Beech bark disease occurs when either Nectriagalligena Bres., or Nectriacoccinea var. faginata Lohman, Watson, and Ayers kills bark that is or has been infested and altered by the beech scale, Cryptococcusfagisuga (Lind.). Introduced to Nova Scotia around 1890, this insect now occurs as far southwest as Ohio, West Virginia, Virginia, and North Carolina. I determined the relative occurrence of the two pathogens in forests affected for varying times and the temporal changes in their relative occurrence in recently affected stands of the Monongahela National Forest, West Virginia (MNF). Stands in the Canadian Maritimes, New England, New York, and Pennsylvania were sampled in 1985–1986; and in the Catskill Park, New York in 1988 and 1991. Stands on the MNF were sampled in 1982, 1983, 1984, 1986, 1988, and 1991. The following trends were indicated: N. galligena dominated recently affected stands in Pennsylvania and West Virginia, and N. coccinea var. faginata dominated long-affected stands in Canada, New England, and New York. On the MNF, only N. galligena was isolated in 1982; by 1988, N. coccinea var. faginata was isolated from 8 of 16 stands and from all 16 stands in 1991. Stands where N. galligena persisted had higher proportions of tree species highly susceptible to N. galligena than stands dominated quickly by N. coccinea var. faginata. Once present, however, N. coccinea var. faginata eventually will replace N. galligena as the dominant pathogen.
Playback surveys and breeding habitat characteristics of golden-winged warblers (Vermivora chrysoptera) on high-elevation pasturelands on the Monongahela National Forest, West Virginia
