Vitamin D in Gambian children with discordant tuberculosis (TB) infection status despite matched TB exposure: a case control study

AbstractUsing a matched case control design conducted at MRC Gambia in 2015, we measured vitamin D levels in pairs of asymptomatic children with discordant tuberculin skin test status despite the same sleeping proximity to the same adult TB index case. Median ages of groups (infected; 10.0 years, uninfected 8.8 years) were not significantly different (p = 0.13). Mean vitamin D levels were 2.05 ng/mL (95% CI − 0.288 to 4.38) higher in 24 highly TB-exposed uninfected children compared with 24 matched highly TB-exposed infected children (p = 0.08). The findings warrant further investigation in larger studies to understand the implications and significance. Conclusion: Vitamin D levels were higher in TB-uninfected children compared with TB-infected despite equal high exposure to a TB case. What is Known:• Paediatrics TB represents one of the leading causes of child death globally.• Current literature shows an inconsistent relationship between vitamin D deficiency and increased risk of TB disease however a large Phase 3 trial of vitamin D supplementation in (largely vitamin D deficient) Mongolian children did not find any association with TB infection rates. What is New:• This study adds to the literature in a vitamin D sufficient paediatric population whereby children with equal exposure to a household TB case with no evidence of TB infection have higher levels of vitamin D compared with matched children with TB infection.

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Vitamin D and Cardiovascular Risk: Which Implications in Children?

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms21103536 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (10) ◽

pp. 3536 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Silvia Savastio ◽

Erica Pozzi ◽

Francesco Tagliaferri ◽

Roberta Degrandi ◽

Roberta Cinquatti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Cardiovascular Risk ◽

Pediatric Patients ◽

Cardiovascular Effects ◽

Vitamin D Supplementation ◽

Risk Markers ◽

Randomized Controlled ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Vitamin D Levels ◽

Lipid Parameters

Vitamin D (25OHD) pleiotropic effects are widely recognized and studied. Recently, vitamin D cardiovascular effects are gaining interest, especially in children, although the studies present conflicting data. Some randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have demonstrated that cardiovascular risk markers, such as lipid parameters, inflammation markers, blood pressure, and arterial stiffness, are unaffected by vitamin D supplementation. By contrast, other studies show that low vitamin D levels are associated with higher risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality, and support that increased risk of these diseases occurs primarily in people with vitamin D deficiency. An update on these points in pediatric patients is certainly of interest to focus on possible benefits of its supplementation.

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Polymorphisms CYP2R1 rs10766197 and CYP27B1 rs10877012 in Multiple Sclerosis: A Case-Control Study

Journal of Immunology Research ◽

10.1155/2021/7523997 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-11

Author(s):

A. Martinez-Hernandez ◽

E. E. Perez-Guerrero ◽

M. A. Macias-Islas ◽

C. A. Nava-Valdivia ◽

A. Villagomez-Vega ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Multiple Sclerosis ◽

Vitamin D ◽

Disease Progression ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Case Control ◽

Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Vitamin D Levels ◽

25 Oh Vitamin D ◽

Control Study

Background. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease. Low vitamin D levels have been reported to be a risk factor for MS, and genetic variances could be implicated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of MS with rs10766197 polymorphism of CYP2R1 gene and rs10877012 polymorphism of CYP27B1 gene. The second aim was to analyse whether these polymorphisms are associated with the severity of the progression of MS. Material and Methods. In a case-control study, we included 116 MS patients and 226 controls, all of whom were Mexican Mestizo. MS was diagnosed by McDonald criteria (2017). A complete neurological evaluation was performed to evaluate the severity of disease progression. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH) vitamin D] levels were measured by ELISA. Single nucleotide polymorphisms rs10766197 of CYP2R1 gene and rs10877012 SNP of CYP27B1 gene were genotyped by real-time PCR. Results. Serum 25(OH) vitamin D levels were lower in MS patients than in controls ( p = 0.009 ). No differences were observed between serum 25(OH) vitamin D levels of MS patients with severe progression compared to low progression ( p = 0.88 ). A higher frequency of the A allele of CYP2R1 rs10766197 was observed between MS patients and controls ( p = 0.05 ). No differences were observed in the frequency of T allele of CYP27B1 rs10877012 ( p = 0.65 ). In subanalysis, patients with GA + AA genotypes of CYP2R1 rs10766197 had an increased risk of MS compared to controls ( p = 0.03 ). No increased risk was observed in GT + TT genotypes of CYP27B1 rs10877012 ( p = 0.63 ). No differences were observed in allele frequencies of either polymorphism between patients with severe vs. low disease progression. Conclusion. Lower serum 25(OH) vitamin D levels were observed in MS patients than in controls, although these levels were not associated with disease progression. Carriers of GA + AA genotypes of CYP2R1 rs10766197 had an increased risk of MS. None of these polymorphisms was associated with severe progression of MS.

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Low Vitamin D Levels Predict Mortality in Ankylosing Spondylitis Patients: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12051400 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (5) ◽

pp. 1400

Author(s):

Niv Ben-Shabat ◽

Abdulla Watad ◽

Aviv Shabat ◽

Nicola Luigi Bragazzi ◽

Doron Comaneshter ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Cohort Study ◽

Ankylosing Spondylitis ◽

Vitamin D Deficiency ◽

Vitamin D Supplementation ◽

Health Maintenance ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Vitamin D Levels ◽

All Cause Mortality

In this study, we aimed to examine the effect of vitamin D deficiency on all-cause mortality in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients and in the general population. This is a retrospective-cohort study based on the electronic database of the largest health-maintenance organization in Israel. AS patients who were first diagnosed between 2002–2007 were included. Controls were matched by age, gender and enrollment-time. Follow-up continued until death or end of study follow-up on 1 July 2019. Laboratory measures of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin-D levels during the entire follow-up period were obtained. A total of 919 AS patients and 4519 controls with a mean time of follow-up of 14.3 years were included. The mean age at the time of enrollment was 52 years, and 22% of them were females. AS was associated with a higher proportion of vitamin D deficiency (odds ratio 1.27 [95% confidence-interval (CI) 1.03–1.58]). In AS patients, insufficient levels of vitamin D (<30 ng/mL) were significantly associated with increased incidence of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio (HR) 1.59 [95% CI 1.02–2.50]). This association was more prominent with the decrease in vitamin D levels (< 20 ng/mL, HR 1.63 [95% CI 1.03–2.60]; <10 ng/mL, HR 1.79 [95% CI 1.01–3.20]) and among male patients (<30 ng/mL, HR 2.11 [95% CI 1.20–3.72]; <20 ng/mL, HR 2.12 [95% CI 1.19–3.80]; <10 ng/mL, HR 2.23 [95% CI 1.12–4.43]). However, inadequate levels of vitamin D among controls were not associated with an increased all-cause mortality. Our study has shown that vitamin D deficiency is more common in AS patients than controls and is linked to an increased risk for all-cause mortality. These results emphasize the need for randomized-controlled trials to evaluate the benefits of vitamin D supplementation as a secondary prevention of mortality in patients with chronic inflammatory rheumatic disease.

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Vitamin D Status and Its Determinants in a Paediatric Population in Norway

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12051385 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (5) ◽

pp. 1385

Author(s):

Mads N Holten-Andersen ◽

Johanne Haugen ◽

Ingvild Oma ◽

Tor A Strand

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Seasonal Variation ◽

Children And Adolescents ◽

Parental Education ◽

Sun Exposure ◽

Late Summer ◽

Paediatric Population ◽

Vitamin D Supplementation ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Vitamin D Levels

Recommendations for sufficient vitamin D intake in children were recently revised in Norway. However, optimal levels of vitamin D are still debated and knowledge on supplementation and vitamin D levels in healthy children in Norway is scarce. Therefore, we measured the plasma-concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) in children and adolescents attending the outpatient paediatric clinics in Innlandet Hospital Trust, Norway during two consecutive years (2015–2017). We recruited 301 children and adolescents aged 5 months to 18 years (mean 7.8, SD 4.4 years) for the study and obtained sample material for 25(OH)D measurements from 295 (98%). Information on diet, vitamin D supplementation, sun exposure, ethnicity, parental education and general health was collected by questionnaire. 25(OH)D levels were analysed and determinants for 25(OH)D were estimated by linear regression. 1.0% of the children had deficient levels (25(OH)D < 25 nmol/L) and 21.0% had insufficient levels (25–50 nmol/L). 25(OH)D levels ranging from 50 to 75 nmol/L were found among 38.3%, while 39.7% had levels above 75 nmol/L. The mean 25(OH)D level was 70.0 nmol/L (SD 23.4, range 17–142 nmol/L) with a significant seasonal variation with lowest levels in mid-winter and highest in late summer. In addition to seasonal variation independent determinants for 25(OH)D-levels were age of the child, parental ethnicity, vitamin D supplementation and soda consumption. Along with parental ethnicity other than Nordic, age was the strongest determinant of 25(OH)D, with adolescents having the lowest levels.

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Changes in vitamin D levels and depressive symptoms in later life in England

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-87432-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Giorgio Di Gessa ◽

Jane P. Biddulph ◽

Paola Zaninotto ◽

Cesar de Oliveira

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Later Life ◽

Vitamin D Supplementation ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Representative Study ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Vitamin D Levels

AbstractInadequate vitamin D levels have been associated with increased risk of depression. However, most of these studies are cross-sectional and failed to investigate the effect of changes in vitamin D levels. This study aimed to investigate the longitudinal association of changes in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels with depressive symptoms in 3365 participants of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, a large nationally-representative study of older adults. Based on their vitamin D levels at baseline and follow-up (sufficient ≥ 50 nmol/L; insufficient < 50 nmol/L), participants were classified as follows: with sufficient levels at both waves; with sufficient levels at baseline but not at follow-up; with insufficient levels at baseline but ≥ 50 nmol/L at follow-up; and with levels < 50 nmol/L at each time point. Depressive symptoms were measured using the 8-point CES-D scale. Data were analysed using logistic regression models. Compared with those with sufficient levels of vitamin D at both waves, only those with insufficient levels throughout were more likely to report elevated depressive symptoms (OR = 1.39, 95% CI = 1.00–1.93). Becoming or no longer being vitamin D deficient was, in the short term, not associated with elevated depressive symptoms. Further evidence is required on whether vitamin D supplementation might contribute to the prevention or treatment of depression as well as on the duration of time for changes in vitamin D levels to lead to detectable changes in depressive symptoms.

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The relative contributions of obesity, vitamin D, leptin, and adiponectin to multiple sclerosis risk: A Mendelian randomization mediation analysis

Multiple Sclerosis Journal ◽

10.1177/1352458521995484 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 135245852199548 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Adil Harroud ◽

Despoina Manousaki ◽

Guillaume Butler-Laporte ◽

Ruth E Mitchell ◽

George Davey Smith ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Multiple Sclerosis ◽

Vitamin D ◽

Mediation Analysis ◽

Mendelian Randomization ◽

Vitamin D Supplementation ◽

Hydroxyvitamin D ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Vitamin D Levels ◽

25 Hydroxyvitamin D ◽

Underlying Mechanisms

Background: Obesity is associated with increased risk of multiple sclerosis (MS); however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Objective: To determine the extent to which decreased vitamin D bioavailability and altered levels of adiponectin and leptin mediate the association between obesity and MS. Methods: We performed Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses to estimate the effects on MS of body mass index (BMI), 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD), adiponectin, and leptin levels in a cohort of 14,802 MS cases and 26,703 controls. We then estimated the proportion of the effect of obesity on MS explained by these potential mediators. Results: Genetic predisposition to higher BMI was associated with increased MS risk (odds ratio (OR) = 1.33 per standard deviation (SD), 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.09–1.63), while higher 25OHD levels reduced odds of MS (OR = 0.72 per SD, 95% CI = 0.60–0.87). In contrast, we observed no effect of adiponectin or leptin. In MR mediation analysis, 5.2% of the association between BMI and MS was attributed to obesity lowering 25OHD levels (95% CI = 0.3%–31.0%). Conclusions: This study found that a minority of the increased risk of MS conferred by obesity is mediated by lowered vitamin D levels, while leptin and adiponectin had no effect. Consequently, vitamin D supplementation would only modestly reverse the effect of obesity on MS.

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(Preventing) two birds with one stone: improving vitamin D levels in the elderly

Journal of Primary Health Care ◽

10.1071/hc11150 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 150 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Susie Lawless ◽

Phil White ◽

Prue Murdoch ◽

Sharon Leitch

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Vaccination Campaign ◽

Fragility Fractures ◽

The Elderly ◽

Vitamin D Supplementation ◽

Adverse Outcomes ◽

Flu Vaccination ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Vitamin D Levels

BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT: A majority of adults have sub-optimal vitamin D levels in the winter in southern New Zealand. This is associated with an increased risk of falls and fragility fractures in the elderly, with long-term adverse outcomes likely. Vitamin D supplementation decreases the risks of both falls and fractures. ASSESSMENT OF PROBLEM: An intervention was undertaken by a small urban general practice to increase the number of elderly patients receiving vitamin D supplementation by linking vitamin D prescription to the annual flu vaccination campaign. RESULTS: Uptake of the supplementation was high and costs to the practice low. Thirty-eight patients were identified for whom long-term supplementation with vitamin D was indicated. STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVEMENT: The study could have been strengthened by incorporating a more formal method of evaluating uptake. LESSONS: Encouraging patients to take supplements as a population-based strategy is a realistic intervention, and linking it to the flu vaccination campaign is both seasonally appropriate and efficient. KEYWORDS: Vitamin D deficiency; elderly; vitamin D supplementation; cholecalciferol; prevention; fragility fractures; intervention

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Vitamin D and Vascular Disease

Current Vascular Pharmacology ◽

10.2174/1570161118666200317151955 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 (3) ◽

pp. 250-268 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ioanna Gouni-Berthold ◽

Heiner K. Berthold

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Vitamin D ◽

Vitamin D Deficiency ◽

Vitamin D Supplementation ◽

Plasma Vitamin ◽

Cvd Risk ◽

Vitamin D Receptors ◽

Cell Proliferation And Differentiation ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Vitamin D Levels

: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Vitamin D deficiency has been identified as a potential risk factor for a number of diseases unrelated to the classical skeletal pathophysiology, such as cancer and CVD, but the effects of vitamin D supplementation are less clear. Purpose of this narrative review is to discuss the evidence suggesting an association between vitamin D status and CVD as well as the results of supplementation studies. Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with CVD risk factors such as hypertension, dyslipidemia and diabetes mellitus as well as with cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarction, stroke and heart failure. While vitamin D deficiency might contribute to the development of CVD through its association with risk factors, direct effects of vitamin D on the cardiovascular system may also be involved. Vitamin D receptors are expressed in a variety of tissues, including cardiomyocytes, vascular smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells. Moreover, vitamin D has been shown to affect inflammation, cell proliferation and differentiation. While observational studies support an association between low plasma vitamin D levels and increased risk of CVD, Mendelian randomization studies do not support a causal association between the two. At present, high quality randomized trials do not find evidence of significant effects on CVD endpoints and do not support supplementation of vitamin D to decrease CVD events.

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Vitamin D and schizophrenia: 20 years on

Molecular Psychiatry ◽

10.1038/s41380-021-01025-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Xiaoying Cui ◽

John J. McGrath ◽

Thomas H. J. Burne ◽

Darryl W. Eyles

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Vitamin D Deficiency ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Vitamin D Supplementation ◽

First Episode ◽

Gamma Aminobutyric Acid ◽

Behavioral Phenotypes ◽

Ongoing Research ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Vitamin D Levels

AbstractMany epidemiological studies have highlighted the link between vitamin D deficiency and schizophrenia. In particular, two prominent studies report an association between neonatal vitamin D deficiency and an increased risk of schizophrenia. In parallel, much has been learnt about the role of vitamin D in the developing central nervous system over the last two decades. Studies in rodent models of developmental vitamin D (DVD)-deficiency describe how brain development is altered leading to a range of neurobiological and behavioral phenotypes of interest to schizophrenia. While glutamate and gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) systems have been little investigated in these models, alterations in developing dopamine systems are frequently reported. There have been far more studies reporting patients with schizophrenia have an increased risk of vitamin D deficiency compared to well controls. Here we have conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis that basically confirms this association and extends this to first-episode psychosis. However, patients with schizophrenia also have poorer general health, poorer diets, are frequently less active and also have an increased risk of other medical conditions, all factors which reduce circulating vitamin D levels. Therefore, we would urge caution in any causal interpretation of this association. We also summarize the inconsistent results from existing vitamin D supplementation trials in patients with schizophrenia. In respect to animal models of adult vitamin D deficiency, such exposures produce subtle neurochemical alterations and effects on cognition but do not appear to produce behavioral phenotypes of relevance to schizophrenia. We conclude, the hypothesis that vitamin D deficiency during early life may increase the risk of schizophrenia remains plausible and warrants ongoing research.

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No Vitamin D Deficiency in Patients With Parkinson’s Disease

10.21203/rs.3.rs-1128183/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Wilfried Kuhn ◽

Georg Karp ◽

Thomas Müller

Keyword(s):

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Vitamin D ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Disease Severity ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Case Control ◽

Vitamin D Supplementation ◽

Mineral Density ◽

Vitamin D Levels ◽

Control Study

Abstract Previous trials describe a decrease of vitamin D levels in patients with Parkinson’s disease and relationships to clinical disease severity. This case control study found not significant but higher 25-OH-vitamin D plasma levels in patients with Parkinson’s disease patients compared with age and sex matched controls and no associations to clinical parameters, such as rating scores of disease severity or assessments of cognitive function. A certain variability of vitamin D concentration was observed in both cohorts. These outcomes put into perspective the emerging discussion on the importance of vitamin D in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Our results warrant further confirmatory research with a strict matching design of patients and controls, which has not been done in previous investigations. We stress that this case control study does not allow any comment on the putative beneficial effects of vitamin D supplementation, i.e. on bone mass or bone mineral density in patients with Parkinson’s disease.

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