Population and life-stage-specific effects of two herbicide formulations on the aquatic development of European common frogs (Rana temporaria)

2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 190-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman Wagner ◽  
Michael Veith ◽  
Stefan Lötters ◽  
Bruno Viertel
Keyword(s):  
Rana Temporaria ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Specific Effects

scholarly journals Life Stage of Neighbors Determines Neighborhood Effect on Tree Mortality in a Subtropical Forest

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi He ◽  
Heming Liu ◽  
Qingsong Yang ◽  
Ye Cao ◽  
Mengfang Liang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neighborhood Effects ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Subtropical Forest ◽  
Neighborhood Effect ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Juvenile Mortality ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Single Effect ◽  
Opposing Effects

Abstract Neighborhood effects are a crucial ecological process that allow species to coexist in a forest. Conspecific and heterospecific neighbors, as major classified groups, affect tree mortality through various mechanisms associating with neighbor life stages. However, how neighbor life stages influence neighborhood effects and by what mechanisms remains a knowledge gap. Here we censused the mortality of 82,202 trees representing 30 species in a 20-ha subtropical forest and classified their neighbors into the following life stages: earlier, same and later. Then, we ran generalized linear mixed models to estimate the effect of neighbors at different life stages on tree mortality. Our results showed that conspecific later stage neighbors have effects on increasing tree mortality overall, whereas conspecific earlier stage neighbors have effects on decreasing. Furthermore, these opposing effects could offset each other so that the overall effect of conspecific neighbors on juvenile mortality seems small. In contrast, heterospecific neighbors have effects on decreasing tree mortality overall. These effects are consistent with those of later stage heterospecific neighbors. Our findings demonstrate that neighbors importantly impact tree mortality, and their specific effects are closely related to neighbor life stages. Any single effect from one neighbor life stage could disturb or dominate the total effects of the neighbors. Therefore, the neighbors must be divided into different life stages to best explain the neighborhood effect on forest dynamics.

scholarly journals Opposing life stage‐specific effects of ocean warming at source and sink populations of range‐shifting coral‐reef fishes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristián J. Monaco ◽  
Ivan Nagelkerken ◽  
David J. Booth ◽  
Will F. Figueira ◽  
Bronwyn M. Gillanders ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coral Reef ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Reef Fishes ◽  
Coral Reef Fishes ◽  
Ocean Warming ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Source And Sink

The Impact of Visual Stereotypes on Judgments about Rape

2016 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 133-140
Author(s):  
Robert Busching ◽  
Johannes Lutz
Keyword(s):  
Mental Representations ◽  
Irrelevant Information ◽  
Clear Distinction ◽  
Rape Myth ◽  
Facial Features ◽  
Reverse Correlation ◽  
Correlation Technique ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Legal Judgments ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Legally irrelevant information like facial features is used to form judgments about rape cases. Using a reverse-correlation technique, it is possible to visualize criminal stereotypes and test whether these representations influence judgments. In the first step, images of the stereotypical faces of a rapist, a thief, and a lifesaver were generated. These images showed a clear distinction between the lifesaver and the two criminal representations, but the criminal representations were rather similar. In the next step, the images were presented together with rape scenarios, and participants (N = 153) indicated the defendant’s level of liability. Participants with high rape myth acceptance scores attributed a lower level of liability to a defendant who resembled a stereotypical lifesaver. However, no specific effects of the image of the stereotypical rapist compared to the stereotypical thief were found. We discuss the findings with respect to the influence of visual stereotypes on legal judgments and the nature of these mental representations.

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