scholarly journals High-Radix Formats for Enhancing Floating-Point FPGA Implementations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julio Villalba ◽  
Javier Hormigo
Keyword(s):  
Execution Time ◽  
Digital Filters ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Floating Point ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Point Support ◽  
Point Representation ◽  
High Radix ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Very High

AbstractThis article proposes a family of high-radix floating-point representation to efficiently deal with floating-point addition in FPGA devices with no native floating-point support. Since variable shifter implementation (required in any FP adder) has a very high cost in FPGA, high-radix formats considerably reduce the number of possible shifts, decreasing the execution time and area highly. Although the high-radix format produces also a significant penalty in the implementation of multipliers, the experimental results show that the adder improvement overweights the multiplication penalty for most of the practical and common cases (digital filters, matrix multiplications, etc.). We also provide the designer with guidelines on selecting a suitable radix as a function of the ratio between the number of additions and multiplications of the targeted algorithm. For applications with similar numbers of additions and multiplications, the high-radix version may be up to 26% faster and even having a wider dynamic range and using higher number of significant bits. Furthermore, thanks to the proposed efficient converters between the standard IEEE-754 format and our internal high-radix format, the cost of the input/output conversions in FPGA accelerators is negligible.

scholarly journals Benchmarking implementations of functional languages with ‘Pseudoknot’, a float-intensive benchmark

1996 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 621-655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pieter H. Hartel ◽  
Marc Feeley ◽  
Martin Alt ◽  
Lennart Augustsson ◽  
Peter Baumann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Execution Time ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Floating Point ◽  
Functional Languages ◽  
Intermediate Form ◽  
Language Implementation ◽  
Native Code ◽  
The Cost

AbstractOver 25 implementations of different functional languages are benchmarked using the same program, a floating-point intensive application taken from molecular biology. The principal aspects studied are compile time and execution time for the various implementations that were benchmarked. An important consideration is how the program can be modified and tuned to obtain maximal performance on each language implementation. With few exceptions, the compilers take a significant amount of time to compile this program, though most compilers were faster than the then current GNU C compiler (GCC version 2.5.8). Compilers that generate C or Lisp are often slower than those that generate native code directly: the cost of compiling the intermediate form is normally a large fraction of the total compilation time. There is no clear distinction between the runtime performance of eager and lazy implementations when appropriate annotations are used: lazy implementations have clearly come of age when it comes to implementing largely strict applications, such as the Pseudoknot program. The speed of C can be approached by some implementations, but to achieve this performance, special measures such as strictness annotations are required by non-strict implementations. The benchmark results have to be interpreted with care. Firstly, a benchmark based on a single program cannot cover a wide spectrum of ‘typical’ applications. Secondly, the compilers vary in the kind and level of optimisations offered, so the effort required to obtain an optimal version of the program is similarly varied.

Economic Aspects of Mustard Cultivation in Lakhimpur Kheri District of Uttar Pradesh

2020 ◽  
pp. 520-523
Keyword(s):  
Average Cost ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Economic Aspects ◽  
Positive Relation ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Output Ratio ◽  
Gross Income ◽  
Average Size ◽  
The Cost

The results revealed that on an overall average size of landholding was estimated to be 0.97 ha. The total cultivated area at all categories of sample farms were found to be irrigated. Overall average, cost of cultivation was estimated `27819.43 per ha. The cost of cultivation showed positive relation with size of holding. The cost of cultivation was highest on medium farms (`32549.25) followed by small (`31528.40 and marginal (`29171.74), respectively. Overall average, cost of production was estimated `2446.44 per hectare. On an average input-output ratio on the basis Costs A1/A2, B1, B2, C1, and C2 were recorded 1:2.86, 1:2.77, 1:1.91, 1:1.89 and 1:1.46, respectively. On the basis of Cost C2 input-output ratio was highest on marginal farms (1:1.47) followed by small (1:1.44) and medium (1:1.43), respectively. Overall average, net income and gross income were found `9859.33 and 40028.69 per ha, respectively.

scholarly journals Cost per DALY averted in low, middle- and high-income countries: evidence from the global burden of disease study to estimate the cost-effectiveness thresholds

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajabali Daroudi ◽  
Ali Akbari Sari ◽  
Azin Nahvijou ◽  
Ahmad Faramarzi
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Capita Health Expenditure ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Healthcare Interventions ◽  
Disease Study ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Very High

Abstract Background Determining the cost-effectiveness thresholds for healthcare interventions has been a severe challenge for policymakers, especially in low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to estimate the cost per disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) averted for countries with different levels of Human Development Index (HDI) and Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Methods The data about DALYs, per capita health expenditure (HE), HDI, and GDP per capita were extracted for 176 countries during the years 2000 to 2016. Then we examined the trends on these variables. Panel regression analysis was performed to explore the correlation between DALY and HE per capita. The results of the regression models were used to calculate the cost per DALY averted for each country. Results Age-standardized rate (ASR) DALY (DALY per 100,000 population) had a nonlinear inverse correlation with HE per capita and a linear inverse correlation with HDI. One percent increase in HE per capita was associated with an average of 0.28, 0.24, 0.18, and 0.27% decrease on the ASR DALY in low HDI, medium HDI, high HDI, and very high HDI countries, respectively. The estimated cost per DALY averted was $998, $6522, $23,782, and $69,499 in low HDI, medium HDI, high HDI, and very high HDI countries. On average, the cost per DALY averted was 0.34 times the GDP per capita in low HDI countries. While in medium HDI, high HDI, and very high HDI countries, it was 0.67, 1.22, and 1.46 times the GDP per capita, respectively. Conclusions This study suggests that the cost-effectiveness thresholds might be less than a GDP per capita in low and medium HDI countries and between one and two GDP per capita in high and very high HDI countries.

scholarly journals The Application of Electromagnetic Sensors for Determination of Cherenkov Cone Inside and in the Vicinity of the Detector Volume in Any Environment Known

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 992
Author(s):  
Valeriu Savu ◽  
Mădălin Ion Rusu ◽  
Dan Savastru
Keyword(s):  
Energy Levels ◽  
Cherenkov Detector ◽  
Electromagnetic Sensors ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Information Errors ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Large Frequency ◽  
Very High ◽  
Detector Volume

The neutrinos of cosmic radiation, due to interaction with any known medium in which the Cherenkov detector is used, produce energy radiation phenomena in the form of a Cherenkov cone, in very large frequency spectrum. These neutrinos carry with them the information about the phenomena that produced them and by detecting the electromagnetic energies generated by the Cherenkov cone, we can find information about the phenomena that formed in the universe, at a much greater distance, than possibility of actually detection with current technologies. At present, a very high number of sensors for detection electromagnetic energy is required. Thus, some sensors may detect very low energy levels, which can lead to the erroneous determination of the Cherenkov cone, thus leading to information errors. As a novelty, we propose, to use these sensors for determination of the dielectrically permittivity of any known medium in which the Cherenkov detector is used, by preliminary measurements, the subsequent simulation of the data and the reconstruction of the Cherenkov cone, leading to a significant reduction of problems and minimizing the number of sensors, implicitly the cost reductions. At the same time, we offer the possibility of reconstructing the Cherenkov cone outside the detector volume.

scholarly journals Addition of Flucytosine to Fluconazole for the Treatment of Cryptococcal Meningitis in Africa: A Multicountry Cost-effectiveness Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tinevimbo Shiri ◽  
Angela Loyse ◽  
Lawrence Mwenge ◽  
Tao Chen ◽  
Shabir Lakhi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Cryptococcal Meningitis ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Costing Analysis ◽  
Very High

Abstract Background Mortality from cryptococcal meningitis remains very high in Africa. In the Advancing Cryptococcal Meningitis Treatment for Africa (ACTA) trial, 2 weeks of fluconazole (FLU) plus flucytosine (5FC) was as effective and less costly than 2 weeks of amphotericin-based regimens. However, many African settings treat with FLU monotherapy, and the cost-effectiveness of adding 5FC to FLU is uncertain. Methods The effectiveness and costs of FLU+5FC were taken from ACTA, which included a costing analysis at the Zambian site. The effectiveness of FLU was derived from cohorts of consecutively enrolled patients, managed in respects other than drug therapy, as were participants in ACTA. FLU costs were derived from costs of FLU+5FC in ACTA, by subtracting 5FC drug and monitoring costs. The cost-effectiveness of FLU+5FC vs FLU alone was measured as the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). A probabilistic sensitivity analysis assessed uncertainties and a bivariate deterministic sensitivity analysis examined the impact of varying mortality and 5FC drug costs on the ICER. Results The mean costs per patient were US $847 (95% confidence interval [CI] $776–927) for FLU+5FC, and US $628 (95% CI $557–709) for FLU. The 10-week mortality rate was 35.1% (95% CI 28.9–41.7%) with FLU+5FC and 53.8% (95% CI 43.1–64.1%) with FLU. At the current 5FC price of US $1.30 per 500 mg tablet, the ICER of 5FC+FLU versus FLU alone was US $65 (95% CI $28–208) per life-year saved. Reducing the 5FC cost to between US $0.80 and US $0.40 per 500 mg resulted in an ICER between US $44 and US $28 per life-year saved. Conclusions The addition of 5FC to FLU is cost-effective for cryptococcal meningitis treatment in Africa and, if made available widely, could substantially reduce mortality rates among human immunodeficiency virus–infected persons in Africa.

scholarly journals AN EXACT SOLUTION FOR THE RESOURCE-CONSTRAINED CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULING PROBLEM

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-78
Author(s):  
Bartłomiej Sroka ◽  
Elżbieta Radziszewska-Zielina
Keyword(s):  
Execution Time ◽  
Critical Path ◽  
Scheduling Problem ◽  
Resource Constrained ◽  
Building Projects ◽  
Construction Scheduling ◽  
Program Sample ◽  
Resource Constrained Scheduling Problem ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Exponential Complexity

Reduced time and, by the same token, the cost of the project is a crucial factor in contemporary construction. This article presents a method for the exact optimisation of a resource-constrained scheduling problem. Based on the Critical Path Method, graph theory and linear programming, an algorithm was developed and the FROPT program was written in Matlab to minimise the execution time of the task. By using the newly-created program, sample networks were calculated and the results were compared with results obtained by using the MS Project scheduling program (using approximation algorithm). The execution time obtained by using FROPT were on average 10% shorter than those obtained using MS Project. In selected cases the improvement in execution time reached 25%. A deterministic approach to the problem may shorten planned project times and bring financial benefits. Due to the exponential complexity of the algorithm, it is most useful in solving small or highly coherent networks. The algorithm and program may result in benefits not offered by commercial software for planners of building projects.

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