scholarly journals Estimation of the time of death by measuring the variation of lateral cerebral ventricle volume and cerebrospinal fluid radiodensity using postmortem computed tomography

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio De-Giorgio ◽  
Gabriele Ciasca ◽  
Gennaro Fecondo ◽  
Alberto Mazzini ◽  
Marco De Spirito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Time Range ◽  
Postmortem Computed Tomography ◽  
Time Of Death ◽  
Cerebral Ventricles ◽  
3D Segmentation ◽  
Postmortem Ct ◽  
Ventricle Volume ◽  
Lateral Cerebral Ventricle ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Using postmortem CT (PMCT), changes in the volume of the lateral cerebral ventricles (LCVs) and modifications of the radiodensity of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) have been examined to identify a possible relationship between these changes and the time of death. Subsequent periodical CT scans termed “sequential scans” for ten corpses at known time of death were obtained, and a 3D segmentation of the entire LCV was carried out to measure its volume and radiodensity over time from ~ 5.5- h up to 273-h postmortem. A linear decrease of the LCV volume for all the cases was observed in the investigated time range, together with an overall logarithmic increase of radiodensity. Although a larger sampling should be performed to improve the result reliability, our finding suggests that the postmortem variation of CSF radiodensity can be a potentially useful tool in determining postmortem interval, a finding that is worthy of further investigation.

The Effect of Injecting an Inert Oil Into the Cerebral Ventricular System Upon Fever Produced by Intravenous Leucocyte Pyrogen

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (11) ◽  
pp. 1066-1071 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. E. Cooper ◽  
W. L. Veale
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
Ventricular System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cerebral Ventricles ◽  
The Third ◽  
Paraffin Oil ◽  
Lateral Cerebral Ventricle

An injection of paraffin oil into the lateral cerebral ventricle of afebrile rabbits appears to fill the entire ventricular system. Such an injection does not affect body temperature nor does it alter the time elapsing between an intravenous injection of leucocyte pyrogen and the fever which follows. It does, however, greatly increase the height and duration of the fever. Oil injected into the cerebral ventricles of rabbits during an intravenous infusion of pyrogen in an amount previously shown to maintain a steady fever level causes the body temperature to commence to climb again and continue to climb considerably thereafter. We suggest that these experiments indicate that leucocyte pyrogen, reaching the hypothalamus via the blood stream, may be excreted through the ependyma of the third ventricle into the cerebrospinal fluid, or that substances released as a result of the presence of leucocyte pyrogen in brain tissue may be thus excreted.

Correlation and Autofluorescence Microscopy in Forensics Medicine: Time of Death Detection Using Polycrystalline Cerebrospinal Fluid Films

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.S. Harazdyuk ◽  
V.T. Bachinsky ◽  
O.Ya. Wanchulyak ◽  
A. G. Ushenko ◽  
Yu. A. Ushenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Time Of Death ◽  
Fluid Films

scholarly journals Effect of Perceived Social Support on Mortality Rate Among Older Chinese Americans

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 198-199
Author(s):  
Charu Verma ◽  
Mengting Li ◽  
XinQi Dong
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Mortality Risk ◽  
Perceived Social Support ◽  
Chinese Americans ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Time Of Death ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
Older Chinese ◽  
Older Chinese Americans ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Most existing studies have examined the relationship between social support and health in cross-sectional data. However, the changing dynamics of social support over time and its relationship with all-cause mortality have not been well explored. Using data from the Pine Study (N = 3,157), this study examined whether social support was associated with time of death at an 8 years follow-up among older Chinese Americans. Social support from a spouse, family members and friend were collected at the baseline using an HRS social support scale. Perceived social support and time of death were ascertained from the baseline through wave 4. Cox proportional hazard models were used to assess associations of perceived support with the risk of all-cause mortality using time-varying covariate analyses. Covariates included age, sex, education, income, and medical comorbidities. All study participants were followed up for 8 years, during which 492 deaths occurred. In multivariable analyses, the results showed that positive family support [HR 0.91; 95% CI (0.86, 0.98)] and overall social support [HR 0.95; 95% CI (0.92,0.98)] were significantly associated with a lower risk of 8-year mortality. Results demonstrate robust association in which perceived positive family and overall social support over time had a protective effect on all-cause mortality risk in older Chinese Americans. Interventions could focus on older adults with low social support and protect their health and well-being. Future studies could further explore why social support from family is different from social support from other sources regarding mortality risk in older Chinese Americans.

scholarly journals 795 Trends in Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak Rates Following the Extended Endoscopic Endonasal Approach for Anterior Skull Base Meningioma: A Meta-Analysis Over the Last 20 Years

2021 ◽  
Vol 108 (Supplement_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
A H Zamanipoor Najafabadi ◽  
D Z Khan ◽  
I S Muskens ◽  
M L D Broekman ◽  
N L Dorward ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Skull Base ◽  
Arterial Injury ◽  
Gross Total Resection ◽  
Csf Leak ◽  
Total Resection ◽  
Visual Improvement ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Reconstructive Techniques ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Introduction The extended endoscopic approach (EEA) provides direct access for resection of tuberculum sellae (TSM) and olfactory groove meningiomas (OGM) but is associated with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak in up to 25% of patients. To evaluate the impact of improved skull base reconstructive techniques, we assessed published CSF leak percentages in EEA over the last two decades. Method Random-effects meta-analyses were performed for studies published between 2004-2020. Outcomes assessed were CSF leak, gross total resection, visual improvement, intraoperative arterial injury and 30-day mortality. For the main analyses, publications were pragmatically grouped based on publication year in three categories: 2004-2010, 2011-2015, and 2016-2020. Results We included 29 studies describing 540 TSM and 115 OGM patients. CSF leak incidence dropped over time from 22% (95% CI: 6-43%) in studies published between 2004 and 2010, to 16% (95% CI: 11-23%) between 2011 and 2015, and 4% (95% CI: 1-9%) between 2016 and 2020. Outcomes of gross total resection, visual improvement, intraoperative arterial injury, and 30-day mortality remained stable over time Conclusions We report a noticeable decrease in CSF leak over time, which might be attributed to the development of reconstructive techniques (e.g., hadad bassagasteguy flap, and gasket seal), refined multilayer repair protocols, and selected lumbar drain usage.

scholarly journals Effects of blood loss on organ attenuation on postmortem CT and organ weight at autopsy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakob Heimer ◽  
Vasiliki Chatzaraki ◽  
Wolf Schweitzer ◽  
Michael J. Thali ◽  
Thomas D. Ruder
Keyword(s):  
Blood Loss ◽  
Organ Weight ◽  
Hepatic Glycogen ◽  
Unexpected Finding ◽  
Postmortem Computed Tomography ◽  
Postmortem Ct ◽  
Ct Attenuation ◽  
Probable Interpretation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Different Levels

Abstract Background Cases of external hemorrhage are difficult to recognize on postmortem computed tomography (PMCT). Purpose To investigate the effects of blood loss on CT attenuation of the spleen, liver, kidneys, and lungs on PMCT and to assess the relationship between blood loss and organ weight. Methods A total of 125 cases with blood loss were sex- and age-matched to 125 control cases without blood loss. Individual organ attenuation was measured on transverse CT images. Organ weights of the liver, spleen, kidneys, and lung were extracted from the autopsy protocols. Results Organ weight was significantly lower in cases with blood loss (lung 30%, spleen 28%, kidneys 14%, liver 18%) than in controls. CT attenuation of the lungs was significantly lower (30%) in cases with blood loss than in controls. CT attenuation of the spleen and kidneys did not significantly differ between cases and controls. CT attenuation of the liver was significantly higher (25%) in cases with blood loss than in controls. Conclusion Blood loss decreases organ weight and CT attenuation of the lungs but appears to have no significant effect on CT attenuation of the spleen and kidneys. The increased liver attenuation in cases with blood loss compared to controls was an unexpected finding and remains challenging to explain. One probable interpretation refers to different levels of hepatic glycogen; however, further work is warranted to substantiate this hypothesis.

The Trajectory of Cerebrospinal Fluid Growth-Associated Protein 43 in the Alzheimer’s Disease Continuum: A Longitudinal Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Heng Zhang ◽  
Diyang Lyu ◽  
Jianping Jia ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Dementia Patients ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Potential Biomarker ◽  
Synaptic Degeneration ◽  
Over Time

Background: Synaptic degeneration has been suggested as an early pathological event that strongly correlates with severity of dementia in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, changes in longitudinal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) growth-associated protein 43 (GAP-43) as a synaptic biomarker in the AD continuum remain unclear. Objective: To assess the trajectory of CSF GAP-43 with AD progression and its association with other AD hallmarks. Methods: CSF GAP-43 was analyzed in 788 participants from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI), including 246 cognitively normal (CN) individuals, 415 individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 127 with AD dementia based on cognitive assessments. The associations between a multimodal classification scheme with amyloid-β (Aβ), tau, and neurodegeneration, and changes in CSF GAP-43 over time were also analyzed. Results: CSF GAP-43 levels were increased at baseline in MCI and dementia patients, and increased significantly over time in the preclinical (Aβ-positive CN), prodromal (Aβ-positive MCI), and dementia (Aβ-positive dementia) stages of AD. Higher levels of CSF GAP-43 were also associated with higher CSF phosphorylated tau (p-tau) and total tau (t-tau), cerebral amyloid deposition and hypometabolism on positron emission tomography, the hippocampus and middle temporal atrophy, and cognitive performance deterioration at baseline and follow-up. Furthermore, CSF GAP-43 may assist in effectively predicting the probability of dementia onset at 2- or 4-year follow-up. Conclusion: CSF GAP-43 can be used as a potential biomarker associated with synaptic degeneration in subjects with AD; it may also be useful for tracking the disease progression and for monitoring the effects of clinical trials.

METACHROMATIC LEUKODYSTROPHY: CLINICAL, HISTOCHEMICAL, AND CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ABNORMALITIES

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1962 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 629-638
Author(s):  
Richard J. Allen ◽  
James J. McCusker ◽  
Wallace W. Tourtellotte
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Metachromatic Leukodystrophy ◽  
Lipid Analysis ◽  
Time Of Death ◽  
System Degeneration ◽  
Cherry Red Spot ◽  
Histochemical Changes ◽  
Acid Esters

A child has been reported with histochemically proven metachromatic leukodystrophy. Central nervous system degeneration began at the age of 20 months and continued to the time of death at the age of 49 months. Prior to death a "cherry red spot" became evident in the retina and is the only known instance of this finding. This adds to the evidence that metachromatic leukodystrophy is one of the neurolipidoses, but the metabolic defect apparently affects primarily the cerebroside sulfuric acid esters. Repeated analyses of cerebrospinal fluid demonstrated an elevated total protein and a "midzone" gold curve. Lipid analysis of serum and cerebrospinal fluid demonstrated findings which are discussed in detail and correlated to the histochemical changes. In addition, comparisons are made with the cerebrospinal fluids in Tay-Sach's and Niemann-Pick's disease. This too revealed important differences between the various neurolipidoses.

scholarly journals Pharmacodynamics of Isavuconazole in a Rabbit Model of Cryptococcal Meningoencephalitis

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura L. Kovanda ◽  
Charles Giamberardino ◽  
Laura McEntee ◽  
Dena L. Toffaletti ◽  
Kelly S. Franke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Rabbit Model ◽  
Response Relationship ◽  
Fungal Burden ◽  
Cryptococcal Meningoencephalitis ◽  
Exposure Response ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Over Time

ABSTRACT Cryptococcus spp., important fungal pathogens, are the leading cause of fungus-related mortality in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients, and new therapeutic options are desperately needed. Isavuconazonium sulfate, a newer triazole antifungal agent, was studied to characterize the exposure-response relationship in a rabbit model of cryptococcal meningoencephalitis. Rabbits treated with isavuconazonium sulfate were compared with those treated with fluconazole and untreated controls. The fungal burden in the cerebrospinal fluid was measured serially over time, while the yeast concentrations in the brain and the eye (aqueous humor) were determined at the end of therapy. The exposure impact of isavuconazonium sulfate dosing in the rabbit was linked using mathematical modeling. Similar significant reductions in the fungal burden in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid in rabbits treated with isavuconazonium sulfate and fluconazole compared with that in the untreated controls were observed. No dose-dependent response was demonstrated with isavuconazonium sulfate treatment in this study. The treatment of cryptococcal meningoencephalitis with isavuconazonium sulfate was similar to that with fluconazole. Dose-dependent reductions in yeast over time were not demonstrated, which limited our ability to estimate the pharmacodynamic target. Further nonclinical and clinical studies are needed in order to characterize the extent of the exposure-response relationship in cryptococcal meningoencephalitis. However, this study suggests that isavuconazonium sulfate, like fluconazole, could be beneficial in the setting of consolidation and maintenance therapy, rather than induction monotherapy, in high-burden cryptococcal meningoencephalitis.

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