scholarly journals NOBLE SUGARCANES AND MODERN CULTIVARS IN TAHITI RELATIVE TO ORGANIC RUM PRODUCTION: DESCRIPTION AND KEY CHARACTERISTICS

AGROFOR ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marotea VITRAC ◽  
Taivini TEAI ◽  
François-Régis GOEBEL ◽  
Ines SHILITOUZI
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Industry ◽  
French Polynesia ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Industrial Processing ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Organic Cultivation ◽  
Key Characteristics ◽  
Juice Extraction ◽  
New Varieties

Since the beginning of the twentieth century, various actions regarding sugarcane improvement were implemented. Researchers and breeders created new varieties for the sugar industry, more resistant to pests and diseases and more productive than noble sugarcanes. Today, modern cultivars are used for both sugar industry and distillery and noble sugarcanes are no more cultivated for this purpose. However, they could be cultivated in some particular contexts such as the organic cultivation, where the production costs are similar for both cane varieties. In Tahiti, a company decided in 2015 to produce organic rum from both noble sugarcanes and modern cultivars. A 2 835 m² experimentation was installed on a machineable land, representative to agriculture requirements. Six noble sugarcanes plus three modern cultivars all found locally (315 m² / variety) were tested. The agronomic yields reached were around 70 tons/ha for the best noble sugarcanes and around 100 tons/ha for the modern cultivars while at small-scale industrial processing, the noble sugarcanes present a greater juice extraction about 10 to 25% more than the modern varieties. In this situation, the organic cultivation of noble sugarcanes could be a valuable improvement regarding the whole agriculture and sugarcane industry in French Polynesia. In the future, we will also study the aromatic contents within the noble sugarcane plants and determine if it can improve the quality of the rum.

Genetic, Physiological, Agronomic and Biotechnological Contributions Towards Sugar Beet Productivity

1992 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-68
Author(s):  
Tudor H. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Sugar Industry ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Durable Resistance ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
The Face ◽  
New Varieties ◽  
Agriculture And Food

There is little doubt that there are challenging times ahead for the beet sugar industry and for the research and development that underpins it. At present, production is efficient, the market is guaranteed and there is a continued upward trend in productivity. However, the pressure on the industry, in common with agriculture and food organizations in general, is to develop systems that require less inputs and give higher returns. The pressure on sugar-beet research is to provide improved cropping systems and new varieties inherently capable of producing higher yields, improved quality and durable resistance to pests and diseases. The industry must be flexible in order to remain competitive, particularly in the face of reduced protectionism from the sweeteners market. This paper identifies the research and development which has contributed towards its success, and addresses the question of future research objectives and how these can be approached.

scholarly journals ORGANIC SUGARCANE CULTIVATION IN TAHITI

AGROFOR ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marotea VITRAC ◽  
Taivini TEAI ◽  
François-Régis GOEBEL ◽  
Ines SHILITOUZI
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Economic Potential ◽  
Maturation Period ◽  
Organic Cultivation ◽  
Sugarcane Farming ◽  
Organic Standards

Organic sugarcane has a strong economic potential in Tahiti. However, there is nomodel for small-scale organic cultivation, and the rules enforced by the applicablestandards don’t always respect the agroecological principles. To determine whethera small organic sugarcane farming system is profitable or not, especially in termsof productivity, control of bioagressors (weeds, rats and pests) and human resourcecosts, a 1ha field of sugarcane was planted in 2015, with nine different varieties, ina machineable context under European organic standards. After two years, thecultivars used showed yields from 40 up to 100 tons/ha of cane. Regarding thecontrol of bioagressors results were the following: 1) manual removing of weedsrequired 4 to 6 months after planting or after the first ratoon; 2) study of rat attacksduring the maturation period showed that in a dirty field, for early varieties (18°Brix at ten months of cultivation), the cane stalks can be entirely damaged, andthese attacks can even occur on canes with sugar content lower than 10%. Finally,the hand labor hoeing represented around 75% of the production costs. This resultdemonstrates that such organic cultivation is possible even when facing pest andweed problems. In further investigations, to improve hand labor efficiency, we willfirst focus on weed control using small mechanized treatments; secondly, we willaim at reducing rat infestations by the use of some unique early maturated varietiesto attract and treat them locally.

scholarly journals Foreign investment in emerging legal medicinal cannabis markets: the Jamaica case study

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Rychert ◽  
Machel Anthony Emanuel ◽  
Chris Wilkins
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Foreign Investment ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Production Quality ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Organic Cultivation ◽  
Enhanced Production ◽  
Political Interference ◽  
Medicinal Cannabis ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Introduction The establishment of a legal market for medicinal cannabis under the Dangerous Drugs Amendment Act 2015 has positioned Jamaica at the forefront of cannabis law reform in the developing world. Many local cannabis businesses have attracted investment from overseas, including from Canada, US and Europe. Aim To explore the opportunities and risks of foreign investment in an emerging domestic legal cannabis market in a developing country. Methods Thematic analysis of semi-structured face-to-face interviews with 22 key informants (KIs) from the Jamaican government, local cannabis industry, academia and civil society, and field observations of legal and illegal cannabis cultivators. Results KIs from the Jamaican public agencies and domestic cannabis entrepreneurs saw foreign investment as an essential source of capital to finance the start-up costs of legal cannabis businesses. Local cannabis entrepreneurs prioritised investors with the greatest financial resources, brand reputation and export networks. They also considered how allied an investor was with their business vision (e.g., organic cultivation, medical vs. recreational). The key benefits of partnering with a foreign investor included transfer of technical knowledge and financial capital, which enhanced production, quality assurance and seed-to-sale tracking. Some KIs expressed concern over investors’ focus on increasing production efficiency and scale at the expense of funding research and development (R&D) and clinical trials. KIs from the local industry, government agencies and civil society highlighted the risks of ‘predatory’ shareholder agreements and domestic political interference. Concerns were raised about the impact of foreign investment on the diversity of the domestic cannabis sector in Jamaica, including the commitment to transition traditional illegal small-scale cannabis cultivators to the legal sector. Conclusion While foreign investment has facilitated the commercialisation of the cannabis sector in Jamaica, regulatory measures are also needed to protect the domestic industry and support the transition of small-scale illegal cultivators to the legal regime. Foreign investments may alter the economic, social and political determinants of health in transitioning from illegal to legal cannabis market economy.

scholarly journals Profitability of Small Scale Vegetable Production in Southern District, Botswana

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Sekgopa T. Kealeboga ◽  
Lagat K. Job ◽  
Tselaesele M. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Rural Households ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Eradication Programme ◽  
Gross Margin ◽  
Production Program ◽  
Extreme Poverty ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Multi Stage

Government determination to eradicate extreme poverty and food insecurity among Batswana through small scale vegetable production program appears not to transform their economic stance. Rural households that are part of Poverty Eradication Programme were investigated to determine if backyard gardens were profitable enough to improve incomes, reduce extreme poverty, and increase food security. The study aimed at analysing profitability and identifying factors that affect profitability of backyard gardening. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to collect data from 100 rural households who are part of the backyard garden scheme. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics, gross margin analysis and regression analysis. Results indicated that backyard gardening was a viable activity though profitability was affected by amount of fertilizer applied, market availability and area planted. Beneficiaries indicated that the production and marketing constraints they faced included pests and diseases, lack of water, lack of market and poor prices. Program leaders must recognize the production and marketing constraints themselves as well as plan for the possibility that continual financial support for investment in the initial years of operation.

The Development of Sweden's R&D-Intensive Electronics Industries: Exports, Outsourcing, and Territorial Distribution

1996 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 783-817 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Suarez-Villa ◽  
C Karlsson
Keyword(s):  
Export Performance ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Export Market ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Performance Variables ◽  
Continuous Innovation ◽  
Spatial Differences ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Employment Characteristics

Sweden's research-intensive electronics industries have thrived by developing export-market niches that rely greatly on continuous innovation and substantial expenditures in R&D. Over the past two decades, three R&D-intensive sectors (telecommunications equipment, electronic instruments, and computing-equipment manufacturing) have experienced a progressive territorial distribution, that has made them less reliant on the metropolitan concentration of the capital for their outsourcing and research arrangements. In this article we explore the relationship between R&D intensity, territorial distribution, subcontracting, and establishment performance in the R&D-intensive electronics industries. The export performance of these industries is considered first, along with its relationship with employment characteristics and territorial location. An analysis of the territorial distribution, and its relationship with establishment downsizing and subcontracting, provides insights on the significance of lower costs and higher R&D intensity for small-scale operations. Statistical analyses of R&D intensity and performance variables that include labour skills, plant size, production costs, fixed capital assets, and profitability, with establishment-level survey data, provide important insights on the effects of subcontracting and any spatial differences resulting thereof.

scholarly journals Organic Vegetable Cultivation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Usha Nandhini Devi Harinarayanan ◽  
Pugalendhi Lakshmanan
Keyword(s):  
Green Manure ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
International Markets ◽  
Chemical Fertilizers ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Organic Cultivation ◽  
Premium Price ◽  
Green Manure Crops

Present day agricultural practices are posing a serious threat to the human population due to unscrupulous use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Conventional agricultural practices wherein large quantities and unscrupulous use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides are no longer safer as it directly enter the food chain. Hence, organic cultivation of vegetables is gaining momentum among the growing population. Organic practices rely on crop rotations, crop residues, plant and animal manures, growing of legume and green manure crops and biological control of pests and diseases. It aims to combine tradition, innovation and science in a balanced proportion to utilize the environment in safer manner and maintain ecological balance. Organic cultivation assures protection of the environment and plays a major role on the economy of a nation. Sustainable production of organic vegetables needs to be ensured to fetch premium price in the domestic as well as international markets. Organic farming has shown expansion in the recent years in the European countries offering scope for a better price in the international market.

scholarly journals Penampilan Beberapa Klon Bawang Merah dan Hubungannya dengan Intensitas Serangan Organisme Pengganggu Tumbuhan

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 349
Author(s):  
Sartono Putrasamedja ◽  
Wiwin Setiawati ◽  
L Lukman ◽  
Ahsol Hasyim
Keyword(s):  
Spodoptera Exigua ◽  
Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Action Threshold ◽  
Alternaria Porri ◽  
New Varieties

<p>Perkembangan varietas-varietas bawang merah di suatu daerah ditentukan oleh keserasian dengan lingkungan, potensi hasil, toleransi terhadap serangan organisme pengganggu tumbuhan (OPT), serta umur dan mutu hasil. Penelitian bertujuan untuk menguji penampilan beberapa klon bawang merah dan hubungannya dengan intensitas serangan OPT penting. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Brebes dan Tegal (Jawa Tengah) dari Bulan Juni sampai dengan September 2011. Perlakuan yang diuji ialah 10 klon bawang merah hasil silangan tahun 2004 dan 2005, serta dua varietas bawang merah sebagai pembanding (Bauji dan Bima Brebes). Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan ialah acak kelompok dan diulang tiga kali. Parameter yang diamati ialah pertumbuhan tanaman (tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun, dan jumlah anakan), hasil panen, dan serangan OPT penting. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa klon no. 2005/1 dapat beradaptasi dengan baik di Brebes dan Tegal, mampu menghasilkan produksi tertinggi masing-masing sebesar 9,95 dan 17,50 t/ha, mempunyai diameter umbi terbesar (1,87 dan 2,41 cm), bentuk umbi bulat, dan berwarna merah tua, sedangkan klon no. 2004/11 mempunyai pertumbuhan dan  produktivitas yang tinggi, relatif toleran terhadap serangan Spodoptera exigua, Alternaria porri, dan Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, diameter umbi (1,67 dan 1,96 cm), bentuk umbi bulat,  dan berwarna merah tua, sedangkan klon no. 2004/10 dan no. 2005/19 sangat rentan terhadap serangan hama S. exigua, penyakit A. porri, dan C. gloeosporioides. Klon-klon yang mempunyai tingkat serangan rendah/toleran terhadap OPT merupakan klon harapan bawang merah toleran/tahan OPT. Namun demikian, penggunaan pestisida sesuai dengan konsep pengendalian hama terpadu (PHT) masih tetap diperlukan terutama apabila serangan OPT tersebut mencapai ambang pengendalian yang ditetapkan.</p><p> </p><p>The development of shallots varieties in one location depends on the genetic adaptability, yield potential,  tolerance to pest and diseases, harvest date, yield and quality. The aim of study was to evaluate 10 clones and two local clones as check, Bima Brebes and Bauji were conducted in Brebes and Tegal (Central Java) from June to September 2011. The trial were laid out in a completely randomized block design and each treatment was replicated three times. The parameters used for evaluating these clones were plant height, no. of sprout,  no. of leaves, yield and pests and diseases incidence. The results showed that considering overall performance, clone no. 2005/1 gave the highest yield (9.95 and 17.50 t/ha), and diameter of bulb (1.87 and 2.41 cm) in Brebes and Tegal respectively, clone no. 2004/11 produced growth and good yield  and showed tolerance to Spodoptera exigua, Alternaria porri, and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, bulb diameter (1.67 and 1.96 cm) with dark red color,  while clone no. 2004/10 and no. 2005/19 were identified as the most susceptible clones to S. exigua, A. porri, and C. gloeosporioides. This suggests that some of shallots clones could be good candidates for the new varieties of shallots. However, the use of pesticides in IPM concept were still needed especially if the incidence of pests and diseases reach the action threshold.</p>

scholarly journals Complex Approach to Conceptual Design of Machine Mechanically Extracting Oil fromJatropha curcasL. Seeds for Biomass-Based Fuel Production

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Mašín ◽  
Michal Petrů
Keyword(s):  
Jatropha Curcas ◽  
Systematic Approach ◽  
Labour Productivity ◽  
Oil Extraction ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Efficient Manner ◽  
Technical Problems ◽  
Complex Approach ◽  
Small Scale Farmers

One of important sources of biomass-based fuel isJatropha curcasL. Great attention is paid to the biofuel produced from the oil extracted from theJatropha curcasL. seeds. A mechanised extraction is the most efficient and feasible method for oil extraction for small-scale farmers but there is a need to extract oil in more efficient manner which would increase the labour productivity, decrease production costs, and increase benefits of small-scale farmers. On the other hand innovators should be aware that further machines development is possible only when applying the systematic approach and design methodology in all stages of engineering design. Systematic approach in this case means that designers and development engineers rigorously apply scientific knowledge, integrate different constraints and user priorities, carefully plan product and activities, and systematically solve technical problems. This paper therefore deals with the complex approach to design specification determining that can bring new innovative concepts to design of mechanical machines for oil extraction. The presented case study as the main part of the paper is focused on new concept of screw of machine mechanically extracting oil fromJatropha curcasL. seeds.

scholarly journals Opportunities and Scope for Botanical Extracts and Products for the Management of Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) for Smallholders in Africa

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 207
Author(s):  
Naomi B. Rioba ◽  
Philip C. Stevenson
Keyword(s):  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
South American ◽  
Specific Knowledge ◽  
African Context ◽  
Small Scale Farmers ◽  
Short Time

Fall Armyworm (FAW) (Spodoptera frugiperda) is a polyphagous and highly destructive pest of many crops. It was recently introduced into Africa and now represents a serious threat to food security, particularly because of yield losses in maize, which is the staple food for the majority of small-scale farmers in Africa. The pest has also led to increased production costs, and threatens trade because of quarantines imposed on produce from the affected countries. There is limited specific knowledge on its management among smallholders since it is such a new pest in Africa. Some synthetic insecticides have been shown to be effective in controlling FAW, but in addition to the economic, health and environmental challenges of pesticide use insecticide resistance is highly prevalent owing to years of FAW management in the Americas. Therefore, there is a need for the development and use of alternatives for the management of FAW. These include plant-derived pesticides. Here we review the efficacy and potential of 69 plant species, which have been evaluated against FAW, and identify opportunities for use among small-scale maize farmers with a focus on how pesticidal plants might be adopted in Africa for management of FAW. The biological activities were diverse and included insecticidal, insectistatic (causing increased larval duration), larvicidal, reduced growth and acute toxicity (resulting in adverse effects within a short time after exposure). While most of these studies have been conducted on American plant taxa many South American plants are now cosmopolitan weeds so these studies are relevant to the African context.

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