scholarly journals An Analysis of Mark Twain’s Ecological Narratives

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 56
Author(s):  
Liu Yan
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Sense Of Place ◽  
Mark Twain ◽  
Ecological Crisis ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
American Writer ◽  
Ecological Concepts ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Simple Life

American writer Mark Twain has witnessed changes of American environment of the 19th century, which changes his sense of place. Urbanization and industrialization separate human beings from nature, leading to various conflicts. City is always regarded as the symbol of order, reason, crime and degeneration, while nature means freedom and happiness. Twain advocates the return to nature to lead a simple life. He tries to reveal the ecological crisis in the 19th century and express his ecological concepts through redefining “place”, “space” and son on.

Travel Politics Mirroring Anatolia, Asia Minor, and the Greek Islands

2017 ◽  
pp. 235-287
Author(s):  
Onur Kaya
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Mark Twain ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
American Writer ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Way

19th century,within the perspective of English and American writers' approach to Turkey and Greek Islands is significant for them about reflecting west's perspective on east.By the means of The Innocents Abroad,which American writer Mark Twain wrote as a result of his trip to Turkey, and A Tour Through Asia Minor and The Greek Islands reflecting Charles Wilkonson's impression on Anatolia and the Greek Islands, the ideological,political portrayal of region from the English and American perspectives in the 19th century will be analyzed.The orientalist theory,space and identiy concepts,socio-economic,historical conditions will be detailed.The perspectives of these western authors on 19th century Turkey and Greek Islands, their positive, negative approaches for the region, Turkish and Greek people,and the meanings these approaches reveal in both works will be emphasized.The study will reveal the way 19th century Turkey, the Greek Islands and people of the region are portrayed by these authors and representation of these lands in the frame of this ideological and political portrayal.

scholarly journals A Study on the Construction of Americanism in Mark Twain’s Works

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Liu Yan
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
American History ◽  
British Literature ◽  
American West ◽  
Mark Twain ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Historical Process ◽  
American Writer ◽  
The 19Th Century

American Writer Mark Twain in his works vividly records social changes caused by the industrialization in the 19th century. His writing could be regarded as a kind of construction of Americanism. He insists on advocating of Puritanism, using the American dialect to tell American stories, displaying the culture in American West and South. He employs humor and irony to combine American history with reality, getting rid of influences of the British literature to illustrate Americanism and the historical process of America.

Aesthetics of the presence of women in Afghan cinema

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abbas Mohammadi
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Positive View ◽  
The World ◽  
Human World ◽  
Different Dimensions ◽  
Male Dominated ◽  
The 19Th Century

Cinema consists of two different dimensions of art and instrument. A tool that mixes with art and represents society in which anything can be depicted for others. But art has always sought to portray the beauties of this universe. The beauty that lies within philosophy. Since the advent of human beings, men have always sought to dominate and abuse women for their own benefit. In the 19th century, cinema entered the realm of existence and found its place in the human world. With the empowerment of cinema in the world, filmmakers tried to achieve their goals by using this tool.Many filmmakers use women as a propaganda tool to attract a male audience. In many films, when the hero of a movie succeeds in reaching a woman, or in doing so, she is succeeded by a woman. In this way, of course, women themselves are not faultless and have helped men abuse women. Afghanistan, a traditional and male-dominated country, has not been the exception, and in many Afghan films women have been instrumental zed and used in various ways to benefit men, and we have seen fewer films in which women be a movie hero or a woman in a movie like a man. This kind of treatment of women in Afghan films has caused other young Afghan girls to not have a positive view of Afghan cinema.

Imperialism and China, c. 1800-1949

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph W. Huenemann
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Cultural Issues ◽  
Military Action ◽  
Nation States ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

Not surprisingly, to this day, the history of imperialism in China is a contentious, bitter history. If imperialism is understood in the broadest terms, consisting of one large group of human beings (a “tribe” or “state” or “nation”) asserting domination over another group by force, then the history of imperialism reaches far back into time—certainly to Hammurabi of Babylon or even earlier. The motivations of imperialism have varied considerably from one empire to another: partly a matter of hyper-patriotic rivalry (chauvinism); partly an appetite for expanded territory, especially thinly populated territory (the Lebensraum argument); partly a sense of cultural superiority (the crusade to bring “civilization” to “barbarians” or “benighted heathen”); and partly a quest for perceived economic benefits, either from trade (as imports of scarce resources or as exports of excess products) or from investment (a vent for excess capital). Thoughtful critics have raised doubts about the validity of all of these motivations, but such voices have been relatively ineffective in curtailing the appetite for empire. In modern times, China’s experience with imperialism has entailed two chronologically parallel stories during the 19th and 20th centuries—stories that are different in their geographic location, in their motivations, and in their outcomes. The facet of imperialism that has received the most attention is that of aggression against China by capitalist nation-states (primarily along the coastline) and China’s nationalistic response. This story evolved in a low-key way before the 19th century, but then entered a more aggressive phase with military action by the British in the First Opium War (1839–1842). Both economic issues and cultural issues have received attention in this story, as discussed at length under Economic Theories of Imperialism and Cultural Analyses of Imperialism, respectively. The simultaneous story of Qing Imperialism in Eurasia entailed a multilateral rivalry, with China, Great Britain, Russia, and Japan jockeying for position. Again, the origins lay well before the 19th century, and again significant military action was important—in this case, led by Zuo Zongtang on behalf of the Qing dynasty. An important aspect of this second story is that the territory in dispute was inhabited by non-Han peoples. For the most part, Chinese writings do not treat this episode as an example of imperialism, much as American history books do not generally treat the incorporation of the swath of Mexican territory from Texas to California into the United States as an act of imperialism.

scholarly journals “NEXT TO GENIOUS”: G. FLAUBERT IN M.M. BAKHTIN’S THINKING

2021 ◽  
pp. 131-142
Author(s):  
Vitaliy Makhlin
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Critical Realism ◽  
World View ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Artistic Vision ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Methodological Difficulties

The article analyzes Bakhtin’s 1944 notes on Flaubert. Under discussion is, first, some general background of Bakhtin’s philosophical and scientific methodology as expressed in the notes, secondly, the notes themselves. Bakhtin’s views on Flaubert and the novel of the 19th century are re-presented in connection with the Russian thinker’s theories of the “grotesque realism” and “novelization”as opposed to the “ideological culture of the new times”. The article discusses some principal methodological difficulties of Bakhtinian approach to literary texts as expressed in his notes on Flaubert. In contrast to most philosophical approaches to literature, Bakhtin always treats any text, in his own expression, “in the liminal spheres” of different disciplines, that is, as both a philosopher and literary critic, a theorist and a historian of literature and culture. In these notes this specificity of the Bakhtinian methodology is expressed drastically, but in principal it is quite typical to his thinking “on the borders”. In the subsequent parts of the article Bakhtin’s approach to Flaubert’s “realism” is commented on, from the point of view of those elements of his artistic vision and his world view, which, according to Bakhtin, are not congruous with the concept of the so-called “critical realism”. These elements, Bakhtin implies, belong not so much to the classical novel of the 19th century, but, rather, to what he calls “grotesque realism” before the new times and in the 20th century. These elements are: mutual reversal of “short” and “long” (or “great” time in the images of the day, Flaubert’s artistic opposition to the “straightforwardness” of the idea of “progress” typical for the European Enlightenment and the modernity at large., the artist’s interest in the “elemental life” of human beings and animals. These and some other elements characteristic of Flaubert’s art and ideology, Bakhtin treats as if from within “creative consciousness” of the author.

scholarly journals ΟΙ ΠΡΟΤΕΣΤΑΝΤΙΚΕΣ ΙΔΕΕΣ, Ο MARK TWAIN ΚΑΙ ΤΟ ΠΡΟΤΥΠΟ TOΥ ΠΑΙΔΙΚΟΥ ΧΑΡΑΚΤΗΡΑ ΣΤΟ ΜΙΣΣΙΟΝΑΡΙΚΟ ΒΙΒΛΙΟ ΣΤΗΝ ΕΛΛΑΔΑ (19ΟΣ ΑΙ.)

Μνήμων ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 109
Author(s):  
ΠΟΛΛΗ ΘΑΝΑΗΛΑΚΗ
Keyword(s):  
Children's Literature ◽  
American Literature ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Mark Twain ◽  
Children’S Literature ◽  
Historical Evolution ◽  
American Author ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Impact

<p>Polly Thanailaki, The protestant ideas, Mark Twain and the model of the child's character in the missionary books in Greece in the 19th century</p><p>This essay explores the historical evolution which was observed in the shaping of the child's model of character in the American literature books of the 19th century within the frame of the protestant ideas and values. It also studies the impact of this development in the missionary books for children in Greece in the same century. We particularly focus on Mark Twain's revolutionary presence in the American children's literature by, firstly, placing emphasis on the change that the great American author made to the strict puritan model with the shaping of a more liberal and «innocent» children's character and, secondly, by analyzing the response which Twain's books met from the Greek 19th century readers. In this paper we argue that Twain's writing, known for realism, biting social satire and memorable children's characters, influenced the Greek children's literature in the end of the 19th century. The translations of his works started taking the lead in the end of this century in Greece. Moreover, this essay studies the re-shaping of the child's character in the missionary books published in Greece in the mid 19th century. The missionaries also followed the new trend for the children's character. The missionary stories appeared less didactic and strict.</p>

scholarly journals HUMAN BEINGS AS CONCEIVED BY JÓZEF ROSENBLATT

Probacja ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 51-69
Author(s):  
Sabina Prejsnar-Szatyńska
Keyword(s):  
Human Nature ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Positive Change ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Taking Care

An article’s objective is to analyze Józef Rosenblatt’s thought. He was a lawyer, professor of criminal law at the turn of the19th and 20th century. Inspired by anthropology, he tried to solved old criminal problems in a new way. His outlook shows how that criminal law developed until today, when we can eventually use solutions preventing crime from the end of the 19th century. Some of them have turned out to be inappriopriate (like whipping), but some of them have showed us a good direction (local communities and societies taking care of convicts) and they are an importat factor in resocialisation. Crime causes and prevention are related to Rosenblatt’s anthropology. According to him, a human being is determined by his/her drives. When one makes a decision, one has one’s reasons and motifs. One’s behviour depends upon power of these motifs. Human nature, understood in this way, can lead to positive change in people’s conduct.

scholarly journals Animals in Walden

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Qin Liu
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Henry David Thoreau ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Red Squirrels ◽  
Entire Life ◽  
American Writer ◽  
Man And Nature ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Simple Life

Henry David Thoreau is a great American writer of transcendentalism and the pioneer of modern environmentalism. Being an ardent lover of nature, he devoted his entire life to studying the relationship between man and nature, and bequeathed a legacy of works in this field. He believed that nature was the symbol of spirit, and had a far-reaching influence on man and his character, and human beings should live harmoniously with nature for the long sustainable development. In Walden which is his masterpiece He endows the animals with human characteristics. Thereupon, Thoreau often describes the similarities between animals and people he comes across. People can be just as greedy and shallow as the marmot of the prairie, or as naughty and clumsy as red squirrels, or as lazy and cunning as chickadees, or as loyal as gundogs in Thoreau’s writings. Thoreau spent two years living a simple life at Walden on his own. He recounted in details the living habits of these animals, from woodchucks, loons to mice and hawks.

scholarly journals Nora's Transcendental Consciousness from Marianne's Sensibility: A Reading of Ibsen's A Doll's House and Austen's Sense and Sensibility

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (9) ◽  
pp. 209-214
Author(s):  
Tanzin Sultana ◽  
Durdana Nower
Keyword(s):  
Marital Status ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
English Literature ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Self Reliance ◽  
English Society ◽  
Sense And Sensibility ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
A Doll's House

This paper attempts to bring out the nineteenth century's women’s quest for self-respect and self-actuality in the mirror of Nora’s developing consciousness following Marianne’s growing sensibility.  Jane Austen’s Sense and Sensibility, and Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House are two prominent genres of ninetieth century’s English literature where both writers show the contemporary women’s soul being entangled to social norms as well as their gradual try to be non-conformist against these norms by their thought and action. In the 19th century, English society creates impediments for unmarried women like Marianne and married women like Nora to think and to talk in their way.  It is the patriarchal society where women’s social dignity and security depend on their marital status and husbands. Since marriage is their identity, they show their loyalty and sincerity to their husbands or the men they love. In Austen’s novel, as an ordinary woman, Marianne takes Willoughby’s attention as a scared bonding and challenges the seniors’ matured advice. In Ibsen’s play, Nora does forgery and secretly takes a loan to save her sick husband’s life. She considers it a spouse’s duty and believes that her husband will understand her as he cares for her. When the time comes, both Marianne and Nora betray their loyalty from their partners to whom they are not human beings but puppets to be entertained. From this violation of trust, they realize that they need to be considered human beings first before being respected women in a family and society. It is their strength that despite being taken as soulless creatures, they dare to think about own self beyond the society and become self-reliant. Their growing self-reliance makes today’s women progressive in creating a space in society and family for themselves as human beings.

Ways to Deal with Contingency Violence and Dialogue

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 9-21
Author(s):  
Pablo Oyarzun R. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Heinrich Von Kleist ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Paul Celan ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
The One ◽  
The 19Th Century

In this paper contingency is estimated as an essentially identifying trait of the (modern) world emerging from the radical upheavals of the late 18th century and the beginnings of the 19th century. If contingency is the mark of the (modern) world as world, the question arises how human beings should, or merely could deal with it. For the purpose of discussing this issue, the usual alternative of violence and dialogue is considered. Nevertheless, the intention is not merely to oppose violent to rational conduct. Taking recourse to two authors who had a particularly acute sense of contingency, Heinrich von Kleist and Paul Celan, the aim of this paper, on the one hand, is to discuss a concept of violence that is not merely instrumental, nor attributable to merely subjective intentions, but that has the significance of the principle of overcoming contingency by way of absolutely forcing order or absolutely renouncing to it. On the other hand, it involves discussing a concept of dialogue that is essentially different to what may be called the institution of Western dialogue, characterized by the disembodiment of the word, and therefore to suggest the concept of a radically embodied dialogue as a way to positively deal with contingency.

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