reflects the actual worldview; establishment total number of core reactions that are connected with vocabulary; determination the level of lexical and associative meanings’ approximation. The economic lexical item ‘CLIENT’ is on the edge of incomplete coincidence according to association and lexical meanings. This fact allows arguing that the conceptual worldview is more dynamic than linguistic. Changes in reality are reflected in core reactions of the associative field only with time being reflected in the lexical meaning.

scholarly journals Definition as a Logical and Linguistic Category

2020 ◽  
pp. 72-83
Author(s):  
A. R. Blagova
Keyword(s):  
Main Task ◽  
Specific Kind ◽  
Word Meanings ◽  
Lexical Meaning ◽  
Methodological Basis ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Logical Method ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Word Definitions

Definition is a logical and linguistic category that for a long time has been the subject of logicians’ and philosophers’ research. Today we understand a definition as a logical method that allows us to discover a word’s content, i.e. what it means in everyday use or what a speaker intends it to mean for this speaker’s own specific purposes. A definition consists of two parts: definiendum (that what is defined) and definiens (that which defines). The definiendum refers to the exact object, action, state etc., that is to be defined. The definiens contains the information necessary to define this object, action, state etc. This information is obtained during the process of definition. In the language, a definition can mean both the process of developing a sentence and the result of this process, i.e. the sentence itself. When composing an explanation of a word’s lexical meaning, we should draw on the vast experience of Russian lexicography. Practical lexicography gave us a wide range of kinds of word definitions which are now being extensively researched as theoretical generalizations and conclusions. This article explores methods of explanation of word meanings in the context of different possible logical relations between definiendum and definiens: inclusion, overlap, complementarity, adjacency. The existing word definitions (hyponymic, identifying, enumerative, synonymic, antonymic) can be distributed between those kinds of logical relations. Descriptive explanations are regarded as a specific kind of definition. Theoretical generalizations and conclusions are backed by examples from the main explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language.The conclusion is drawn that parts of a word definition can enter into different kinds of logical relations. Exploration of those relations is highly important for educational purposes as methodological basis for correct definitions of word meanings as well as for the composition of lexicographic explanations. At the same time, we shouldn’t forget that there are various ways to define a word’s lexical meaning. One and the same word can be defined in a number of ways, so the lexicographers’ main task is still to choose the best way or combination of ways that can fully and accurately discover the meaning of the word being defined.

scholarly journals Syncretism of Ancient Concepts Exemplified by the Macroconcept “Earth/Land” (a Review of Motivating and Archaic Conceptual Signs)

2021 ◽  
pp. 61-71
Author(s):  
Elena A. Moshina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
English Speakers ◽  
High Importance ◽  
Lexical Meaning ◽  
History Of Development ◽  
Language Data ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Land Space

This study aimed to determine the motivating and archaic conceptual signs of the macroconcept “earth/land” through data analysis of etymological and historical-etymological dictionaries, as well as to demonstrate the solidity (syncretism) of native Old English speakers’ perception of this macroconcept. Cognitive analysis of linguocultural facts and a profound study of national mentality through language data determine the relevance of this study. The motivating and archaic conceptual signs of the macroconcept “earth/land” have not previously been the subject of a separate research. The main methods applied in the paper are descriptive, conceptual, comparative, and interpretative. The study revealed that the macroconcept “earth/land” has a long history of development. In addition to motivating signs, its structure comprises symbolic signs that go back to ancient mythology. As early as at the beginning of its development, the macroconcept “earth/land” was reflected in native speakers’ consciousness through a large number of conceptual signs (14 signs are represented by the semantic components of earth and 20 signs are represented by the semantic components of land), suggesting high importance of this macroconcept in English linguoculture. The identified conceptual signs form a rather extensive mental structure, which includes several, inextricably linked, blocks: ‘earth/land-space’, ‘earth/land-substance’, ‘earth/landproperty’, ‘earth/land-people’, ‘earth/land-material world’. The etymological analysis of dictionary definitions of the words earth and land as well as determination of the components of their lexical meaning allow us to demonstrate the diversity of English speakers’ ancient ideas about earth/land and the syncretism of these ideas within mythological consciousness.

scholarly journals СЕМАНТИКА ПРЕДИКАТІВ МІСЦЕПЕРЕБУВАННЯ В РЕЧЕННЯХ СУЧАСНОЇ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ МОВИ

2019 ◽  
pp. 115-121
Author(s):  
В. Ф. Жовтобрюх
Keyword(s):  
Time Interval ◽  
Specific Time ◽  
Lexical Meaning ◽  
Existential Sentence ◽  
Existential Sentences ◽  
Categorical Attributes ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Categorical Semantics

In propositions of existence, these predicates are combined with an irreferenced name, whose existence is reported by the sentence. The irreferent name of the subject is not mentioned in the previous text and is entered into the fund of knowledge of the addressee of the broadcast with the possibility of further its characterization. The sentence states the presence of the subject, and the local predicates describe the qualitative signs of the subject of being from different positions. Such communicative load is carried by all verbs, which according to the corresponding logical-grammatical conditions transmit the significance of localization. Despite the fact that the local predicates transmit different lexical meanings, they have common categorical attributes: lack of process value and static. The subject of being remains unchanged during a specific time interval within which the event described occurs. The static sign corresponds most to the ontological nature of existence. Categorical semantics imposes an imprint on the meaning of verbal lexeme. The use of such verbs determines the semantic modifications of existential sentences. The structure of the semantics of various verbs contains components of modifying value, which help to create a figurative picture of existential states. The use of the designated verbal lexeme contributes to the enrichment of the semantics of the existential sentence and the expansion of its expressiveness. Prospects for the study of existential sentences are related to the analysis of those elements of the semantics of the sentence, which are determined by the lexical meaning of the verb in the position of the local predicate.

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