Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Medicinal Plants and Herbs

Human beings have relied on herbs and medicinal plants as sources of food and remedy from time immemorial. Bioactive compounds from plants are currently the subject of much research interest, but their extraction as part of phytochemical and/or biological investigations present specific challenges. Herbalists or scientists have developed many protocols of extraction of bioactive ingredients to ensure the effectiveness and the efficacy of crude drugs that were used to get relief from sickness. With the advent of new leads from plants such as morphine, quinine, taxol, artemisinin, and alkaloids from Voacanga species, a lot of attention is paid to the mode of extraction of active phytochemicals to limit the cost linked to the synthesis and isolation. Thus, the extraction of active compounds from plants needs appropriate extraction methods and techniques that provide bioactive ingredients-rich extracts and fractions. The extraction procedures, therefore, play a critical role in the yield, the nature of phytochemical content, etc. This chapter aims to present, describe, and compare extraction procedures of bioactive compounds from herbs and medicinal plants.

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Mechanisms of Medicinal Plant Activity on Nitric Oxide (NO) Bioavailability as Prospective Treatments for Atherosclerosis

Current Pharmaceutical Design ◽

10.2174/1381612826666200318152049 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 26 (22) ◽

pp. 2591-2601 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Khojasteh Malekmohammad ◽

Robert D.E. Sewell ◽

Mahmoud Rafieian-Kopaei

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Protein Kinase ◽

Medicinal Plants ◽

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Protein Tyrosine Kinase ◽

Critical Role ◽

Nitrite Reduction ◽

No Production ◽

Vascular Effects ◽

No Bioavailability

Background and objective: Atherosclerosis is one of the leading causes of human morbidity globally and reduced bioavailability of vascular nitric oxide (NO) has a critical role in the progression and development of the atherosclerotic disease. Loss of NO bioavailability, for example via a deficiency of the substrate (L-arginine) or cofactors for endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), invariably leads to detrimental vascular effects such as impaired endothelial function and increased smooth muscle cell proliferation, deficiency of the substrate (Larginine) or cofactors for eNOS. Various medicinal plants and their bioactive compounds or secondary metabolites with fewer side effects are potentially implicated in preventing cardiovascular disease by increasing NO bioavailability, thereby ameliorating endothelial dysfunction. In this review, we describe the most notable medicinal plants and their bioactive compounds that may be appropriate for enhancing NO bioavailability, and treatment of atherosclerosis. Methods: The material in this article was obtained from noteworthy scientific databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus and Google Scholar. Results: Medicinal plants and their bioactive compounds influence NO production through diverse mechanisms including the activation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway, activating protein kinase C (PKC)-α, stimulating protein tyrosine kinase (PTK), reducing the conversion of nitrite to NO via nitrate-nitrite reduction pathways, induction of eNOS, activating the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/serine threonine protein kinase B (AKT) (PI3K/AKT/eNOS/NO) pathway and decreasing oxidative stress. Conclusion: Medicinal plants and/or their constituent bioactive compounds may be considered as safe therapeutic options for enhancing NO bioavailability and prospective preventative therapy for atherosclerosis.

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Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) as Green Extraction Media of Beneficial Bioactive Phytochemicals

Separations ◽

10.3390/separations8100176 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (10) ◽

pp. 176

Author(s):

Ali Sami Dheyab ◽

Mohd Fadzelly Abu Abu Bakar ◽

Mohamed Alomar ◽

Siti Fatimah Sabran ◽

Ahmad Fathi Muhamad Hanafi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Medicinal Plants ◽

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Low Cost ◽

Deep Eutectic Solvents ◽

Extraction Methods ◽

Extraction Yield ◽

Research Progress ◽

Safe Alternative ◽

Safety Issues ◽

Conventional Solvent Extraction

Deep eutectic solvents (DES) are a mixture of two or more components and are classified as ionic solvents with special properties such as low volatility, high solubility, low melting points, low-cost materials and are less toxic to humans. Using DES has been suggested as an eco-friendly, green method for extraction of bioactive compounds from medicinal plants and are a safe alternative for nutritional, pharmaceutical and various sector applications. Conventional solvent extraction methods present drawbacks such as long extraction period, safety issues, harmful to the environment, costly and large volume of solvents required. The extraction method with DES leads to higher extraction yield and better bioactivity results as compared to the conventional solvents. This review provides a summary of research progress regarding the advantages of using DES to extract bioactive compounds such as phenolic acid, flavonoids, isoflavones, catechins, polysaccharides, curcuminoids, proanthocyanidin, phycocyanin, gingerols, ginsenosides, anthocyanin, xanthone, volatile monoterpenes, tannins, lignin, pectin, rutin, tert-butyl hydroquinone, chlorogenic acids, resveratrol and others, as opposed to using conventional solvents. The bioactivity of the extracts is determined using antioxidant, antibacterial and antitumor activities. Hence, DESs are considered potential green media with selective and efficient properties for extracting bioactive ingredients from medicinal plants.

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ffect of Extraction Methods on Bioactive Compounds of Plant Origin

Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology ◽

10.24925/turjaf.v6i6.663-675.1527 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (6) ◽

pp. 663 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Erinç Koçak ◽

Fikret Pazır

Keyword(s):

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Economic Value ◽

Extraction Methods ◽

Critical Parameters ◽

The Novel ◽

Active Components ◽

Plant Materials ◽

Diverse Range ◽

Increasing Demand ◽

The Cost

The use of bioactive compounds has been maintaining its significance from nutritional aspects. Due to the increasing demand for them in potential markets, researchers struggle to create new sources and improve their methods. Plant materials possess plenty and a diverse range of these compounds. However, their availability strongly depends on the extraction techniques in addition to the sampling methods and the applicability of the method to the specific parts of the plant. Thus, it is crucial to develop a common, precise way which will enable to extract all the active components regardless of their origin and their location in the plant material. Besides, the new method ought to have the highest economic value in comparison to the present applications which means that the efficiency of the extraction should be acceptable on industrial scale as well. Even though numerous methods have been improved so far, it seems to be unlikely to achieve a standardized solution with high valorization for the extraction of bioactive compounds from plants until now. This review aims to discuss the novel extraction methods in addition to the conventional techniques focusing on the critical parameters such as the cost, time, yield, feasibility and eco-friendliness of the process.

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Natural Bioactive Compounds Targeting Epigenetic Pathways in Cancer: A Review on Alkaloids, Terpenoids, Quinones, and Isothiocyanates

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13113714 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (11) ◽

pp. 3714

Author(s):

Nasreddine El Omari ◽

Saad Bakrim ◽

Mohamed Bakha ◽

José M. Lorenzo ◽

Maksim Rebezov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Medicinal Plants ◽

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Major Elements ◽

Mechanisms Of Action ◽

Systemic Diseases ◽

Anticancer Effects ◽

Tumor Transformation ◽

The Subject

Cancer is one of the most complex and systemic diseases affecting the health of mankind, causing major deaths with a significant increase. This pathology is caused by several risk factors, of which genetic disturbances constitute the major elements, which not only initiate tumor transformation but also epigenetic disturbances which are linked to it and which can induce transcriptional instability. Indeed, the involvement of epigenetic disturbances in cancer has been the subject of correlations today, in addition to the use of drugs that operate specifically on different epigenetic pathways. Natural molecules, especially those isolated from medicinal plants, have shown anticancer effects linked to mechanisms of action. The objective of this review is to explore the anticancer effects of alkaloids, terpenoids, quinones, and isothiocyanates.

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The Combination of Untargeted Metabolomics and Machine Learning Predicts the Biosynthesis of Phenolic Compounds in Bryophyllum Medicinal Plants (Genus Kalanchoe)

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10112430 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 2430

Author(s):

Pascual García-Pérez ◽

Leilei Zhang ◽

Begoña Miras-Moreno ◽

Eva Lozano-Milo ◽

Mariana Landin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Machine Learning ◽

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Medicinal Plants ◽

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Culture Media ◽

Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽

Critical Role ◽

Untargeted Metabolomics ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Promising Source

Phenolic compounds constitute an important family of natural bioactive compounds responsible for the medicinal properties attributed to Bryophyllum plants (genus Kalanchoe, Crassulaceae), but their production by these medicinal plants has not been characterized to date. In this work, a combinatorial approach including plant tissue culture, untargeted metabolomics, and machine learning is proposed to unravel the critical factors behind the biosynthesis of phenolic compounds in these species. The untargeted metabolomics revealed 485 annotated compounds that were produced by three Bryophyllum species cultured in vitro in a genotype and organ-dependent manner. Neurofuzzy logic (NFL) predictive models assessed the significant influence of genotypes and organs and identified the key nutrients from culture media formulations involved in phenolic compound biosynthesis. Sulfate played a critical role in tyrosol and lignan biosynthesis, copper in phenolic acid biosynthesis, calcium in stilbene biosynthesis, and magnesium in flavanol biosynthesis. Flavonol and anthocyanin biosynthesis was not significantly affected by mineral components. As a result, a predictive biosynthetic model for all the Bryophyllum genotypes was proposed. The combination of untargeted metabolomics with machine learning provided a robust approach to achieve the phytochemical characterization of the previously unexplored species belonging to the Bryophyllum subgenus, facilitating their biotechnological exploitation as a promising source of bioactive compounds.

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POTENTIAL PHYTOCONSTITUENTS FROM NATURAL PRODUCTS FOR COMBATING AGAINST CORONAVIRUS DISEASE-19 (SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME CORONAVIRUS‐2) - A REVIEW

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.22159/ajpcr.2021.v14i10.42399 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 8-18

Author(s):

CHANDRASEKAR R ◽

SIVAGAMI B ◽

SATHEESH KUMAR G

Keyword(s):

Clinical Trials ◽

Side Effects ◽

Medicinal Plants ◽

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Viral Infection ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Critical Role ◽

Antiviral Drug ◽

World Health ◽

Human Beings

Coronavirus called as coronavirus diseases (COVID)-19 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus [SARS‐CoV]‐2) is a viral infection which is spreading to a great extent and affecting many people worldwide, many developed and developing countries are severely affected by the virus. The World Health Organization (WHO) is taking serious preventive measures to stop this viral infection worldwide. The coronavirus is a big threat to human beings and controlling the emerging viral infections is a global concern. Antiviral drug such as Remdesivir has been approved by the FDA, but combating against these viral infections is a great challenge to scientists and researchers with the available few antiviral drugs due to severe side effects and toxicity. Many drugs such as hydroxy chloroquin, Remdesivir, and vaccines have been recommended for combating this virus. Few Polyherbal formulations and Ayurvedic formulations containing antiviral phytoconstituents have been recommended to boost the immunity. Some drugs and phytoconstituents are under different phases of human clinical trials. The currently available synthetic drugs and vaccines for the treatment of viral infections have severe side effects. Medicinal plants play a critical role in treating viral infections by developing immunity against viral diseases. Some medicinal plants which were used as antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activity helped in treating various diseases and viral infections. Many plants contain flavonoids such as quercetin, luteolin, apigenin, and polyphenols such as thymoquinone, phytosteroids such as cucurbitacin and others which may likely to act as antioxidants and immunomodulatory that can fight against COVID-19. The current review provides information on phytochemical constituents present in medicinal plants, their mechanism of action, in silico molecular docking studies and human clinical trials to treat viral disorders.

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Jalan Kesempurnaan Menurut Jamaah Insan Al-Kamil di Cijati Desa Cikareo Selatan Sumedang

Khazanah Theologia ◽

10.15575/kt.v2i1.7936 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 23-37

Author(s):

Syarifudin Syarifudin

Keyword(s):

Qualitative Method ◽

Human Beings ◽

The Core ◽

The World ◽

The Subject ◽

Religious Sect ◽

Descriptive Qualitative

Each religious sect has its own characteristics, whether fundamental, radical, or religious. One of them is Insan Al-Kamil Congregation, which is in Cijati, South Cikareo Village, Wado District, Sumedang Regency. This congregation is Sufism with the concept of self-purification as the subject of its teachings. So, the purpose of this study is to reveal how the origin of Insan Al-Kamil Congregation, the concept of its purification, and the procedures of achieving its purification. This research uses a descriptive qualitative method with a normative theological approach as the blade of analysis. In addition, the data generated is the result of observation, interviews, and document studies. From the collected data, Jamaah Insan Al-Kamil adheres to the core teachings of Islam and is the tenth regeneration of Islam Teachings, which refers to the Prophet Muhammad SAW. According to this congregation, self-perfection becomes an obligation that must be achieved by human beings in order to remember Allah when life is done. The process of self-purification is done when human beings still live in the world by knowing His God. Therefore, the peak of self-purification is called Insan Kamil.

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Developing the adaptive process-based budgeting through TD-ABC and TD-ABB as part of strategic management accounting

International Accounting ◽

10.24891/ia.23.10.1182 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 23 (10) ◽

pp. 1182-1194

Author(s):

A.A. Akhmetzyanov ◽

A.Yu. Sokolov

Keyword(s):

Strategic Management ◽

Cost Allocation ◽

Management Accounting ◽

Practical Significance ◽

Common Time ◽

Strategic Management Accounting ◽

Scientific Papers ◽

The Subject ◽

The Common ◽

The Cost

Subject. The article focuses on the advanced time-driven tools for allocating overhead expenses, which are based on process-based budgeting. Objectives. We articulate a technique for cost allocation so as to assess the cost of each process with reference to the common time driver. Methods. The study relies upon methods of systematization, classification, analogy and comparison, and summarizes the scientific literature on the subject. Results. The article presents our own suggestions on implementing TD-ABC and TD-ABB into the strategic management accounting process of developer companies. The principles were proved to help more effectively allocate overhead expenses and assess the capacity load of each process performed by functions, departments and employees. Carrying out a comparative analysis, we found certain reserves for utilizing resources more effectively. Conclusions and Relevance. The findings are of scientific and practical significance and can be used by developer and construction businesses. The conclusions can prove helpful for scientific papers, student books, and further research.

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Renovating the View of Cost Sharing for the Underground Low Voltage Cable Projects in Hanoi

VNU Journal of Science Economics and Business ◽

10.25073/2588-1108/vnueab.4295 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 35 (5E) ◽

Author(s):

Pham Thi Thu Ha ◽

Phan Dieu Huong

Keyword(s):

Willingness To Pay ◽

Cost Sharing ◽

Low Voltage ◽

Power Grid ◽

Field Studies ◽

Power Industry ◽

Well Field ◽

The Subject ◽

Sharing Responsibility ◽

The Cost

Underground power grid projects in Hanoi is so urgent that it requires immediate implementation. To synchronously and quickly implement the underground power grid projects, people in charge should not follow the outdated perspectives of just including the power industry, but also need to call for the support and cost sharing responsibility from consumers. This paper aims at approaching the subject both from the producers and consumers’ perspectives to together sharing the cost of putting the power grid underground not only in Hanoi but other metropolitans in Vietnam as well. Field studies (including 104 families) at Hoan Kiem District, Hanoi and CBA method were applied to investigate the willingness to pay (WTP) level of consumers to share the cost with the power industry for the underground power grid projects in Hanoi. The overview of the results shows that cost for the underground power grid in Hoan Kiem District ranging from 30,000 VND/household/month to 46,000VND/household/month. On the other hand, the willingness to pay of a typical household of four people within Hoan Kiem District ranges from 17,000VND/month to 24,000VND/month, with the most favorable method of annual payment within a detailed timeline.

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Statistical Evaluation for claims and disputes in construction contracts

Wasit Journal of Engineering Sciences ◽

10.31185/ejuow.vol5.iss2.61 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 80-96

Author(s):

Raid Saleem Abd Ali ◽

Nooran kanaan Yassin

Keyword(s):

Construction Projects ◽

Statistical Evaluation ◽

Relative Importance ◽

Minimum Level ◽

Construction Contracts ◽

Long Period ◽

Price Schedule ◽

Questionnaire Form ◽

The Subject ◽

The Cost

This research aims to diagnose and identify the causes of claims and disputes between the contractor and the employer, also review the methods used to resolve disputes in construction contracts. In order to achieve the goal of the research, scientific methodology is followed to collect information and data on the subject of claims and disputes in construction projects in Iraq through personal interviews and questionnaire form. The most important results in this research are: the price schedule contract as a kind of competitive contracts is the most important and guarantee for the completion of minimum level of claims and disputes with relative importance of (84.1), compared with the (cost plus a percentage of the cost contract) as a kind of negotiating contracts is the most relative importance of (79.6), and the turnkey contract as a kind of special contracts is the most relative importance of (74.2). The contractor and his agents are one of the most influence sources in occurring claims and disputes in construction contracts with relative importance of (77.4) followed by the contract documents with relative importance of (74.2) and then the employer with relative importance of (73.2). In addition to the long period of litigation and the multiplicity of veto grades are most negative when contractual disputes have resolved by it, and with relative importance of (86), followed by the large number of issues and lack of efficiency and specialty of Judges with relative importance (78.4). Finally, the direct negotiation method (relative importance of 77) is one of the most friendly settlement ways favored by conflicted parties, while the resolution of disputes and claims board (relative importance of 10) occupied the last rank in the friendly settlement ways.

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