Association of a Geriatric Emergency Department Innovation Program With Cost Outcomes Among Medicare Beneficiaries

ObjectiveThere has been concern that an increase in billing for high-intensity emergency care is due to changes in coding practices facilitated by electronic health records. We sought to characterise the trends in billing for high-intensity emergency care among Medicare beneficiaries and to examine the degree to which trends in high-intensity billing are explained by changes in patient characteristics and services provided in the emergency department (ED).Design, setting and participantsObservational study using traditional Medicare claims to identify ED visits at non-federal acute care hospitals for elderly beneficiaries in 2006, 2009 and 2012.Outcomes measuresBilling intensity was defined by emergency physician evaluation and management (E&M) codes. We tested for overall trends in high-intensity billing (E&M codes 99285, 99291 and 99292) and in services provided over time using linear regression models, adjusting for patient characteristics. Additionally, we tested for time trends in rates of admission to the hospital and to the intensive care unit (ICU). Next, we classified outpatient visits into 39 diagnosis categories and analysed the change in proportion of high-intensity visits versus the change in number of services. Finally, we quantified the extent to which trends in high-intensity billing are explained by changes in patient demographics and services provided in the ED using multivariable modelling.ResultsHigh-intensity visits grew from 45.8% of 671 103 visits in 2006 to 57.8% of 629 010 visits in 2012 (2.0% absolute increase per year; 95% CI 1.97% to 2.03%) as did the mean number of services provided for admitted (1.28 to 1.41; +0.02 increase in procedures per year; 95% CI 0.018 to 0.021) and discharged ED patients (7.1 to 8.6; +0.25 increase in services per year; 95% CI 0.245 to 0.255). There was a reduction in hospital admission rate from 40.1% to 35.9% (−0.68% per year; 95% CI −0.71% to −0.65%; P<0.001), while the ICU rate of admission rose from 11.7% to 12.3% (+0.11% per year; 95% CI 0.09% to 0.12%; P<0.001). When we stratified by diagnosis category, there was a moderate correlation between change in visits billed as high intensity and the change in mean number of services provided per visit (r=0.38; 95% CI 0.07 to 0.63). Trends in patient characteristics and services provided accounted moderately for the trend in practice intensity for outpatient visits (pseudo R2of 0.47) but very little for inpatient visits (0.051) and visits overall (0.148).ConclusionsIncreases in services provided in the ED moderately account for the trends in billing for high-intensity emergency care for outpatient visits.

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Rising Trends in Emergency Department Visits Associated With Hepatitis C Virus Infection in the United States, 2006-2014

Public Health Reports ◽

10.1177/0033354919878437 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 134 (6) ◽

pp. 685-694

Author(s):

Shaoman Yin ◽

Laurie Barker ◽

Eyasu H. Teshale ◽

Ruth B. Jiles

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Emergency Department ◽

Hepatitis C ◽

Baby Boomers ◽

The United States ◽

Emergency Department Visits ◽

Medicare Beneficiaries ◽

Compensated Cirrhosis ◽

Ed Visits ◽

Medicaid Beneficiaries

Objective: Emergency departments (EDs) are critical settings for hepatitis C care in the United States. We assessed trends and characteristics of hepatitis C–associated ED visits during 2006-2014. Methods: We used data from the 2006-2014 Nationwide Emergency Department Sample to estimate numbers, rates, and costs of hepatitis C–associated ED visits, defined by either first-listed diagnosis of hepatitis C or all-listed diagnosis of hepatitis C. We assessed trends by demographic characteristics, liver disease severity, and patients’ disposition by using joinpoint analysis, and we calculated the average annual percentage change (AAPC) from 2006 to 2014. Results: During 2006-2014, the rate per 100 000 visits of first-listed and all-listed hepatitis C–associated ED visits increased significantly from 10.1 to 25.4 (AAPC = 13.0%; P < .001) and from 484.4 to 631.6 (AAPC = 3.4%; P < .001), respectively. Approximately 70% of these visits were made by persons born during 1945-1965 (baby boomers); 30% of visits were made by Medicare beneficiaries and 40% by Medicaid beneficiaries. Significant rate increases were among visits by baby boomers (first-listed: AAPC = 13.8%; all-listed: AAPC = 2.6%), persons born after 1965 (first-listed: AAPC = 14.3%; all-listed: AAPC = 9.2%), Medicare beneficiaries (first-listed: AAPC = 18.0%; all-listed: AAPC = 3.9%), and persons hospitalized after ED visits (first-listed: AAPC = 20.0%; all-listed: AAPC = 2.3%; all P < .001). Increasing proportions of compensated cirrhosis were among visits by baby boomers (first-listed: AAPC = 11.5%; all-listed: AAPC = 6.3%). Annual hepatitis C–associated total ED costs increased by 400.0% (first-listed) and 192.0% (all-listed) during 2006-2014. Conclusion: Public health efforts are needed to address the growing burden of hepatitis C care in the ED.

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