<p>Productivity in the Southern Ocean reflects both the spatial and temporal dynamics of the sea ice ecosystem, as well as the complex cycling of energy through the microbial community. Marine bacteria are thought to be integral to trophodynamics and the functioning of a microbial loop within the ice matrix, but there is no clear understanding of the distribution and diversity of bacteria or the importance of bacterial production. Understanding the bacterial response to environmental change in the sea ice ecosystem may provide an insight into the potential changes to the physical oceanography and ecology of the Southern Ocean. In this study, a multivariate statistical approach was used to compare the distribution and abundance of bacteria occurring in pack ice at the tongue of the Mertz Glacier (George V Coast, Antarctica) with bacteria from fast ice at Cape Hallett (Victoria Land coastline, Antarctica). Estimates of bacterial abundance were derived using both epifluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry and correlated with algal and chlorophyll a data. Significant differences in the vertical distribution of cells within the ice were observed between the Mertz Glacier and Cape Hallett, but no overall difference in cell abundance was found between the two locations with 7.6 ± 1.2 x 109 cells per m2 and 8.7 ± 1.6 x 109 cells per m2 respectively. Bacteria and algae were positively correlated in pack ice of the Mertz Glacier indicating a functional microbial loop, but no discernable relationship was exhibited in multiyear ice at Cape Hallett. These findings support the general consensus that the generation of bacterial biomass from algal-derived dissolved organic matter is highly variable across seasons and habitats. The tetrazolium salt 5-cyano-2,3-ditolyl tetrazolium chloride (CTC) was used to investigate the bacterial response to experimentally induced changes in light and salinity in fast ice at Cape Hallett. Two distinct assemblages were examined; the brine channel assemblage near the surface of the ice and the interstitial or bottom assemblage. This study presents preliminary evidence that the metabolic activity of brine bacteria is influenced by light stimulus, most likely as a response to increased levels of algal-derived dissolved organic matter. No cells were deemed to be metabolically active when incubated in the dark, while on average thirty-eight percent of the cells incubated at 150 =mol photons m-2 s-1 were metabolically active. Additional results indicate that salt concentration is more significant than light irradiance in influencing the metabolic response of cells present in the interstitial region of the sea ice profile. When acclimated over a period of eight hours, cells exhibited a tolerance to changing saline concentrations, but after a further eight hours there is some evidence to suggest activity is reduced at either end of the saline regime. Bacterial metabolic activity in each assemblage is thus thought to reflect the fundamentally different light and saline environments within the sea ice. Metabolic probes such as CTC will prove useful in providing a mechanistic understanding of productivity and trophodynamics in the Antarctic coastal ecosystem, and may contribute to prognostic models for qualifying the resilience of the microbial community to climate change.</p>
Oxygen fluxes beneath Arctic land-fast ice and pack ice: towards estimates of ice productivity