scholarly journals Polskie liczebniki główne w świetle gramatyki kognitywnej

2021 ◽  
Vol LXXVII (77) ◽  
pp. 211-226
Author(s):  
HUBERT KOWALEWSKI
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Cognitive Grammar ◽  
Main Assumption ◽  
Cardinal Numbers ◽  
Relational Aspect

Artykuł analizuje semantykę polskich liczebników głównych z zakresu 5-10 i 100. Analiza wykorzystuje model gramatyki kognitywnej proponowany przez Ronalda Langackera. Główna teza artykułu głosi, że ewolucja tych liczebników polegała na przesunięciu aspektu relacyjnego (tj. przymiotnikowego) do profilu liczebnika, w wyniku czego liczebniki stopniowo traciły swój rzeczownikowy charakter. Proces ten nie zaszedł jednak w pełni, gdyż niektóre liczebniki zachowały pewne gramatyczne własności rzeczownika. Takie przesunięcie profilu rozpatrywać można z kategoriach metonimii pojęciowej, a było ono możliwe dzięki wysokiej żywotności relacyjnego aspektu znaczenia względem aspektu rzeczownikowego. Polish cardinal numbers in light of Cognitive Grammar Summary: The article discusses the semantics of Modern Polish adjectival numerals from the range 5-10 and 100. The theoretical background for the analysis is Ronald Langacker’s Cognitive Grammar. The main assumption in the article is that the evolution of numerals consisted in shifting the relational (adjectival) aspect to the profile of the numeral, which resulted in the numerals gradually losing their nominal character. The process, however, has not been completed, since the numerals under discussion retain some of their original nominal properties. This profile shift, best accounted for in terms of conceptual metonymy, was facilitated by the high vitality of the relational aspect of meaning in relation to the nominal aspect.

scholarly journals Czech farmers facing agricultural policy in the period of revitalization

2012 ◽  
Vol 48 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 233-244
Author(s):  
H. Hudečková ◽  
M. Lošťák
Keyword(s):  
Program Implementation ◽  
Agricultural Policy ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Main Assumption ◽  
Actual Behaviour ◽  
Specific Reactions ◽  
Systematic Knowledge

The paper addresses the behaviour of Czech farmers in the frames (structures) created by the agricultural policy in Czechia during the period of the Czech agriculture revitalization. The theoretical background of the paper is formed by the duality of actor and structures. The text considers the ideas embedded in the rules of agricultural policy in investigated period as they are confronted with actual behaviour of the Czech farmers. The main assumption is that the circumstances of agricultural policy should primarily increase the competitiveness of the Czech agriculture. Because this issue is a new one, the qualitative approach to deal with these problems was exploited. In-depth (less standardized) interviews with representatives of six farms were conducted. These farms are typical by various strategies of action. The results focus on information about the level of systematic knowledge of agricultural policy, about the specific reactions to particular areas of this policy (incl. farmers evaluation of particular measures related to Czech integration into EU) and about experiences related to the SAPARD program implementation.

scholarly journals The Cognitive Grammar of drunkenness: Consciousness representation in Under the Volcano

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-56
Author(s):  
Eric Rundquist
Keyword(s):  
Attentional Focus ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Cognitive Grammar ◽  
Style Analysis ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Delayed Reaction ◽  
State Of Mind ◽  
Under The Volcano ◽  
Free Indirect Style

Cognitive Grammar analyses the semantics of linguistic features in relation to human cognition; Free Indirect Style allows authors to represent their characters’ cognition with language. This article applies Cognitive Grammar to the analysis of a character’s mind that is represented with Free Indirect Style. In the tradition of mind style analysis, it aims to use linguistics to reveal some of the underlying cognitive processes and proclivities at work in the character’s psychology. The character in question is the protagonist in Malcolm Lowry’s Under the Volcano, an alcoholic who is largely characterised by his drunken behaviour and ideation. This article therefore focuses on the linguistic features that serve to represent his inebriated state of mind. It analyses the semantic effects of those features primarily in terms of attentional focus, drawing on Cognitive Grammar concepts, such as objective construal, specificity, scope, profile and domain, and relating these to the protagonist’s cognitive proclivities for solipsism, partial awareness, delayed reaction, attenuated experience and self-delusion. The article also discusses the theoretical background for mind style analysis, arguing for the continued importance of focusing on the relationship between the text and a character’s mind, alongside the focus on the reader’s mind that has come to dominate cognitive stylistics.

Virtual and Actual Existentials in English, Swedish and Icelandic

2000 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-190
Author(s):  
Piotr Twardzisz
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Dynamic Process ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Cognitive Grammar ◽  
Abstract Setting ◽  
Virtual Plane ◽  
Existential Construction ◽  
Direct Apprehension

The focus of my analysis is the so-called existential construction. The languages examined are English, Swedish and Icelandic. The present article assumes the perspective of Ronald W. Langacker's cognitive grammar as the theoretical background. First of all, the assumption is that the unstressed, initial pronoun there, or its Scandinavian equivalents, are semantically definable as abstract-setting subjects of their respective sentences, with, possibly, the exception of Icelandic það. Secondly, the conceptualization of the existential scenes in the three languages is a dynamic process in each case. The dynamicity of the semantics of existential scenes is the result of assuming two planes, the actual and a virtual one, and establishing correspondences between them. The actual plane reflects our direct apprehension of reality. A virtual plane consists in the dynamic re-assignment of roles to the actual elements introduced by means of the virtual abstract-setting subject.

Training Methods With Clinicians and Students—A Personal Story and Change: Narrative Therapy for Stuttering

2008 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Leahy
Keyword(s):  
Narrative Therapy ◽  
Evidence Based Practice ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Training Methods ◽  
Sense Of Control ◽  
Case Description ◽  
General Outline ◽  
Personal Story ◽  
Fluency Disorders

Abstract Educating students and informing clinicians regarding developments in therapy approaches and in evidence-based practice are important elements of the responsibility of specialist academic posts in universities. In this article, the development of narrative therapy and its theoretical background are outlined (preceded by a general outline of how the topic of fluency disorders is introduced to students at an Irish university). An example of implementing narrative therapy with a 12-year-old boy is presented. The brief case description demonstrates how narrative therapy facilitated this 12-year-old make sense of his dysfluency and his phonological disorder, leading to his improved understanding and management of the problems, fostering a sense of control that led ultimately to their resolution.

Attitude Datives in Social Context – The Analytic Tools

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Youssef A. Haddad
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Cognitive Grammar ◽  
Stage Model ◽  
Sociocultural Context ◽  
Present Material ◽  
Situational Context ◽  
Pragmatic Markers ◽  
Activity Types ◽  
Contextualization Cues

This chapter defines attitude datives as evaluative and relational pragmatic markers that allow the speaker to present material from a specific perspective and to invite the hearer to view the material from the same perspective. It identifies three types of context that are pertinent to the analysis of these datives. These are the sociocultural context (e.g., values, beliefs), the situational context (i.e., identities, activity types), and the co-textual context (e.g., contextualization cues). The chapter draws on Cognitive Grammar and Theory of Stance and puts forth a sociocognitive model called the stancetaking stage model. In this model, when a speaker uses an attitude dative construction, she directs her hearer’s attention to the main content of her message and instructs him to view this content through the attitude dative as a filter. In this sense, the attitude dative functions as a perspectivizer and the main content becomes a perspectivized thought.

A novel cryptosystem based on abstract automata and Latin cubes

2015 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-232
Author(s):  
Pál Dömösi ◽  
Géza Horváth
Keyword(s):  
Block Cipher ◽  
Finite Automata ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Transition Matrices ◽  
Encryption And Decryption ◽  
Secret Keys ◽  
Automata Network ◽  
Fully Functioning

In this paper we introduce a novel block cipher based on the composition of abstract finite automata and Latin cubes. For information encryption and decryption the apparatus uses the same secret keys, which consist of key-automata based on composition of abstract finite automata such that the transition matrices of the component automata form Latin cubes. The aim of the paper is to show the essence of our algorithms not only for specialists working in compositions of abstract automata but also for all researchers interested in cryptosystems. Therefore, automata theoretical background of our results is not emphasized. The introduced cryptosystem is important also from a theoretical point of view, because it is the first fully functioning block cipher based on automata network.

Possible examinations of stone machining focused on the relationship between technological parameters and surface quality

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zs. Kun ◽  
I. G. Gyurika
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Metal Cutting ◽  
Cutting Speed ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Motion Path ◽  
Depth Of Cut ◽  
Manufacturing Cost ◽  
Technological Parameters ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Manufacturing Time

Abstract The stone products with different sizes, geometries and materials — like machine tool's bench, measuring machine's board or sculptures, floor tiles — can be produced automatically while the manufacturing engineer uses objective function similar to metal cutting. This function can minimise the manufacturing time or the manufacturing cost, in other cases it can maximise of the tool's life. To use several functions, manufacturing engineers need an overall theoretical background knowledge, which can give useful information about the choosing of technological parameters (e.g. feed rate, depth of cut, or cutting speed), the choosing of applicable tools or especially the choosing of the optimum motion path. A similarly important customer's requirement is the appropriate surface roughness of the machined (cut, sawn or milled) stone product. This paper's first part is about a five-month-long literature review, which summarizes in short the studies (researches and results) considered the most important by the authors. These works are about the investigation of the surface roughness of stone products in stone machining. In the second part of this paper the authors try to determine research possibilities and trends, which can help to specify the relation between the surface roughness and technological parameters. Most of the suggestions of this paper are about stone milling, which is the least investigated machining method in the world.

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