Effect of Different Steeping and Malting Regimen on the Amylolytic Activities of Some Improved Nigerian Sorghum Grain Varieties

Three Nigerian improved sorghum varieties were evaluated to ascertain how different steeping and malting regimen affect their amylolytic enzyme development. Steeping incorporated air rest and continuous steep regime for 72 h. Samples were withdrawn every 12 h. Germination was then carried out for four days before kilning at 50°C for 24 h. Grain and malt parameters were examined. Results obtained showed variations in the response of sorghum root length to steep regimen and time. CSR-02 gave maximum root length (3.32 cm) after 72 h of air rested steeping. CSR-02, Samsorg 44 and Samsorg 14 had germinative energies of 92.00 ± 4.24, 94.00 ± 1.41 and 96.00 ± 1.41%; germinative capacities of 91.00 ± 1.41, 75.50 ± 2.12 and 88.00 ± 2.83; water sensitivities of 6.50 ± 2.12, 13.50 ± 1.44 and 1.00 ± 0.41 respectively. TKW results were 29.73 ± 0.32, 33.85 ± 1.54 and 33.51 ± 0.41 kg for CSR-02, Samsorg 44 and Samsorg 14 respectively. Variations in the response of the sorghum varieties to various conditions of steep regime and steep period were also observed. Steeping for 48 h seems to be the optimum time for the development of amylolytic activity in all the sorghum varieties at both steeping regimens. Samsorg 14 gave the highest total amylase activity (355.44 µg glucose equivalents), followed by Samsorg 44 (278.08 µg glucose equivalents). Samsorg 14 also showed the highest α-amylase development (276.93 µg glucose equivalents). Air rest was found to be show greater effect on β-amylase development in all the sorghum varieties.

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Effects of Prodiamine on Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinacea) Rooting

Weed Technology ◽

10.1017/s0890037x00024131 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 736-740

Author(s):

Sangwook Han ◽

Thomas W. Fermanian ◽

Thomas B. Voigt

Keyword(s):

Tall Fescue ◽

Root Length ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Kentucky Bluegrass ◽

Individual Response ◽

Root Dry Weight ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Maximum Root Length ◽

Maximum Root ◽

The Mean

With the increased development of new tall fescue cultivars used in turf, it is important to understand their individual response to herbicide treatment. The effect of prodiamine on tall fescue root dry weight and root length of selected tall fescue cultivars was studied in the greenhouse in 1.3-m-deep pots of calcined clay. Prodiamine at 0.8 kg ai/ha did not significantly affect either root dry weight or root length. However, the mean root dry weight and maximum root length averaged over all cultivars were significantly reduced at 4 wk after treatment with 1.7 kg/ha. When the prodiamine treatments were repeated in a second experiment, both rates caused a significant reduction in the mean root dry weight and maximum root length but there was no significant difference between prodiamine rates. Single degree of freedom contrasts between the untreated and treated turfs for each cultivar had some differential response in root dry weight. The reduction in root dry weight in the prodiamine treatments was more pronounced in the second study because the turf was less mature. ‘Olympic’ and ‘Rebel’ tall fescue had significantly reduced root dry weight at the 1.7 kg/ha rate in first study; whereas, ‘Amigo,’ Olympic, ‘Sundance,’ and ‘Taurus' tall fescue had significant reduction in root dry weight at both 0.8 and 1.7 kg/ha prodiamine rates. ‘Midnight’ Kentucky bluegrass had significantly reduced root length at both prodiamine rates in the second experiment but in general there was little difference among tall fescue cultivars treated with prodiamine.

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Effect of indigenous beneficial rhizobacterial isolates on growth of Litchi seedlings

FLORA AND FAUNA ◽

10.33451/florafauna.v26i2pp213-217 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 26 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Nandini Kumari ◽

Pushpanjali Khare

Keyword(s):

Root Length ◽

Germination Rate ◽

Shoot Length ◽

Equal Proportion ◽

Shoot Height ◽

Early Germination ◽

Maximum Root Length ◽

Number Of Leaves ◽

Maximum Root ◽

And Control

A pot experiment was conducted to observe the effect of indigenous strains of rhizobacteria isolated from litchi orchards of East Champaran, Bihar (India) on the growth and survivability of litchi seedlings. Three efficient native rhizobacterial isolates belonging to genera Pseudomonas, Azotobacter and Ochrobactrum were used in seven different combinations and their effect on germination rate, shoot height, root length, number of leaves were observed and recorded in litchi seedlings. Pot 7 containing mixed combination of all the three isolates in equal proportion showed maximum root length (11.7 cm) and shoot length (12.5 cm), early germination as compared to control Pot P8 devoid of any isolates. Pot 4 (Pseudomonas + Azotobacter) and pot 5 (Pseudomonas + Ochrobactrum) also gave satisfactory result in all the parameters recorded. The results clearly state that, mixture of all the three rhizobacterial isolates as “Biomix” produced stimulatory growth results on litchi seedlings as compared to sole application and control. This “Biomix” could be used for formulating effective biofertilizers for litchi orchards in future.

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Sorghum Drought Tolerance is Associated with Deeper Root System and Decreased Transpiration Rate

10.20944/preprints202111.0144.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Srinivasan Gowsiga ◽

Maduraimuthu Djanaguiraman ◽

Nallasamy Thavaprakaash ◽

Prabhakaran Jeyakumar ◽

Govindaraj Mahalingam

Keyword(s):

Drought Stress ◽

Drought Tolerance ◽

Root System ◽

Photosynthetic Rate ◽

Transpiration Rate ◽

Root Length ◽

Total Root Length ◽

Maximum Root Length ◽

Maximum Root ◽

Root And Shoot Traits

Drought decreases grain yield of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], and understanding the mechanism(s) related to drought tolerance is critical for sustaining sorghum production. Variation in root and shoot traits associated with drought tolerance were analyzed to provide an integrated view of factors that underlie the drought tolerance of sorghum. The plants were grown in the root column up to the five-leaf stage, then exposed to either 0.9 fraction of transpirable soil water (FTSW) or 0.4 FTSW for five days. In another experiment, at the five-leaf stage, stress was imposed for 14 days. Various root and shoot traits associated with drought tolerance were recorded. The seminal root angle of IS13540 was lower (24.4) than IS23143 (42.6). Drought stress increased the maximum root length (40%) and total root length (58%) of IS13540 than its irrigated control. In contrast, the maximum root length and total root length were decreased in IS23143. Similarly, across the lines, drought stress decreased stomatal conductance (37%), transpiration rate (42%), photosynthetic rate (40%), photosystem II quantum yield (20%), photochemical quenching (44%), and total dry matter production (34%) than irrigated control. An increased transpiration rate was observed in IS23143 than IS13540 under irrigated and drought stress. In IS23143, the reduction in photosynthetic rate under drought may be a combination of stomatal and non-stomatal factors. However, in IS13540, the reduction is especially by the stomatal factors. It is evident that IS13540 is a drought-tolerant line, and tolerance is related to a deep prolific root system and reduced tran-spiration rate.

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Nguyen Duc Thanh∗, Nguyen Thi Kim Lien, Pham Quang Chung, Tran Quoc Trong, Le Thi Bich Thuy, and Henry Nguyen

ASEAN Journal on Science and Technology for Development ◽

10.29037/ajstd.121 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 23 (4) ◽

pp. 323 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Nguyen Duc Thanh ◽

Nguyen Thi Kim Lien ◽

Pham Quang Chung ◽

Tran Quoc Trong ◽

Le Thi Bich Thuy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Root Length ◽

Upland Rice ◽

Average Distance ◽

Rice Genome ◽

Root Traits ◽

Root Weight ◽

Deep Root ◽

Maximum Root Length ◽

Maximum Root ◽

Drought Resistant

Upland rice grows on 19 million ha, about 15% of the world's rice plantation [2]. The production of upland rice is crucial to agricultural economy of many countries [15]. The yield of upland rice is very low with an average of about 1 t/ha. Drought is a major constraint to the productivity of upland rice. In this paper, we present the results on mapping QTLs for root traits related to drought resistance (maximum root length, root thickness, root weight to shoot and deep root weight to shoot ratios) in upland rice using a recombinant inbreed (RI) population derived from a cross between Vietnamese upland rice accessions. The first molecular linked of Vietnamese upland rice were constructed. The map consists of 239 markers (36 SSR and 203 AFLP markers) mapped to all 12 rice chromosomes. This map covered 3973.1 cM of rice genome with an average distance of 16.62 cM between the markers. Twenty three putative QTLs were detected. Among them, four QTLs for MRL, four QTLs for R/SR, four QTLs for DR/SR, two QTL for RN, two QTLs for RT, two for PH, and five QTLs for TN were recorded. There are several SSR markers such as RM250, RM270, RM263, RM242, RM221 linked to QTL regions. They could be very useful for drought resistant selection in rice. Some common QTLs for maximum root length and deep root weight to shoot ratio were observed in different genetic background (RDB09 × R2021 and IR64 × Azorean populations) and ecological locations (IRRI and Vietnam). These QTLs could be very useful for precise locating drought resistant gene(s) and marker-assisted selection.

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Comparison of Early and Conventional Soybean Production Systems for Yield and other Agronomic Traits

Atlas Journal of Plant Biology ◽

10.5147/ajpb.v1i1.82 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 1-5 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ouertani Khaled ◽

Evandrew Washington ◽

Patricia Lage ◽

Stella K. Kantartzi ◽

David A. Lightfoot ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Root Length ◽

Lateral Root ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

Soybean Production ◽

Shoot Fresh Weight ◽

Root Dry Weight ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Maximum Root Length ◽

Maximum Root

The early soybean production system (ESPS) was reported to be beneficial for yield compared to the conventional soybean production system (CSPS) and is widely used in the Southern USA. The objective of this study was to compare yield, yield components, root traits, and shoot traits in ESPS (April planting) and CSPS (June planting) in NC Sandhills using a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population, ‘Hartwig’ by ‘Flyer’ (n=92). The population was grown in Spring Lake, NC in 2008 at a density of 16 seeds m-2. The traits measured were days to germination, days to flowering, plant height, seed weight, seed number, pod number, harvest index, root fresh weight, root dry weight, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, maximum root length, and lateral root number. The survival rate ranged from 83.7 to 90.22% for ESPS; however, it was 21.74% for CSPS. Significant differences were observed for almost all traits measured in ESPS (April) compared to CSPS (June) apart from fresh root weight and lateral root number. An average increase in flowering time of 9 days was observed in CSPS compared to ESPS. On the other hand, several traits showed a significant mean decrease in CSPS compared to ESPS as plant height by 41.96%, seed weight by 74.7%, harvest index by 73.3%, pod number by 65.2%, and seed number by 64.9%. The means for root fresh weight, root dry weight, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, maximum root length, and lateral root numbers are shown in Table 2 for both ESPS and CSPS. The results indicated an average decrease of 40.4% in root fresh weight, of 70.2% in root dry weight, of 68.1% in shoot fresh weight, of 80.1% in shoot dry weight, and of 83.3% in maximum root length in CSPS compared to ESPS. However, lateral root numbers increased by an average of 12.7% in CSPS compared to ESPS. Therefore, CSPS may not be appropriate for soybean at least in NC Sandhills.

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Study of indole butyric acid (IBA) effects on cutting rooting improving some of wild genotypes of damask roses (Rosa damascena Mill.)

Journal of Agricultural Sciences Belgrade ◽

10.2298/jas1503263n ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 60 (3) ◽

pp. 263-275 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Fardin Nasri ◽

Arsalan Fadakar ◽

Mahmood Saba ◽

Bayzid Yousefi

Keyword(s):

Butyric Acid ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Rosa Damascena ◽

Indole Butyric Acid ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Maximum Root Length ◽

Number Of Leaves ◽

Maximum Root ◽

Medicinal Properties ◽

The Rose

Rosa damascena is very important for essential oil production, medicinal properties and it is also widely cultivated as a garden rose. The Rose species is mainly propagated by stem cutting. In the present study, the effect of different levels of 0, 500 and 1,000 mg l-1 (quick dip method for 20 s) of indole butyric acid (IBA) on the rooting of 12 wild genotypes (including: Kurdistan 1 to Kurdistan 12) of R. damascena was investigated. The results show that the rooting ability of R. damascena differs significantly between the twelve genotypes. The highest rooting (79.56%) and callus production (69.08%), number of roots (8.33), root fresh and dry weights (361.80 and 244.74 mg, respectively) were recorded in Kurdistan 5 genotype with 1,000 mg l-1 IBA. The maximum root length (5.84 cm) was observed in Kurdistan 5 genotype with 500 mg l-1 IBA that showed a significant difference compared to the control treatment (0.96 cm). The highest number of leaves per bud (7.33 at 500 mg l-1 IBA) and number of buds (5.00 at 1,000 mg l-1 IBA) were recorded in Kurdistan 1 genotype. The current study demonstrated that the different genotypes of R. damascena were in a difficult-toroot state, which suggests that cutting treatment with 1,000 mg l-1 IBA overcame the problem of the difficult-to-root state, and it can also enhance the rooting percentage in the studied genotypes.

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Estimating Chronological Age by Dental Measurements on the Periapical Radiographs of an ‎Iranian Adult Population

International Journal of Medical Toxicology and Forensic Medicine ◽

10.32598/ijmtfm.v10i3.32551 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 32551

Author(s):

Mitra Akhlaghi ◽

Zahra Ghoncheh ◽

Lida Hatami

Keyword(s):

Root Length ◽

Age Estimation ◽

Adult Population ◽

Chronological Age ◽

Maxillary Canine ◽

Regression Formula ◽

Dental Measurements ◽

Maximum Root ◽

Tooth Length

Background: This study aimed to assess the accuracy of chronological age estimation based on dental measurements made on the Periapical (PA) radiographs of an Iranian adult population. Methods: This study evaluated 90 parallel PA radiographs of sound maxillary canine teeth of 39 males and 51 females. Tooth length, root length, pulp length, pulp width, and root width at points A, B, and C according to Kvaal’s method were measured on PA radiographs using Scanora software. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS. Results: Maximum root width at point A provided the highest accuracy for gender estimation (77.7%). A significant correlation was noted between maximum pulp width at points B and C with age. Besides, a regression formula for age estimation was obtained. Conclusion: Maximum pulp width at points B and C could be used for age estimation in the adult population besides other parameters.

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Effect of Tacca Starch Loading on Production of Amylolytic Enzymes from Ragi Tapai

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.987.118 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 987 ◽

pp. 118-123

Author(s):

Nurul Syafiqa Izyan ◽

Dg Nurdayana Azman ◽

Nur Amalina Mohd Saad ◽

Suhaila Mohd Sauid ◽

Fazlena Hamzah

Keyword(s):

Protein Content ◽

Total Protein ◽

Amylase Activity ◽

Total Protein Content ◽

Growth Promoters ◽

Amylolytic Enzyme ◽

Amylolytic Enzymes ◽

Lowry Method ◽

Medium Increase ◽

Optimum Production

The study was done to determine the effect of Tacca starch loading on production of amylolytic enzyme from Ragi Tapai. In this study, Ragi Tapai was used as a starter to produce amylolytic enzyme. The fermentation was done in a solid state fermentation with the presence of Tacca leontopetaloides starch as the carbon source. The analysis of total sugar was conducted using DNS method and amylolytic enzyme was determined using Lowry method. The mixture was fermented and incubated for 24, 48, 72 and 96h. The result revealed that the optimum production of amylase was found at 48 h of incubation with amylase activity of 1.91 U/ml/min and 1.42 mg/ml for total protein. The study shows that increment amount of the Tacca starch in cultivation medium, increase the production of the amylase and total protein content. The highest enzyme activity was obtained at 4% of Tacca starch loading with amylase activity and total protein content of 2.14 U/ml/min and 1.42 mg/ml respectively. The study indicated that growth promoters in Tacca starch capable to enhance the activity of microbial consortium in Ragi Tapai for production of the amylolytic enzyme.

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Megalobrama amblycephala grazes preferentially on Hydrilla verticillata but makes more efficient use of Vallisneria denseserrulata: implications for biological control of submerged macrophytes

Knowledge and Management of Aquatic Ecosystems ◽

10.1051/kmae/2019022 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 30 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Chunyu Yin ◽

Zhaoxia Wang ◽

Yu Zhao ◽

Yiming Gao ◽

Wei Zhen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Submerged Macrophytes ◽

Hydrilla Verticillata ◽

Megalobrama Amblycephala ◽

Food Utilization ◽

Root Weight ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

Blade Width ◽

Negative Effect ◽

Maximum Root Length ◽

Maximum Root

Growth of the meadow-forming macrophyte Vallisneria denseserrulata is often negatively impacted as result of shading by the canopy-forming Hydrilla verticillata. Grazing by the herbivorous cyprinid Megalobrama amblycephala is thought to control H. verticillata. We hypothesized that M. amblycephala would prefer H. verticillata over V. denseserrulata, and that where the latter is grazed, its growth will not be wholly compromised, due in part to the efficiency with which it is metabolized by the grazer. In a pond experiment, macrophytes were planted with monocultures of H. verticillata and V. denseserrulata, and in mixed cultures of the two species, with and without grazing by M. amblycephala. The results showed that in the absence of fish, the growth rate of V. denseserrulata was significantly reduced in the presence of H. verticillata. In the mixture, M. amblycephala had a significant negative effect on the growth of H. verticillata but not on V. denseserrulata. Grazing was associated with reductions in plant height, plant fresh weight and leaf fresh weight but the leaf number, maximum root length, maximum blade width, root weight and stem weight in V. denseserrulata increased. The food utilization ratio of M. amblycephala was significantly higher when grazing solely on V. denseserrulata than when grazing on H. verticillata or the mixture. Our results imply that V. denseserrulata is protected from overgrazing by the ability of M. amblycephala to make more effective metabolic use of ingested material than for H. verticillata. Furthermore, M. amblycephala is beneficial to V. denseserrulata in reducing competition from H. verticillata.

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Sustainable and Ecofriendly Approach of Managing Soil Born Bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) Using Dried Powder of Conyza canadensis

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens9050327 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 327

Author(s):

Ke Chen ◽

Raja Asad Ali Khan ◽

Wen Cao ◽

Meng Ling

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Population ◽

Conyza Canadensis ◽

Plastic Mulch ◽

Fresh Biomass ◽

Plastic Mulching ◽

Maximum Root Length ◽

Maximum Root ◽

Dose Experiment ◽

Mulching Duration

Bacterial wilt disease caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is a devastating plant disease that inflicts heavy losses to the large number of economic host plants it infects. The potential of dried powder of the Conyza canadensis to control bacterial wilt (BW) of tomato was explored in vitro and in planta. Three application times (16 days before transplanting (DBT), 8 DBT and 0 DBT), three plastic-mulch durations (10 days plastic mulching (DPM), 5DPM and 0DPM) and four doses viz. 0 g, 8 g, 16 g and 24 g of the plant powder were evaluated. SEM analysis was also conducted to observe the change in bacterial cell morphology. Ethanol extract of dried C. canadensis in different concentrations inhibited the in vitro growth of R. solanacearum by as much as 98% of that produced by ampicillin. As evident from the scanning electron micrograph, the highest concentration produced severe morphologic changes, such as rupture of the bacterial cell walls and cell contents leaked out. Results from application time and dose experiment demonstrated that the highest powder dose viz. 24 g kg−1 mixed with infested soil 16 DBT gave maximum root length (34.0 ± 2.5 cm), plant height (74.3 ± 4.7 cm), fresh biomass (58.3 ± 4.3 g), reduction in bacterial population (1.52 log10) and resulted in lowest AUDPC value (1156.6). In case of mulching duration and dose experiment the maximum root length (39.6 ± 3.2 cm), plant height (78.3 ± 5.8 cm), fresh biomass (65.6 ± 4.9 g) reduction in bacterial population (1.59 log10) and lowest AUDPC value (1251.6) was achieved through the application of highest powder dose viz. 24 g kg−1 and longest plastic mulching duration of 10 DPM. The better results of highest dose and longer application time can be explained on the basis of higher amounts of anti-microbial plant bio-active compounds in highest dose and the longer exposure time of the pathogen to these chemicals. The better results of longer mulching duration are due to faster and more complete decomposition (because of 10-days-long plastic-mulch-provided increased solar heat) of the dried powder which produced more amounts of volatile and non-volatile bactericidal compounds. Our results clearly suggest that the use of 24 g kg−1 dried plant powder of C. canadensis plastic-mulched for two weeks could be used as a reliable component of the integrated disease management program against BW.

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