scholarly journals Neurological update: COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Ren ◽  
R. J. Digby ◽  
E. J. Needham
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Critical Illness ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Cerebrovascular Disease ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Significant Issue ◽  
Neurological Damage ◽  
Direct Invasion

AbstractCoronavirus Disease 2019 is predominantly a disorder of the respiratory system, but neurological complications have been recognised since early in the pandemic. The major pathophysiological processes leading to neurological damage in COVID-19 are cerebrovascular disease, immunologically mediated neurological disorders and the detrimental effects of critical illness on the nervous system. It is still unclear whether direct invasion of the nervous system by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 occurs; given the vast numbers of people infected at this point, this uncertainty suggests that nervous system infection is unlikely to represent a significant issue if it occurs at all. In this review, we explore what has been learnt about the neurological complications of COVID-19 over the course of the pandemic, and by which mechanisms these complications most commonly occur.

Neurological symptoms of COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 285-296
Author(s):  
Adriana Wawer ◽  
Agnieszka Piechal
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Harmful Effect ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Neurological Symptoms ◽  
Acute Respiratory Disease ◽  
Neurological Damage ◽  
Impaired Consciousness ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
The Brain

Objective. Some viral infections can have a harmful effect on the functioning of the nervous system and can even cause serious neurological damage. This work aims to review the results of studies published so far concerning neurological complications in people infected with coronaviruses, especially SARS-CoV-2, and possible mechanisms responsible for nervous system damage. Literature review. Recently, there have been reports that coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), cause acute respiratory disease, exhibit neurotropic properties and can also cause neurological symptoms. There are studies published showing that these viruses may penetrate to the brain and cerebrospinal fluid. Conclusions. Coronaviruses are still poorly understood, so it seems important to study the potential impact of SARS-CoV-2 infections on the nervous system. It seems appropriate that patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 should be early evaluated for neurological symptoms, including headache and impaired consciousness.

scholarly journals Multimodality MRI Findings in Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Juan Chen ◽  
Long Jiang Zhang ◽  
Guang Ming Lu
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Renal Disease ◽  
End Stage Renal Disease ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Mri Findings ◽  
Stage Renal Disease ◽  
End Stage ◽  
Esrd Patients

Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) suffer from a number of complex neurological complications including vascular damage and cognitive dysfunction. It is of great significance to detect the neurological complications and improve the prognosis of ESRD patients. Many new noninvasive MRI techniques have been steadily used for the diagnosis of occult central nervous system complications in ESRD patients. This gives an opportunity to understand the pathophysiological mechanisms of these neurological disorders. This paper is a review that presents the MRI findings of occult brain damage in ESRD patients, outlines the applications of advanced MRI techniques, and introduces a brief perspective in this study field.

scholarly journals Neurological disorders in autism: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Autism ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 136236132095137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pei-Yin Pan ◽  
Sven Bölte ◽  
Preet Kaur ◽  
Sadia Jamil ◽  
Ulf Jonsson
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cerebral Palsy ◽  
General Population ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Migraine Headache ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Neurological Complications

The etiological significance of neurological disorders in autism is debated, but it is clear that they complicate support provision and clinical management, and can have negative impact on outcomes. This systematic review and meta-analysis explored the full range of co-occurring neurological disorders in autism. We estimated the odds of having neurological complications compared to the general population and other neurodevelopmental conditions, as well as the overall prevalence of different neurological disorders. Seventy-nine articles were eligible for the systematic review, including 28 case-control studies, 43 prevalence studies, and 8 cohort studies. Findings were heterogeneous across studies. Overall, autistic individuals were significantly more likely than the general population to exhibit epilepsy, macrocephaly, hydrocephalus, cerebral palsy, migraine/headache, and congenital abnormalities of the nervous system, with prevalence estimates ranging from 1.1% (0%–3.3%; hydrocephalus) to 14.2% (11.3%–17.2%; epilepsy). Epilepsy was also more common in autism than in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (odds ratio [95% confidence interval] = 4.06 [2.81–5.88]). Findings indicate that awareness of neurological disorders and neurological check-ups are indicated in autism to ensure adequate physical health care and support. Prospective studies of neurological disorders in children diagnosed with or at risk of autism might further enhance our understanding of causal pathways. Lay abstract Neurological disorders, such as epilepsy and cerebral palsy, have been reported to occur among individuals with autism beyond chance and may have an impact on daily living across the lifespan. Although there has been research investigating neurological disorders in autism, the findings are not always conclusive. Previous summaries of existing studies have not evaluated the full range of neurological disorders. This study aimed to comprehensively explore the neurological problems appearing in autism to provide updated information that is needed for better healthcare and support in this population. We looked at already published studies focusing on risk or frequency of neurological disorders in autism. Our results suggest that individuals with autism are more likely than the general population to have a range of neurological disorders, including epilepsy, macrocephaly, hydrocephalus, cerebral palsy, migraine/headache, and inborn abnormalities of the nervous system. In order to provide individualized healthcare and support of high quality to individuals diagnosed with autism, health care professionals and other support providers need to be attentive to neurological complications. To further improve our understanding about the link between autism and neurological disorders, future research should follow the neurological health of children who are diagnosed with or are at increased likelihood of autism.

scholarly journals Neurology of COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Reference Book ◽  
Direct Response ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Specific Subject ◽  
International Experts ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Extensive Clinical Experience

The authors will present a comprehensive account of the neurological aspects of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The aim is to provide a practical clinical book which will serve as a guide for clinicians from all specialties involved in the management of COVID-19 patients. The authors share the extensive clinical experience gained in major hospitals in Lombardy, the first European region to face the COVID-19 emergency in 2020. All are recognized international experts in their respective fields and have been involved in the management of COVID-19 cases from the very beginning of the Italian SARS-CoV-2 outbreak. The text begins with a description of pathobiological and pathophysiological aspects related to the involvement of the nervous system, moving on to the discussion of the neurological complications observed in COVID-19 patients; these range from central to peripheral symptoms, and can occur in the acute or post-acute phases of the disease. Further topics are: neuropathology, seizures and EEG, neuroimaging, delirium, encephalomyelitis, stroke, psychopathology and psychiatry, neuropsychology and cognitive impairment, neuromuscu-lar disorders, and the impact of COVID-19 on other pre-existing neurological disorders. In addi-tion, the book will discuss the new developments in teleneurology approaches, which have been a direct response to the ongoing pandemic. Finally, the possible neurological complications of the COVID-19 vaccines and the neurological complications in children will be considered.Each chapter will present a critical review of the existing literature concerning the specific subject matter, followed by practical clinical recommendations, as well as personal considerations based on the experience gained by each author during the course of the COVID-19 pandemic. Neurology of COVID-19 will be an original and innovative reference book for clinicians of all the specialties involved in the management of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection

scholarly journals Neuropathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection

eLife ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shumayila Khan ◽  
James Gomes
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Pulmonary Complications ◽  
Neurological Damage ◽  
Sensory Impairments ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Chief Symptom ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Initial Knowledge

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 has recently emerged as a serious jolt to human life and economy. Initial knowledge established pulmonary complications as the chief symptom, however, the neurological aspect of the disease is also becoming increasingly evident. Emerging reports of encephalopathies and similar ailments with the detection of the virus in the CSF has elicited an urgent need for investigating the possibility of neuroinvasiveness of the virus, which cannot be ruled out given the expression of low levels of ACE2 receptors in the brain. Sensory impairments of the olfactory and gustatory systems have also been reported in a large proportion of the cases, indicating the involvement of the peripheral nervous system. Hence, the possibility of neurological damage caused by the virus demands immediate attention and investigation of the mechanisms involved, so as to customize the treatment of patients presenting with neurological complications.

scholarly journals Isolated Chronic Aseptic Meningitis Due to SARS-COV-2 Unresponsive to Ordinary Treatments

2021 ◽  
Vol In Press (In Press) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdollah Karimi ◽  
Sedigheh Rafiei Tabatabaei ◽  
Ghazal Shariatpanahi ◽  
Mohsen Javadzadeh ◽  
Shahnaz Armin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Aseptic Meningitis ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Neurological Symptoms ◽  
Adult Patients ◽  
Immune Mediated

: Serious, and sometimes, deadly complications of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are devastating. Whereas most manifestations of COVID-19 are respiratory (fever, dry cough, fatigue, pneumonia), it is getting to be progressively recognized that numerous organ functions can be affected by this disease, and the nervous system is one of them as neurological complications can affect up to 36% of adult patients. However, the prevalence and pathophysiology of these complications have yet to be fully elucidated in children. Here, we discuss an infant with neurological symptoms manifested as chronic isolated aseptic meningitis associated with COVID-19, which was unresponsive to ordinary treatments and dramatically responsive to dexamethasone. Immune-mediated reactions may have had a major pathophysiologic role in this case.

scholarly journals COVID-19’s Pathways to Human Central Nervous System and Relevant Drug Treatment

2020 ◽  
Vol 218 ◽  
pp. 03009
Author(s):  
Zhaolun Liang
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Shortness Of Breath ◽  
Human Central Nervous System ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Different Types

COVID-19, also known as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2), is a severe disease. It can cause different types of symptoms including shortness of breath, fever, cough, fatigue and sore throat. Older adults and people who have severe underlying medical conditions like heart or lung disease or diabetes seem to be at higher risk to develop more complex complications due to the infection. Until August 6th, 2020, COVID-19 has caused 700, 000 deaths across the Earth; however, the actual death number could be higher than 700,000. COVID-19’s origin is still remained unknown, but the speculation is targeted to bats or pangolins. Although COVID-19 is a disease target human’s respiratory system, based on the research and clinical cases of COVID-19, evidence shows that COVID-19 can also invade human’s central nervous system (CNS).

scholarly journals Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2-Induced Neurological Complications

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shijia Yu ◽  
Mingjun Yu
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Symptoms ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Supportive Treatment ◽  
Cytokine Storm ◽  
Neurological Signs ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Immunomodulatory Therapies

Our review aims to highlight the neurological complications of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and the available treatments according to the existing literature, discussing the underlying mechanisms. Since the end of 2019, SARS-CoV-2 has induced a worldwide pandemic that has threatened numerous lives. Fever, dry cough, and respiratory symptoms are typical manifestations of COVID-19. Recently, several neurological complications of the central and peripheral nervous systems following SARS-CoV-2 infection have gained clinicians' attention. Encephalopathy, stroke, encephalitis/meningitis, Guillain–Barré syndrome, and multiple sclerosis are considered probable neurological signs of COVID-19. The virus may invade the nervous system directly or induce a massive immune inflammatory response via a “cytokine storm.” Specific antiviral drugs are still under study. To date, immunomodulatory therapies and supportive treatment are the predominant strategies. In order to improve the management of COVID-19 patients, it is crucial to monitor the onset of new neurological complications and to explore drugs/vaccines targeted against SARS-CoV-2 infection.

scholarly journals Heterogeneous Neurological Disorders Associated with the SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Case Report

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-64
Author(s):  
Vyacheslav A. Kutashov Vyacheslav A. Kutashov ◽  
Olga Ulyanova ◽  
Igor Protasov ◽  
Oleg Zolotaryov ◽  
Elena Ananyeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Muscular System ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and the disease it causes, COVID-19, along with damage to the respiratory system, can lead to disorders of the central and peripheral nervous system, as well as the muscular system. The article presents literature data and the authors’ observations of the course of neurological disorders in a patient with COVID-19. This study found that there is a link between the severity of COVID-19 and the intensity and frequency of neurological disorders.

scholarly journals Neuroinvasion and neurological complications in COVID-19

2020 ◽  
pp. 186-187
Author(s):  
O.A. Loskutov
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cerebrovascular Disease ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Neurological Symptoms ◽  
Nausea And Vomiting ◽  
Musculoskeletal Symptoms ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Consciousness Disorders ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Background. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) affects not only the alveoli but also the central nervous system. The pathogenesis of neurological complications of COVID-19 is based on the receptor damage, cytokine-mediated injury, damage of the nervous system due to hypoxia, and neuronal damage due to the retrograde transport of the virus through nerve fibers. Objective. To determine the mechanisms of coronavirus neuroinvasion and treatment of neurological complications COVID-19. Materials and methods. Analysis of literature sources and own research on this topic. Results and discussion. In 3 days after infection viral antigens are detected in the olfactory sensory neurons of the nasal cavity epithelium, which confirms the transnasal invasion of coronaviruses. According to various authors, 36.4-84 % of patients with COVID-19 have neurological manifestations. In general, neurological symptoms of COVID-19 can be divided into three categories: symptoms of the central nervous system disorders (headache, dizziness, consciousness disorders, nausea and vomiting, ataxia, acute cerebrovascular disease, and epilepsy), symptoms of the peripheral nervous system disorders (hypogeusia, hyposmia, hypopsia, and neuralgia) and musculoskeletal symptoms. As viral infections cause cytokine storm, inflammation and hyperactive oxidation, it is advisable to use antioxidants in their treatment. According to the Japanese clinical guidelines for the treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome, edaravone may be used as a free radical scavenger in such patients. In the experiment, edaravone reduced the area of infarction and promoted functional recovery in cerebral thrombosis. Other properties of edaravone include the prevention of excessive permeability of the pulmonary vessels’ endothelium. Own research has shown that edaravone (Ksavron, “Yuria-Pharm”) reduces the severity of inflammation and mortality in patients with COVID-19. In the control group, the level of the proinflammatory mediator interleukin-6 exceeded the upper limit of normal values by 1652.40 %, and in the Ksavron group – only by 269.97 %. Mortality in the control group was 14.3 %, and in the Ksavron group – 0 %. Conclusions. 1. Coronaviruses affect not only the lungs but also the nervous system. 2. Neurological symptoms of COVID-19 include headache, dizziness, consciousness disorders, nausea and vomiting, ataxia, acute cerebrovascular disease, hypogeusia, hyposmia, hypopsia, neuralgia, and musculoskeletal symptoms. 3. Edaravone (Ksavron) reduces the severity of inflammation and has an antioxidant effect, which justifies its use in COVID-19.

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