scholarly journals Intake of micronutrients and fatty acids of vegetarian, vegan, and omnivorous children (1–3 years) in Germany (VeChi Diet Study)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stine Weder ◽  
Markus Keller ◽  
Morwenna Fischer ◽  
Katja Becker ◽  
Ute Alexy
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Early Childhood ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Fat Quality ◽  
Micronutrient Intake ◽  
Dietary Record ◽  
Diet Study

Abstract Purpose There is an ongoing debate whether vegetarian (VG) and especially vegan (VN) diets are nutritionally adequate in early childhood. Hence, the Vegetarian and Vegan Children Study (VeChi Diet Study) aimed to assess the food and nutrient intake of VG and VN infants. Methods The study examined the diets of 1–3-year-old VG, VN, and omnivorous (OM) children (n = 430). Dietary intake was assessed via a 3-day weighed dietary record and compared between groups using ANCOVA. Lifestyle data were collected using a questionnaire. Here, the results of micronutrient and fatty acid intakes are presented. Results Most nutrient intakes (with and without supplements) differed significantly between VN children and the two other groups, with a more favourable overall micronutrient intake in VN, followed by VG children, [e.g., the highest intake of vitamin E (8.3 mg/d vs. VG 7.4 mg/d and OM 5.1 mg/d), vitamin B1 (569 µg/d vs. VG 513 µg/d and OM 481 µg/d), folate (143 µg/d vs. VG 116 µg/d and OM 108 µg/d), magnesium (241 mg/d vs. VG 188 mg/d and OM 164 mg/d), and iron (8.9 mg/d vs. VG 7.3 mg/d and OM 6.0 mg/d)] as well as fat quality [highest intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (8.7 E% vs. VG 6.9 E% and OM 4.5 E%) and lowest intake of saturated fatty acids (9.1 E% vs. VG 11.9 E% and OM 14.0 E%)]. In contrast, OM children had the highest intake of vitamin B2 (639 µg/d vs. VG 461 µg/d and VN 429 µg/d), calcium (445 mg/d vs. VG 399 mg/d and VN 320 mg/d), iodine (47 µg/d vs. VG 33 µg/d and VN 31 µg/d), and DHA (35.4 mg/d vs. VG 16.6 mg/d and VN 18.4 mg/d). Without supplementation, OM children had the highest average vitamin B12 intake (1.5 µg/d vs. VG 0.6 µg/d and VN 0.2 µg/d), whereas VN children had the highest average vitamin B12 intake with supplementation (73.8 µg/d vs. VG 1.3 µg/d and OM 1.7 µg/d). Without supplementation, none of the groups’ median intakes met the harmonised Average Requirement (h-AR) for vitamin D and iodine. Moreover, VG and VN children did not achieve h-ARs for vitamin B2, vitamin B12, and iron—if a low absorption of iron is anticipated; VN children also did not do so for calcium. Conclusion In early childhood, VN and VG diets can provide most micronutrients in desirable amounts and a preferable fat quality compared to an OM diet. Special focus should be paid to (potentially) critical nutrients, particularly vitamin D, iodine, and DHA for all children regardless of diet, as well as vitamin B2, vitamin B12, calcium, and iron for VG and VN children. Trail registration This study was registered with the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS00010982) on (September 2, 2016).

scholarly journals Seafood Consumption and Its Contribution to Nutrients Intake among Canadians in 2004 and 2015

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
Xue Feng Hu ◽  
Hing Man Chan
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Consumption Rate ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Canadian Community Health Survey ◽  
Portion Size ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Seafood Consumption ◽  
Omega 3

Fish and seafood are excellent sources of nutrients such as omega-3 fatty acids, Vitamin D, and selenium. The aims of this study were to examine the pattern of seafood consumption among Canadians and determine their contribution to intakes of energy and nutrients. Day-1 24-h dietary recalls data collected from a national survey, the Canadian Community Health Survey—Nutrition in 2004 and 2015, were used to estimate food and nutrient intakes among Canadians. Seafood was classified according to the Bureau of Nutritional Sciences food list. Descriptive statistics were used to calculate the consumption rate and the average consumption amount of seafood by different age groups and sociodemographic characteristics. Population ratios were used to assess the contribution of seafood to the total intake of energy and nutrients. The overall consumption rate of seafood was around 17%, and the rate was similar between males and females, and slightly higher in 2015 (17.71%) compared to 2004 (16.38%). The average portion size is approximately 100 g, which translates into a ≈36 kg annual intake among the consumers and ≈6.2 kg per capita consumption. Adults (especially 30 years and above), Asians, individuals who were married, and with post-secondary education were more likely to consume seafood. Salmon, tuna, shrimp, cod, and crab were the most frequently consumed seafood in Canada, the consumption rate of which all increased from 2004 to 2015. Seafood provided up to 75% of n-3 PUFAs, 18% of Vitamin D, 19% Vitamin B12, 6% of niacin, and 4% of Vitamin B6 from all food sources. Seafood consumers had a healthier diet, as seafood consumption was related to a higher intake of key nutrients and a lower intake of total sugar and saturated fatty acids. Therefore, fish consumption should be promoted among Canadians.

scholarly journals Effect of the diet on performance characteristics and quality of meat fat of lamb by principal component analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. e53180
Author(s):  
Marcus Andrade Wanderley Junior ◽  
Cristiane Leal dos Santos ◽  
Leandro Pereira Lima ◽  
Thon Jovita Farias ◽  
Rodrigo Soares Junqueira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Cholesterol Content ◽  
Performance Characteristics ◽  
Animal Performance ◽  
Fat Quality

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of use of agroindustrial co-products in the diet of lambs on the performance and nutritional quality of meat fat. Twenty lambs were distributed into four experimental groups: control diet (C) or diets containing cottonseed (CS), sunflower meal (SFM), and castor cake (CC). During the experimental period, data on dry matter consumption (DMC) and total weight gain (TWG) were collected. After slaughter, samples of Logissimus dorsi (LD) muscle were taken for fatty acids and cholesterol analysis. Diets C and CS provided similar characteristics of fat quality and animal performance. However, SFM and CC diets tend to form isolated groups, with different fat and performance characteristics. The SFM diet results in meat with a higher saturated fatty acids and cholesterol content. The CC diet is related to improved performance characteristics and lower cholesterol content. In conclusion, the inclusion of CC in the experimental diets provided, in the proportions used in this experiment, better characteristics of animal performance and meat fat quality.

scholarly journals Novel variant in the leptin receptor (LEPR) gene and its association with fat quality, odour and flavour in sheep

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
A. Gunawan ◽  
F. W. Pramukti ◽  
K. Listyarini ◽  
M. A. Abuzahra ◽  
J. Jakaria ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Expression Analysis ◽  
Leptin Receptor ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Genomic Region ◽  
Fat Quality ◽  
Lepr Gene ◽  
Novel Variant

The aim of this study was to investigate the association and expression of LEPR with fat quality, flavour and odour in sheep. A total of 47 rams were used in this study. Fatty acids composition, BCFA (Branch Chanin Fatty Acids; MNA, MP, MOA, and EOA) and skatole (MI) representing fat quality, flavour and odour in sheep were measured at ages of 10-12 months old. Identification of novel variant and expression analysis of LEPR gene with different fat quality, odour and flavour were performed by PCR RFLP and qRT-PCR, respectively. A SNP in genomic region g.40854778 A>C of the LEPR gene was associated (P<0.05) with fat quality of saturated fatty acids (SFA) including [tricosanoic acid (C23:0) and tetracosanoic acid (C24:0)] and poly unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) [docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n3)]. However, the novel variant of LEPR was not significantly associated (P<0.05) with fat content, odour and flavour (MNA, MP, MOA, EOA, and MI). The mRNA expression analysis showed that LEPR mRNA expression was higher (P<0.01) in sheep found at the AA genotype. It could be concluded that variant SNP in the LEPR may contribute to fatty acid composition without influencing odour and flavour traits in sheep.

scholarly journals Dietary fatty acids and susceptibility to multiple sclerosis

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanie Haase ◽  
Aiden Haghikia ◽  
Ralf Gold ◽  
Ralf A Linker
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Dietary Fatty Acids ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Aliphatic Chain ◽  
Cell Immunity ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Background: The gut microbiome as well as dietary habits have recently been established as environmental contributors to the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS), a T-cell-mediated autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Objective: To summarize recent findings on the Janus-faced effects of dietary short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) on T-cell immunity with a special focus on the gut and the microbiome as an interface linking diet and T-cell responses during MS. Methods: Review article. Results: The autoimmune basis of MS most likely stems from an imbalance between pro-inflammatory T helper cell (Th)1 and Th17 cells and anti-inflammatory or regulatory mechanisms including regulatory T cells (Treg). Hence, the rationale of currently available therapeutic interventions is to either suppress pathogenic Th1/Th17 and/or to foster Treg responses. Dietary fatty acids are often discussed for their detrimental role in MS. However, recent studies investigating saturated fatty acids in animal models of MS revealed harmful as well as beneficial effects depending on their aliphatic chain length. Conclusion: Dietary SCFAs constitute interesting candidates as safe and potent add-on therapy in the immunomodulatory treatment armamentarium for relapsing-remitting MS.

scholarly journals Food and nutrient intakes of French frequent seafood consumers with regard to fish consumption recommendations: results from the CALIPSO study

2010 ◽  
Vol 105 (9) ◽  
pp. 1369-1380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Véronique Sirot ◽  
Céline Dumas ◽  
Jean-Charles Leblanc ◽  
Irène Margaritis
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Seafood Consumption ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Nutrient Intakes ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Vitamin D Intake ◽  
Upper Limit

Besides providing n-3 fatty acids with nutritional and health benefits, seafood consumption may contribute to the reduction of nutrient prevalences of inadequacy. To evaluate the contributions of seafood and other food groups to nutrient intakes of frequent seafood consumers, food consumption was evaluated through an FFQ on 991 French men and women (18–81 years) consuming seafood at least twice a week. Intakes, prevalence of inadequacies, risks of upper limit excess and food contributions to intakes were assessed for thirty-three nutrients. Mean fat contributions to total energy intakes (38·3 and 39·0 % for men and women, respectively) met French recommendations, but mean carbohydrate intakes (40·9 and 39·7 %, respectively) were insufficient. Micronutrient inadequacies were lower than in the French general population, the highest being for vitamin C (41·3 and 40·1 % for men and women, respectively), vitamin E (35·0 and 35·3 % for men and women, respectively) and Mg (37·5 and 25·5 % for men and women, respectively). Upper safety limits (USL) were exceeded mostly for Zn (6·2 %), Ca (3·7 %), retinol (2·0 %) and Cu (0·9 %). Mean contributions of seafood to vitamin D, B12, I and Se intakes ranged 40–65 %. Molluscs and crustaceans significantly contributed to vitamin B12 (13·7 %), Cu (11·4 %), Fe (11·5 %), Zn (8·4 %) and I (6·1 %) intakes, and canned fish contributed to vitamin D intake (13·4 %). Besides fish, contributions of mollusc and crustacean consumption to nutrient intakes should be considered from a public health viewpoint. Consuming seafood at least twice a week induces moderate inadequacies and risks of exceeding USL for some micronutrients, whereas macronutrient intakes remained imbalanced.

scholarly journals Investigating Risk of Suboptimal Macro and Micronutrient Intake and Their Determinants in Older Danish Adults with Specific Focus on Protein Intake—A Cross-Sectional Study

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Rønnow Schacht ◽  
Mads Vendelbo Lind ◽  
Rasmus Bechshøft ◽  
Grith Højfeldt ◽  
Søren Reitelseder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Micronutrient Intake ◽  
Dietary Record

Suboptimal intake of nutrients is associated with adverse health outcomes. The current study investigated the risk of suboptimal macro and micronutrient intake and their potential determinants in a cross-sectional study of community-dwelling older Danish adults (65–81 years). Nutrient intake was obtained through a 3-day weighted dietary record and information on personal characteristics and attitudes towards specific foods and dietary habits and nutrition through questionnaires. Dietary Reference Values (DRV) from the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations were used for the assessment. Among 157 participants, 68% and 66% had risk of suboptimal intake of dietary fiber and saturated fatty acids (SFA). For mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), the numbers were 47% and 62%, respectively. Increased risk of suboptimal protein intake was estimated in 3 to 45% of the participants, depending on the criteria used for the DRV and of the mode of expressing protein intake. Fifty percent had intakes of alcohol above the maximum recommended intake. Risk of micronutrient inadequacy was particularly high for vitamin D and thiamine (80 and 45%, respectively). Total energy intake and attitude regarding healthy eating were associated with lower nutrient intake. The current study illustrates that there is room for improvements in the dietary quality of community dwelling older Danish adults.

scholarly journals Type of Dietary Fat Is Associated with the 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 Increment in Response to Vitamin D Supplementation

2011 ◽  
Vol 96 (10) ◽  
pp. 3170-3174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sathit Niramitmahapanya ◽  
Susan S. Harris ◽  
Bess Dawson-Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin D3 ◽  
Calcium Supplementation ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Vitamin D Supplementation ◽  
Dietary Fats ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Pufa Ratio

Abstract Context: Mono- and polyunsaturated fats may have opposing effects on vitamin D absorption. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine whether intakes of different dietary fats are associated with the increase in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) after supplementation with vitamin D3. Design, Setting, and Participants: This analysis was conducted in the active treatment arm of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of vitamin D and calcium supplementation to prevent bone loss and fracture. Subjects included 152 healthy men and women age 65 and older who were assigned to 700 IU/d vitamin D3 and 500 mg/d calcium. Intakes of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and saturated fatty acids (SFA) were estimated by food frequency questionnaire. Main Outcome Measure: The change in plasma 25OHD during 2 yr vitamin D and calcium supplementation was assessed. Results: The change in plasma 25OHD (nanograms per milliliter) during vitamin D supplementation was positively associated with MUFA, (β = 0.94; P = 0.016), negatively associated with PUFA, (β = −0.93; P = 0.038), and positively associated with the MUFA/PUFA ratio (β = 6.46; P = 0.014). Conclusion: The fat composition of the diet may influence the 25OHD response to supplemental vitamin D3. Diets rich in MUFA may improve and those rich in PUFA may reduce the effectiveness of vitamin D3 supplements in healthy older adults. More studies are needed to confirm these findings.

scholarly journals Dietary Intake of the Italian PHIME Infant Cohort: How We Are Getting Diet Wrong from as Early as Infancy

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 4430
Author(s):  
Federica Concina ◽  
Paola Pani ◽  
Claudia Carletti ◽  
Giulia Bravo ◽  
Alessandra Knowles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Food Type ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Micronutrient Intake ◽  
Healthy Eating Habits ◽  
Dietary Records

Unhealthy dietary habits established in early infancy may lead to under or over nutrition later in life. This paper describes the energy, nutrients and food-type intake of 18-month-old infants belonging to the Italian PHIME cohort (n = 389) and evaluates adherence to the Italian dietary reference values (DRVs). Infant dietary data were collected using 7-day dietary records. Mean energy, macro and micronutrient intakes were estimated and compared with the DRVs. The percentage contribution of 19 selected food groups to total energy and macro- and micronutrient intake was determined with the aim of establishing the main food sources. Most infants’ diet shared common characteristics: poor variety, excessive intake of proteins (16.5 E% vs. 8–12 E% DRV) and saturated fatty acids (SFAs) (13.8 E% vs. <10 E% DRV), mainly derived from milk and dairy products, and low intake of total fats (33.2 E% vs. 35–40 E% DRV), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) (3.1 E% vs. 5–10 E% DRV), vitamin D (1.1 vs. 15 µg/day DRV) and iron (4.5 vs. 8 mg/day DRV). The unbalanced distribution of macronutrients was reflected in energy intakes outside DRV ranges for more than half the infants. Public health interventions promoting healthy eating habits from early on, even from pregnancy, could yield significant short- and long-term health benefits.

scholarly journals Dietary patterns of Polish seniors in retirees’ households

2021 ◽  
pp. 393-401
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Stoś ◽  
Maciej Ołtarzewski ◽  
Ewa Rychlik
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Red Meat ◽  
Vitamin D Intake ◽  
Energy And Nutrient Intake

Background. About 7 million people in Poland receive pensions. The amount of benefits paid to pensioners is reflected in the income at their households and expenses, including food expenses. Objective. The aim of the study was to evaluate the dietary patterns of Polish seniors in the retirees` households on the basis of an analysis of food consumption and energy and nutrient intake. Material and method. Food consumption evaluation was based on household budget survey conducted by Statistics Poland in 2019 throughout the whole country. Energy and nutrient intake were calculated using the conversion factors. Results. The consumption of unprocessed red meat in retirees’ households was 1.83 kg/person/month, meat products – 2.90 kg and kitchen salt – 0.24 kg. 6.52 kg of vegetables and 5.99 kg of fruit were consumed per person per month. The mean energy intake in members of these households was 2387 kcal/day. The proportion of energy from fat was high – 36.6%. 14.2% of energy was derived from protein and 49.6% from digestible carbohydrates. The share of animal fat (55.0 g) was higher than vegetable fat (43.7 g). It was associated with a high percentage of energy from saturated fatty acids – 13.4%. The content of polyunsaturated fatty acids was less than half of the saturated fatty acids. Calcium and vitamin D intake was low (658 mg and 3.8 μg respectively). Conclusions. Red meat, processed meat and salt consumption by seniors was too high in relation to the nutritional recommendations. Vegetables and fruit were consumed in amounts that are recommended. Seniors diet was improperly balanced, e.g. due to the high percentage of energy from fat, including saturated fatty acids. However, the intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids was low. Calcium and vitamin D intake was lower than Reference Intakes.

scholarly journals Validity and Usability of a Smartphone Image-Based Dietary Assessment App Compared to 3-Day Food Diaries in Assessing Dietary Intake Among Canadian Adults: Randomized Controlled Trial (Preprint)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuwei Ji ◽  
Hugues Plourde ◽  
Valerie Bouzo ◽  
Robert D Kilgour ◽  
Tamara R Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Dietary Assessment ◽  
Misclassification Rate ◽  
Relative Validity ◽  
System Usability Scale ◽  
System Usability

BACKGROUND Accurate dietary assessment is needed in studies that include analysis of nutritional intake. Image-based dietary assessment apps have gained in popularity for assessing diet, which may ease researcher and participant burden compared to traditional pen-to-paper methods. However, few studies report the validity of these apps for use in research. Keenoa is a smartphone image-based dietary assessment app that recognizes and identifies food items using artificial intelligence and permits real-time editing of food journals. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess the relative validity of an image-based dietary assessment app — Keenoa — against a 3-day food diary (3DFD) and to test its usability in a sample of healthy Canadian adults. METHODS We recruited 102 participants to complete two 3-day food records. For 2 weeks, on 2 non-consecutive days and 1 weekend day, in random order, participants completed a traditional pen-to-paper 3DFD and the Keenoa app. At the end of the study, participants completed the System Usability Scale. The nutrient analyses of the 3DFD and Keenoa data before (Keenoa-participant) and after they were reviewed by dietitians (Keenoa-dietitian) were analyzed using analysis of variance. Multiple tests, including the Pearson coefficient, cross-classification, kappa score, % difference, paired t test, and Bland-Altman test, were performed to analyze the validity of Keenoa (Keenoa-dietitian). RESULTS The study was completed by 72 subjects. Most variables were significantly different between Keenoa-participant and Keenoa-dietitian (<i>P</i>&lt;.05) except for energy, protein, carbohydrates, fiber, vitamin B1, vitamin B12, vitamin C, vitamin D, and potassium. Significant differences in total energy, protein, carbohydrates, % fat, saturated fatty acids, iron, and potassium were found between the 3DFD and Keenoa-dietitian data (<i>P</i>&lt;.05). The Pearson correlation coefficients between the Keenoa-dietitian and 3DFD ranged from .04 to .51. Differences between the mean intakes assessed by the 3DFD and Keenoa-dietitian were within 10% except for vitamin D (misclassification rate=33.8%). The majority of nutrients were within an acceptable range of agreement in the Bland-Altman analysis; no agreements were seen for total energy, protein, carbohydrates, fat (%), saturated fatty acids, iron, potassium, and sodium (<i>P</i>&lt;.05). According to the System Usability Scale, 34.2% of the participants preferred using Keenoa, while 9.6% preferred the 3DFD. CONCLUSIONS The Keenoa app provides acceptable relative validity for some nutrients compared to the 3DFD. However, the average intake of some nutrients, including energy, protein, carbohydrates, % fat, saturated fatty acids, and iron, differed from the average obtained using the 3DFD. These findings highlight the importance of verifying data entries of participants before proceeding with nutrient analysis. Overall, Keenoa showed better validity at the group level than the individual level, suggesting it can be used when focusing on the dietary intake of the general population. Further research is recommended with larger sample sizes and objective dietary assessment approaches.

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