scholarly journals Economic Importance of Weeds: A Review

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
K. U. Ekwealor ◽  
C. B. Echereme ◽  
T. N. Ofobeze ◽  
C. N. Okereke
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Lethal Effect ◽  
Ecological Communities ◽  
Weed Invasion ◽  
Farm Production ◽  
Edible Weeds ◽  
Ethnobotanical Uses ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
Companion Plants

Weeds are plants that are unwanted in a given situation and may be harmful, dangerous or economically detrimental. They are responsible for substantial losses of farm production and extensive damage to the environment. Weeds, through competition with other plants, would almost always have deleterious effects on them and can have a lethal effect on livestock through consumption of weeds containing poisonous chemicals in the pasture. Weed invasion has become the most dreaded and deleterious impact of weeds in nature; it adversely affects agriculture, alters the balance of ecological communities, disrupts the natural diversity and interferes in the aesthetic value of the environment. Weeds can interfere in water management, thereby reducing the economic value of water. Weeds, however, besides their deleterious impacts in nature, have many beneficial properties, which include, but not limited to benefits of weeds to companion plants, ethnomedical and ethnopharmaceutical uses of weeds, ethnobotanical uses of wild edible weeds, and the use of weeds as feed for livestock. In the light of myriads of deleterious effects and benefits accompanying weeds, it is suggested that more studies should be carried out on weed control and weed management. Also, further explorations on the potential uses of weeds to man, his environments and livestock should be undertaken.

Human-carnivore coexistence: factors influencing stakeholder attitudes towards large carnivores and conservation in Zimbabwe

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Esther van der Meer ◽  
Hans Dullemont
Keyword(s):  
Economic Value ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Carnivore Conservation ◽  
Subsistence Farmers ◽  
Carnivore Species ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Need To Evaluate ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Stakeholder Attitudes

Summary Promoting human-carnivore coexistence is a main component of carnivore conservation. Coexistence programmes are usually informed by attitudinal studies that evaluate intended behaviour towards carnivores. This questionnaire survey assesses attitudes of governmental and non-governmental conservation stakeholders in Zimbabwe towards living with carnivores, large carnivore species and the conservation of wildlife, and determines whether being part of coexistence programmes (CAMPFIRE, TFCAs) positively affects attitudes. Stakeholder attitudes were most positive when employment was directly related to wildlife and stakeholders had knowledge about and exposure to carnivores. Stakeholders who depend on livestock and/or had little knowledge about and less exposure to carnivores were most negative, this included governmental stakeholders responsible for natural resource management. Positive attitudes were largely based on the aesthetic and economic value of carnivores, while negative attitudes were based on the fear of livestock loss and perceived danger to humans. Subsistence farmers were the most negative stakeholders, as such, the focus on this group to promote coexistence seems justified. However, although some stakeholders were more positive in CAMPFIRE areas or TFCAs, CAMPFIRE and TFCAs failed to improve attitudes of subsistence farmers, which highlights a need to evaluate and adapt these programmes.

scholarly journals Organic Vegetable Production in California—Science and Practice

2000 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 699-713 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Gaskell ◽  
Benny Fouche ◽  
Steve Koike ◽  
Tom Lanini ◽  
Jeff Mitchell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Insect Management ◽  
Farm Production ◽  
Organic Vegetable Production ◽  
Plant Disease Management ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
Organically Grown

This article summarizes the current status of organic vegetable production practices in California. The production of vegetables organically is growing rapidly in California, led in large part by growth in the market demand for organically grown produce. Key aspects of organic vegetable production operations such as certification and farm production planning, soil management, weed management, insect management, and plant disease management involve special practices. Many practices have not been thoroughly researched and the scientific base for some practices is still being developed.

Grain grower perceptions and use of integrated weed management

2004 ◽  
Vol 44 (10) ◽  
pp. 993 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Llewellyn ◽  
R. K. Lindner ◽  
D. J. Pannell ◽  
S. B. Powles
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Management Decision ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Management Decision Making

Greater adoption of integrated weed management, to reduce herbicide reliance, is an objective of many research and extension programmes. In Australian grain-growing regions, integrated weed management is particularly important for the management of herbicide resistance in weeds. In this study, survey data from personal interviews with 132 Western Australian grain growers are used to characterise the use and perceptions of integrated weed management practices. The main objective was to identify opportunities for improved weed management decision making, through targeted research and extension. The extent to which integrated weed management practices are used on individual farms was measured. Perceptions of the efficacy and reliability of various weed management practices were elicited for control of annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaud.), along with perceptions of the economic value of integrated weed management practices relative to selective herbicides. All growers were shown to be using several integrated weed management practices, although the use of some practices was strongly associated with the presence of a herbicide-resistant weed population. In general, both users and non-users were found to have high levels of awareness of integrated weed management practices and their weed control efficacy. Herbicide-based practices were perceived to be the most cost-effective. Opportunities for greater adoption of integrated weed management practices, to conserve the existing herbicide resource, exist where practices can be shown to offer greater shorter-term economic value, not necessarily just in terms of weed control, but to the broader farming system.

Native vegetation of coastal floodplains ? a diagnosis of the major plant communities in New South Wales

2005 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 81 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Keith ◽  
Judith Scott
Keyword(s):  
Plant Communities ◽  
Vascular Plant ◽  
Mixed Forest ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
Ecological Communities ◽  
Weed Invasion ◽  
Eucalypt Forest ◽  
Acid Sulphate Soils ◽  
Hunter Region

Coastal floodplains are among the most modified landscapes in southeastern Australia. We used available vegetation survey data for coastal alluvium and other unconsolidated Quarternary sediments to construct a diagnosis of the major plant communities and document their flora. We used soil landscape maps and historical portion plans to gain an understanding of the distribution and environmental relationships of the communities. The flora of coastal floodplains includes more than 1 000 native vascular plant taxa and more than 200 introduced taxa. The introduced flora is likely to be considerably larger, given that sampling was biased toward the least disturbed sites. Six major plant communities were diagnosed including a rainforest found north from the Shoalhaven floodplain, a mixed forest of eucalypts and melaleucas found north from Jervis Bay, a casuarina forest (sometimes with melaleuca) found throughout the coast, one open eucalypt forest found principally south from the Hunter region, another open eucalypt forest found north of the Hunter region and a complex of treeless wetland assemblages scattered throughout the coast. The extent and spatial arrangement of these communities varies between floodplains, with landform, rainfall, water regime and soil properties including moisture, fertility and salinity thought to be important factors mediating their distribution patterns. All six assemblages are listed as Endangered Ecological Communities under Threatened Species legislation. The coastal floodplain communities continue to be threatened by land clearing and crop conversion, fragmentation, changes to water flows, flooding and drainage, input of polluted runoff, weed invasion, activation of acid sulphate soils, climate change and degradation through rubbish dumping and other physical disturbances.

AGROBACTERIUM-MEDIATED TRANSFORMATION OF COTTON (GOSSYPIUM HIRSUTUM L.) USING DMO GENE FOR ENHANCED TOLERANCE AGAINST DICAMBA PESTICIDE

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
MA Javied ◽  
N Ashfaq ◽  
MA Haider ◽  
F Fatima ◽  
Q Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Plant ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Entire Study ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cotton Plants

The agrobacterium based transformation of herbicide-resistant crops has modernized weed management in crops by producing cost-effective and ecosystem friendly transgenic plants. Cotton is one of the major crops which are grown worldwide due to its great economic value in textile industries.  Dicamba is a commonly used herbicide in broadleaf plants to kill a wide range of weeds in many dicotyledonous crop fields since the 20th century. In this study, Eagle 2 cotton variety was transformed with the DMO gene which is responsible for the synthesis of the Dicamba monooxygenase enzyme that exhibits tolerance against the Dicamba herbicide. This entire study was conducted at Four Brothers Genetics Lab, Lahore. Transformed cultures of Agrobacterium Tumefaciens with the DMO gene were acquired. Cotton embryos were isolated and co-cultivated with transformed Agrobacterium cultures under sterile conditions. Transformed embryos were grown on an artificial growth medium and acclimatized under favorable conditions. Healthy and stable plants were shifted infield where they were grown into a mature plant. Leaf samples of these plants were collected and DNA was successfully isolated by the CTAB method. Transformed plants were confirmed by Polymerase chain reaction and gel electrophoresis. Variations in different traits among transformed cotton plants were found which indicated that the transgenic plant 4 showed higher plant height, monopodial and sympodial branches, leaf length, leaf width, number of bolls, and bolls weight. The better performance of plant 4 indicated that the yield potential of the transgenic plant was improved as compared with other transgenic cotton plants.

How They Decide

2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marci L. Major
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
School District ◽  
Music Education ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Public School District ◽  
Music Program ◽  
Education Decision ◽  
The Aesthetic

This study was designed to examine the decision-making process for keeping or cutting the music program in one selected public school district. Lekbery School District, in the Detroit suburb of Lekbery, Michigan, had not made extreme cuts to the music program in over 10 years, nor had it specifically targeted the music program when budgets cuts did occur. Qualitative data collected through interviews and documents indicated that Lekbery Schools District’s administrators had committed to offering a well-rounded education to all of their students and that music education played a large part in that education. For decision making regarding funding and support for music education, decision makers considered (a) their personal values and philosophies of music education, (b) the values and demands of the community, (c) the quality of teaching that Lekbery could afford and provide, (d) the aesthetic and utilitarian purposes of keeping music education in the curriculum, (e) the economic value that music added, and (f) how the program contributed to the overall image of the school district.

Environmental weed control policy in Australia: current approaches, policy limitations and future directions

2005 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 233 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Mason ◽  
W. M. Lonsdale ◽  
K. French
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Control Policy ◽  
Plant Invasions ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Natural Resource Policy ◽  
Weed Invasion ◽  
Policy Framing ◽  
Landscape Modification ◽  
Environmental Weed

Plant invasions of natural systems threaten biodiversity and ecosystem processes across many biomes. Historically most plant invasions have been facilitated by human activities such as industry, transport and landscape modification. Consequently, both causes and management of weed invasion are dependent on human behaviour and management advice provided by ecologists needs to take account of this fact. This paper assesses current environmental weed control policy in Australia and asks: are government, land managers and the scientific community using available social levers to achieve optimal weed management? We do this by comparing aspects of weed policy with a generalized natural resource policy framework. Adequacy of issue characterization and policy framing are discussed with particular reference to public perceptions of the weed problem, policy scaling and defining policy principles and goals. The implementation of policy Instruments, including regulation, VOluntary incentives, education, Information, motivational instruments, property-right instruments and pricing mechanisms are reviewed. Limitations of current instruments and potential options to improve instrument effectiveness are discussed. Funding arrangements for environmental weed control are also reported: environmental weed invasion generally represents an external cost to economic markets which has resulted in relatively low funding levels for control operations. Finally, review and monitoring procedures in weed programmes and policy are addressed. Rigorous monitoring systems are important in effective, adaptive weed management where control techniques are continually refined to improve ecological outcomes. The utility of maintaining links between project outcomes and policy inputs along with methods of implementing appropriate monitoring are discussed.

The economic value of pasture phases in the integrated management of annual ryegrass and wild radish in a Western Australian farming system

2004 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 265 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Monjardino ◽  
D. J. Pannell ◽  
S. B. Powles
Keyword(s):  
Herbicide Resistance ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Continuous Cropping ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Wild Radish ◽  
Raphanus Raphanistrum

Most cropping farms in Western Australia must deal with the management of herbicide-resistant populations of weeds such as annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaudin) and wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum�L.). Farmers are approaching the problem of herbicide resistance by adopting integrated weed management systems, which allow weed control with a range of different techniques. One important question in the design of such systems is whether and when the benefits of including pasture in rotation with crops exceed the costs. In this paper, the multi-species resistance and integrated management model was used to investigate the value of including pasture phases in the crop rotation. The most promising of the systems examined appears to be so-called 'phase farming', involving occasional 3-year phases of pasture rather than shorter, more frequent and regular pasture phases. This approach was competitive with the best continuous cropping rotation in a number of scenarios, particularly where herbicide resistance was at high levels.

COMMODIFICATION ship. As a consequence of colonial occupation and the discourses and practices generated and maintained by colo-nisers, the idea of colonialism may also be said to designate the attributes of the specific political and epistemological discourses by which the colonising power defines those who are subjected to its rule. Postcolonialism refers in literary studies to literary texts produced in countries and cultures that have come under the control of European powers at some point in their history. Commodification—The process by which an object or a person becomes viewed primarily as an article for economic exchange - or a commodity. Also the translation of the aesthetic and cultural objects into principally economic terms. The com-modification of an object or the raw materials from which it is produced is a sign of the transformation from use-value to exchange-value. The term is used in feminist theory to describe the objectification of women by patriarchal cultures. Through the processes of commodification, the work of art lacks any significance unless it can be transformed by economic value into a mystified, desired form, the labour having gone into its production having been occluded. Commodity fetishism—Term used by marxist critics after Marx's discussion in Volume I of Capital to describe the ways in which products within capitalist economies become objects of veneration in their own right, and are valued way beyond what Marx called their 'use-value'. Commodity fetishism is understood as an example of the ways in which social relations are hidden within economic forms of capitalism. Condensation—A psychoanalytic, specifically Freudian, term referring to the psychic process whereby phantasmatic images assumed to have a common affect are condensed into a single image. Drawing on the linguistic work of Roman Jakobson, Jacques Lacan compares the Freudian notion of condensation to the work of metaphor. Connotation/denotation—A word's connotations are those feel-ings, undertones, associations, etc. that are not precisely what the word means, but are conventionally related to it, especially in poetic language such as metaphor. The word

2016 ◽  
pp. 34-47
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Use Value ◽  
Commodity Fetishism ◽  
Cultural Objects ◽  
Exchange Value ◽  
Psychic Process ◽  
Objectification Of Women ◽  
The Aesthetic
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