scholarly journals Characteristics of Bioethanol from Musa Salaccensis ZOLL

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 16-23
Author(s):  
Dady Sulaiman ◽  
St Syahdan ◽  
Siti Maria Ulva
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Wild Plant ◽  
Value Analysis ◽  
Ethanol Content ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Density Analysis

The high increase in energy use causes renewable energy solutions such as wind energy, geothermal energy, biomass and others. Biomass is one solution for Indonesia to obtain energy, because Indonesia has the potential for biomass, both biodiesel and bioethanol. The biomass to be studied is Bioethanol. Forest banana is a type of wild plant that grows in the forests of North Kalimantan and is not consumed by residents because there are many seeds in the banana. The purpose of this study was to examine the characteristics of bioethanol from forest bananas. The stages of the research method that will be carried out include several stages, namely 1) making bioethanol, 2) measuring ethanol content, and 3) testing the characteristics of bioethanol. The stages of bioethanol testing carried out characteristic tests including: 1) Ethanol Content Analysis, 2) Moisture Content Analysis, 3) Density Analysis, 4) Specific Gravity and API Gravity Analysis, 5) Calorific Value Analysis. Based on the research results obtained, the quality of the bioethanol produced has a density value and specific gravity in accordance with the bioethanol quality standard, which is 0.46. The calorific value which has a close relationship with API Gravity is close to the maximum value in the bioethanol quality standard, which is 3702.30 kcal/kg. The value of ethanol content and water content still does not meet the quality standards, namely 24.8% and 86%. This is due to the lack of distillation process in this study.

scholarly journals Gross heating value of various shade-trees wood in coffee plantation in Costa Rica and its relation with extractives and specific gravity

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-190
Author(s):  
Roger Moya ◽  
Róger Bonilla ◽  
Carlos Zelada Fonseca
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Shade Trees ◽  
Pinus Caribaea ◽  
Cupressus Lusitanica ◽  
Coffee Plantations ◽  
Schizolobium Parahyba

Shade-trees with energy use in coffee plantations are an important alternative to increase profitability in groforestry systems. The aim of this study was to investigate gross calorific value (GCV) of 15 shade-tree species in coffee plantations in Costa Rica. The relationships between specific gravity and extractives content on GCV was evaluated. The results revealed that GCV varied from 15.9 to 21.9 MJ kg-1 for sapwood, and from 15.3 to 21.9 MJ kg-1 for heartwood. No consistency was observed regarding to relation of type of wood (sapwood orheartwood) and GCV. The highest GCV value was found in Pinus caribaea for sapwood and heartwood. However Cupressus lusitanica, presented high GCV in sapwood too. The lowest values were found in Schizolobium parahyba in sapwood and Zygia longifolia and Eucalyptus globulus in heartwood. Carbon content (C) and carbon/nitrogen ratio (C/N ratio) and extractives in sodium hydroxide and dichloromethane were correlated with GCV in sapwood and heartwood. Meanwhile extractives in hot water were correlated in heartwood, and nitrogen content (N) and extractives in cool water were too correlated in sapwood.

scholarly journals Green energy recovery by blending treated biogas into town gas pipeline networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 173-182
Author(s):  
Mario Ho Tak Cheung
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Green Energy ◽  
Gas Pipeline ◽  
Gas Mixture ◽  
Mixing Ratio ◽  
Synthetic Natural Gas ◽  
Pipeline Networks

Biogas can be converted into treated biogas or synthetic natural gas, which can be blended into town gas pipeline network at a designed mixing ratio. Specific gravity and calorific value of biogas are adjusted to satisfy gas safety and quality standard. Carbon dioxide pressure swing adsorption is selected and applied for specific gravity reduction and calorific value enrichment. 95% nitrogen, defined according to the flammability plot, is mixed with biogas for tuning the calorific value at the end of the process end. Gas interchangeability of the gas mixture of treated biogas and town gas was predicted by using maximum combustion potential (MCP) chart and their maximum mixing ratio for safe use was indicated. Gas interchangeability of the gas mixture was tested to confirm the prediction. The South East New Territories Processing Facilities were designed and built according to the above principle, and has been in operation to convert biogas into synthetic natural gas successfully since 2017.

Energetic properties of peat saturated with petroleum products

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-109
Author(s):  
E. S. Dremicheva
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Motor Oil ◽  
Initial Sample

This paper presents a method of sorption using peat for elimination of emergency spills of crude oil and petroleum products and the possibility of energy use of oil-saturated peat. The results of assessment of the sorbent capacity of peat are presented, with waste motor oil and diesel fuel chosen as petroleum products. Natural peat has been found to possess sorption properties in relation to petroleum products. The sorbent capacity of peat can be observed from the first minutes of contact with motor oil and diesel fuel, and significantly depends on their viscosity. For the evaluation of thermal properties of peat saturated with petroleum products, experimental studies have been conducted on determination of moisture and ash content of as-fired fuel. It is shown that adsorbed oil increases the moisture and ash content of peat in comparison with the initial sample. Therefore, when intended for energy use, peat saturated with petroleum products is to be subjected to additional drying. Simulation of net calorific value has been performed based on the calorific values of peat and petroleum products with different ratios of petroleum product content in peat and for a saturated peat sample. The obtained results are compared with those of experiments conducted in a calorimetric bomb and recalculated for net calorific value. A satisfactory discrepancy is obtained, which amounts to about 12%. Options have been considered providing for combustion of saturated peat as fuel (burnt per se and combined with a solid fuel) and processing it to produce liquid, gaseous and solid fuels. Peat can be used to solve environmental problems of elimination of emergency spills of crude oil and petroleum products and as an additional resource in solving the problem of finding affordable energy.

scholarly journals Design and Pinch Analysis of a GFT Process for Production of Biojet Fuel from Biomass and Plastics

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (19) ◽  
pp. 6035
Author(s):  
Alejandro López-Fernández ◽  
David Bolonio ◽  
Isabel Amez ◽  
Blanca Castells ◽  
Marcelo F. Ortega ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Cooling Water ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
Pinch Analysis ◽  
Steam Generation ◽  
Fischer Tropsch ◽  
Fuel Density

Environmental problems are frequently related to energy use, estimated to grow at 1.6% per year until 2035. The transport sector accounts for 30% of energy demand and aviation is growing around 2.6% per year. Thus, low-emissions policies promote the use of sustainable aviation fuels. This work simulates a gasification and Fischer-Tropsch process to obtain biojet fuel from biomass and plastic waste. Syngas obtained through cogasification is purified by amine scrubbing and subjected to a Fischer-Tropsch process to produce hydrocarbons, which are upgraded for optimal fuel properties. Pinch analysis is applied to minimize energy usage, while Rankine cycles and a cooling tower are designed to cover the demand of electricity and cooling water. Results show that mass yields of the process towards biofuels are 13.06%, with an output of 1697.45 kg/h of biojet fuel. Density, kinematic viscosity, pour and flammability points and the lower calorific value of the biojet fuel comply with the ASTM D7566 standard. Pinch analysis allows to reduce 41.58% and 100% of cooling and heating demands, respectively, using biomass as renewable energy for heating. Moreover, steam generation covers 38.73% of the required electricity. The produced biojet fuel emits 20.14 gCO2eq/MJ and has a minimum selling price of 1.37 EUR/L.

scholarly journals DETERMINAÇÃO DAS PROPRIEDADES ENERGÉTICAS DA MADEIRA E DO CARVÃO VEGETAL PRODUZIDO A PARTIR DE Eucalyptus benthamii

FLORESTA ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Letícia Nones ◽  
Martha Andreia Brand ◽  
Alexsandro Bayestorff Da Cunha ◽  
Adriel Furtado De Carvalho ◽  
Solange Maria Krug Weise
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Biomass Energy ◽  
Energetic Properties ◽  
Different Ages ◽  
End Use ◽  
Immediate Analysis ◽  
Old Trees ◽  
Volumetric Yield

Este trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar energeticamente a madeira e o carvão vegetal obtidos a partir da espécie Eucalyptus benthamii Maiden & Cambage para duas diferentes idades, 5 e 13 anos. Para a madeira de cada idade, foram confeccionados 48 corpos de prova, com aproximadamente 2 x 2 x 2 cm, que foram utilizados para determinação da massa específica, poder calorífico superior, análise química imediata e carbonização. Após a carbonização, as propriedades energéticas do carvão vegetal foram avaliadas a partir da massa específica aparente, rendimento gravimétrico e volumétrico, poder calorífico superior e análise química imediata. Tanto para a madeira quanto para o carvão vegetal houve influência da idade. A madeira com 13 anos apresentou maior massa específica básica e maior poder calorífico. Porém as diferenças nas propriedades físicas e energéticas da madeira das duas idades não justificam a manutenção da floresta até os 13 anos de idade, quando seu uso final é a geração de energia na forma de carvão. Em relação ao carvão, aquele produzido com madeira de 13 anos apresentou maior rendimento, enquanto o carvão vegetal de 5 anos apresentou melhor qualidade final para uso energético.Palavras-chave: Energia de biomassa; propriedades energéticas; eucalipto. AbstractDetermination of energetic properties of wood and charcoal produced from Eucalyptus benthamii. This research aimed to characterize the energetic properties of wood and charcoal obtained from Eucalyptus benthamii for two different ages, 5 and 13 years. For each timber age, we prepared 48 specimens, approximately 2 x 2 x 2 cm, used to determine specific gravity, calorific value, immediate analysis and carbonization. After carbonization, we evaluated the energetic properties of the charcoal in relation to density, gravimetric and volumetric yield, calorific value and immediate chemical analysis. As the wood as charcoal were influenced by age. The 13 years old timber revealed higher specific gravity and higher calorific value. However, the differences in the physical and energetic properties of the wood of the two ages do not justify maintaining the forest until the age of 13, as its end use is generation of energy as coal. The charcoal produced from 13 years old trees had the highest yield, while the charcoal from 5 years old trees had better quality to energy usage.Keywords: Biomass energy; energy properties; Eucalyptus.

scholarly journals Energy use efficiency in soybean crops in different regions of Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (6supl2) ◽  
pp. 2991-3010
Author(s):  
Roni Fernandes Guareschi ◽  
◽  
Marcio dos Reis Martins ◽  
Leonardo Fernandes Sarkis ◽  
Bruno José Rodrigues Alves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Total Output ◽  
Soybean Crop ◽  
South Central ◽  
Total Input ◽  
Adverse Weather

The soybean crop in Brazil has been growing in area and productivity in recent years and the analysis of its energy efficiency is very important to guarantee the sustainability of the production system. Assessment of energy efficiency (EE) enables the evaluation of the sustainability of agrosystems, as well as decision-making regarding the reduction in production costs and negative environmental impacts. In this context, the objective of this study was to assess energy efficiency of soybean in different regions of Brazil. For this purpose, 29 areas of soybean across the major producing states were assessed. Energy inputs and outputs of agricultural operations and/or agricultural inputs were calculated by multiplying the amount used by their calorific value or energy coefficient at each stage of production. Energy efficiency was calculated as the ratio between the total output energy and the total input energy during the production process. For every MJ of energy consumed in the production of soybean crop, 6.1; 6.7; 7.1 and 7.2 MJ of energy were produced in the form of grain, respectively in the areas assessed in the Midwest, northeast, southeast and south regions of Brazil. Generally, the main energy expenditure on soybean cultivation in different regions of Brazil was with fertilizers, seeds and herbicides. The adverse weather conditions of the year / harvest evaluated in the south-central region of Brazil resulted in low soybean yields and consequently resulted in lower energy efficiency in these regions. The evaluation of energy efficiency in soybean crops to be representative must be carried out in different regions and edaphoclimatic conditions.

scholarly journals Energy Willow From Experimental Plantation as a Potentially Clean Energy Source

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Janas ◽  
Alicja Zawadzka
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Heat Of Combustion ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Clean Energy Source

Abstract Energy willow as a species with broad adaptation possibilities, large production capacity and a wide range of applications, takes a special place among the plants grown for energy production. In this work an analysis was conducted in respect of the usefulness of this type of wood from experimental plantations as a clean source of energy generated in the combustion process. The heat of combustion and net calorific value of dry matter of energy willow wood, including selected sorts and classes of thickness were determined. Energy willow has a natural ability to accumulate heavy metals which are oxidized during the combustion process or remain in the ash, and consequently repollute the environment. In order to determine the environmental impact the content of heavy metals was examined in energy willow wood and in the soil of the experimental plantation. Metal concentrations were determined by the Atomic Absorption Spectrometry method (AAS). Results of the tests confirmed a close relationship between the heat of combustion, calorific value and wood thickness as well as its location in the tree structure. Furthermore, very large differences were found in the content of heavy metals in the samples of both willow wood and soil. The levels of heavy metal content in the wood of energy willow determine the agricultural use of ashes produced during combustion.

scholarly journals Energy efficiency in maize crops in different regions of Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 2271-2292
Author(s):  
Roni Fernandes Guareschi ◽  
◽  
Elderson Pereira da Silva ◽  
Segundo Urquiaga ◽  
Bruno José Rodrigues Alves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Total Output ◽  
Maize Crop ◽  
Energy Inputs ◽  
Total Input ◽  
Energy Coefficient ◽  
Cropping Seasons

Assessment of energy efficiency (EE) enables the evaluation of the sustainability of agrosystems, as well as decision-making regarding reduction in production costs and environmental pollution and even to increase production in a sustainable way. In this context, the objective of this study was to assess energy efficiency in maize in different regions of Brazil. For this purpose, 32 areas of maize crop distributed across the major producing states and regions were assessed. Energy inputs and outputs of agricultural operations and/or agricultural inputs were calculated by multiplying the amount used by their calorific value or energy coefficient at each stage of production. Energy efficiency was calculated as the ratio between the total output energy and the total input energy during the production process. For every megajoule (MJ) of energy consumed in the production of second-crop maize and first-crop maize seasons, 9.9 and 8.7 MJ respectively of renewable energy were produced in the form of grain. In both maize cropping seasons, most of the energy use was attributed to fertilizers, herbicides and fuel. To be representative the evaluation of energy efficiency of the maize crop should be performed in different Brazilian cultivation regions, as it will represent different edaphoclimatic and management conditions spread over the national territory within an agricultural year.

scholarly journals KARATERISTIK TANAH GAMBUT SEBAGAI ENERGI ALTERNATIF

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Ghofur ◽  
Aqli Mursadin
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Alternative Energy Source ◽  
Key Word

Berdasarkan ketersediaan sumber daya gambut yang besar di Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan, maka peluang untuk memanfaatkan potensi tanah gambut sebagai sumber energi alternatif sangat besar. Sumber energi yang didapat dari minyak, gas bumi, dan batubara sedikit demi sedikit berkurang, sehingga perlu dicarikan sumber energi alternatif. Peneliti Lahan Gambut dari Balai Penelitian Tanaman Rawa Pertanian (Balittra) Banjarbaru, Dr Muhammad Noor dalam berita Banjarmasin post tanggal 24 Nopember 2005 tentang “PLN Melirik Lahan Gambut”  menjelaskan, dalam gambut memang terdapat energi yang dapat membangkitkan tenaga listrik, energi yang terdapat dalam gambut cukup tinggi yakni sekitar 5.000 kilo kalori per kilogram. Di Kalsel, keberadaannya setara dengan 65 miliar barel minyak bumi atau sebesar 10 juta barel per tahun energi yang dihasilkan.  Berdasarkan latar belakang tersebut beberapa perumusan masalah  dalam penelitian ini adalah bagaimana usaha untuk melakukan tanah gambut untuk menjadi sumber energi alternatif  yang berkualitas dan  mudah digunakan,  bagimana karateristik tanah gambut sebagai sumber energi alternatif. Salah  satu  cara  untuk mengoptimalkan potensi gambut adalah memanfaatkannya sebagai bahan baku dalam pembuatan briket yang dapat dijadikan sebagai bahan bakar altematif  .  Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah a) memanfaatkan ketersediaan sumber daya alam dengan menggunakan tanah gambut sebagai energi alternatif  dan b ) mengetahui Nilai kalori, berat jenis, kadar air dan kadar abu di wilayah studi. Tanah gambut yang digunakan sebagai  bahan baku untuk energi alternatif  berasal  dari Desa Gambut Kabupaten Banjar.  Prosedur pelaksanaan penelitian dilakukan terhadap karateristik tanah  gambut diwilayah studi  sebagai sumber energi. Dari hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa untuk tanah gambut di Desa Gambut Kec. Gambut bisa   untuk digunakan sebagai bahan bakar alternatif dengan  teknologi pembriketan. Dengan nilai Kadar Air  0,10%, Kadar Abu 72,65%, berat jenis 2,11 Gs dengan nilai kalori 579,2 cal/g bisa digunakan sebagai bahan  bakar alternatif. Key word : energi alternatif, nilai kalori, tanah gambut. Based on the availability of large peat resources in the province of South Kalimantan, the opportunity to utilize the potential of peat soil as an alternative energy source is very large. Energy sources derived from oil, natural gas, and coal gradually diminish, so alternative energy sources are needed. Peatland Researchers from the Agricultural Swamp Research Institute (Balittra) Banjarbaru, Dr. Muhammad Noor in the Banjarmasin post on November 24, 2005 on "PLN Looking at Peatlands" explained that in peat there is indeed energy that can generate electricity, energy contained in peat quite high at around 5,000 kilos of calories per kilogram. In South Kalimantan, its existence is equivalent to 65 billion barrels of oil or 10 million barrels per year of energy produced. Based on this background, several formulations of the problem in this study are how to make peat soils to be a quality alternative energy source that is easy to use, how the characteristics of peat soil as an alternative energy source. One way to optimize the potential of peat is to use it as a raw material in making briquettes that can be used as alternative fuels. The purpose of this study is a) utilizing the availability of natural resources by using peat soil as alternative energy and b) knowing the calorific value, specific gravity, moisture content and ash content in the study area. Peat soil used as raw material for alternative energy comes from the Gambut Village of Banjar Regency. The procedure for conducting research was carried out on the characteristics of peat soil in the study area as an energy source. From the results of this study indicate that for peat soil in the village of Gambut Kec. Peat can be used as an alternative fuel with briquette technology. With a value of 0.10% moisture content, ash content 72.65%, specific gravity of 2.11 Gs with a calorific value of 579.2 cal / g can be used as an alternative fuel. Key word: alternative energy, calorific value, peat soil.

scholarly journals Geology and Geochemical Assessment of Maastrichtian Coal Quality in Abocho area, Northern Anambra Basin, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
A. A. Zakari ◽  
B. S. Jatau
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Average Density ◽  
Physical Analysis ◽  
Geochemical Analysis ◽  
Geologic Mapping ◽  
Bulk Chemical Composition ◽  
Anambra Basin ◽  
Bulk Chemical

Detailed geologic mapping and geochemical analysis of coal samples around Abocho area, northern Anambra Basin, Nigeria was conducted in order to assess the quality of the coals in the area. Proximate and ultimate analyses were carried out on coal samples from the Mamu Formation to determine its chemical characteristics.  Physical analysis was also carried out on the coal samples to determine the specific gravity, density and hardness. Geochemical analysis was also carried out on the associated rocks in the study area (Abocho), particularly Shales and Clays to determine their major oxides composition. The area is composed of the Maastrichtian Mamu Formation overlain by the Ajali Sandstone of the same age both dipping between 16°E and 19°E. The geologic mapping of Abocho area revealed two mappable lithologic units: The Mamu Formation and the Ajali Sandstone. The Proximate analyses indicates that the coal contains an average 7.15%, 35.53%, 36.24% of moisture content, volatile matter and fixed carbon respectively. These burns to generate 4,339 kcal/kg calorific value with 20.80% ash yield. The result of the ultimate analysis shows 57.81% organic carbon, 4.15% hydrogen, 8.41% oxygen, 1.39% nitrogen and 0.3% Sulphur. The physical analysis revealed that, the coal has an average specific gravity of 1.5g/cm, average density of 1.4g/cm3 and average hardness of 1.2. These characteristics qualify the coal to be ranked as high volatile sub-bituminous to marginal lignite. The coal is thus, suitable for combustion, gasification, electric power generation and industrial uses. Geochemical results show that the Shale contains 60% Silica (SiO2) and 26%Alumina (Al2O3) constituting 86% of bulk chemical composition. The Clay contains 70% Silica (SiO2) and 25% Alumina (Al2O3), constituting 95% of bulk chemical composition. The occurrences of CaO, NaO and K2O which are the major component of feldspar in clay suggests the clay to be of granitic origin possibly from Oban massif, east of the Anambra Basin. It also suggests low feldspar content.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document