scholarly journals No evidence of spatial representation of age, but “own-age bias” like face processing found in chimpanzees

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuri Kawaguchi ◽  
Masaki Tomonaga ◽  
Ikuma Adachi
Keyword(s):  
Response Time ◽  
Face Processing ◽  
Spatial Representation ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Processing Efficiency ◽  
Age Bias ◽  
Conspecific Adult ◽  
Infant Faces ◽  
Age Category

AbstractPrevious studies have revealed that non-human primates can differentiate the age category of faces. However, the knowledge about age recognition in non-human primates is very limited and whether non-human primates can process facial age information in a similar way to humans is unknown. As humans have an association between time and space (e.g., a person in an earlier life stage to the left and a person in a later life stage to the right), we investigated whether chimpanzees spatially represent conspecifics’ adult and infant faces. Chimpanzees were tested using an identical matching-to-sample task with conspecific adult and infant face stimuli. Two comparison images were presented vertically (Experiment 1) or horizontally (Experiment 2). We analyzed whether the response time was influenced by the position and age category of the target stimuli, but there was no evidence of correspondence between space and adult/infant faces. Thus, evidence of the spatial representation of the age category was not found. However, we did find that the response time was consistently faster when they discriminated between adult faces than when they discriminated between infant faces in both experiments. This result is in line with a series of human face studies that suggest the existence of an “own-age bias.” As far as we know, this is the first report of asymmetric face processing efficiency between infant and adult faces in non-human primates.

scholarly journals VITAL INVOLVEMENT: A SOURCE OF REALISTIC OPTIMISM FOR OLDER ADULTHOOD

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S407-S408
Author(s):  
Helen Q Kivnick
Keyword(s):  
Psychosocial Development ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Older Adulthood ◽  
Environmental Engagement ◽  
The World ◽  
Psychosocial Model

Abstract Vital Involvement (VI) was initially proposed (Erikson et al., 1986) as one of three principles around which lifelong healthy psychosocial development takes place. As more recently elaborated, VI has come to describe a person’s meaningful, reciprocal engagement with the world outside the integrating “self.” It is through VI that the person engages in healthy psychosocial development throughout life, including balancing Older Adulthood’s focal tension between Integrity and Despair. This life stage is widely associated with the physical, cognitive, and social losses, and societal constraints that give rise to later-life despair. However, VI functions as a lifelong psychosocial model for the meaningful environmental engagement that supports later life’s wisdom and integrity. Notably few films present an integrated view of older adulthood’s losses along with opportunities. But those few can be a source of optimism to elders for whom VI may not be intuitive, but who can learn its practice.

scholarly journals An adult face bias in infants that is modulated by face race

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 581-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Heron-Delaney ◽  
Fabrice Damon ◽  
Paul C. Quinn ◽  
David Méary ◽  
Naiqi G. Xiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Face Processing ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Visual Preference ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Perceptual Features ◽  
The Social ◽  
Similarity Ratings ◽  
Visual Preferences ◽  
Infant Faces

The visual preferences of infants for adult versus infant faces were investigated. Caucasian 3.5- and 6-month-olds were presented with Caucasian adult vs. infant face pairs and Asian adult vs. infant face pairs, in both upright and inverted orientations. Both age groups showed a visual preference for upright adult over infant faces when the faces were Caucasian, but not when they were Asian. The preference is unlikely to have arisen because of low-level perceptual features because: (1) no preference was observed for the inverted stimuli, (2) no differences were observed in adult similarity ratings of the upright infant–adult face pairs from the two races, and (3) no differences between the infant and adult faces were observed across races in an image-based analysis of salience. The findings are discussed in terms of the social attributes of faces that are learned from experience and what this implies for developmental accounts of a recognition advantage for adult faces in particular and models of face processing more generally.

scholarly journals Adult life stage and crisis as predictors of curiosity and authenticity

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 426-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver C. Robinson ◽  
James D. Demetre ◽  
Jordan A. Litman
Keyword(s):  
Life Stage ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Self Help ◽  
Felt Sense ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Report Data ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Self Report Data

During periods of developmental crisis, individuals experience uncomfortable internal incongruence and are motivated to reduce this through forms of exploration of self, other and world. Based on this, we inferred that being in a crisis would relate positively to curiosity and negatively to a felt sense of authenticity. A quasi-experimental design using self-report data from a nationally representative UK sample ( N = 963) of adults in early life (20–39 years), midlife (40–59 years) and later-life (60+) showed a pattern of findings supportive of the hypotheses. Three forms of curiosity (intrapersonal, perceptual and epistemic D-type) were significantly higher, while authenticity was lower, among those currently in crisis that those of the same age group not in crisis. Crisis was also related to curiosity about particular book genres; early adult crisis to self-help and spirituality, midlife to self-help and biography, and later life to food and eating.

scholarly journals Negative Density Dependence Regulates Two Tree Species at Later Life Stage in a Temperate Forest

PLoS ONE ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. e103344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiefeng Piao ◽  
Jung Hwa Chun ◽  
Hee Moon Yang ◽  
Kwangil Cheon
Keyword(s):  
Density Dependence ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Temperate Forest ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Negative Density Dependence

scholarly journals The special status of sad infant faces: age and valence differences in adults’ cortical face processing

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 586-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tyler Colasante ◽  
Sarah I. Mossad ◽  
Joanna Dudek ◽  
David W. Haley
Keyword(s):  
Face Processing ◽  
Infant Faces

scholarly journals The evolution of sensitive periods in a model of incremental development

2016 ◽  
Vol 283 (1823) ◽  
pp. 20152439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karthik Panchanathan ◽  
Willem E. Frankenhuis
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Evolutionary Selection ◽  
Incremental Development ◽  
Sensitive Periods ◽  
Physiological Explanation ◽  
Lagged Effects ◽  
Phenotypic Development

Sensitive periods, in which experience shapes phenotypic development to a larger extent than other periods, are widespread in nature. Despite a recent focus on neural–physiological explanation, few formal models have examined the evolutionary selection pressures that result in developmental mechanisms that produce sensitive periods. Here, we present such a model. We model development as a specialization process during which individuals incrementally adapt to local environmental conditions, while receiving a constant stream of cost-free, imperfect cues to the environmental state. We compute optimal developmental programmes across a range of ecological conditions and use these programmes to simulate developmental trajectories and obtain distributions of mature phenotypes. We highlight four main results. First, matching the empirical record, sensitive periods often result from experience or from a combination of age and experience, but rarely from age alone. Second, individual differences in sensitive periods emerge as a result of stochasticity in cues: individuals who obtain more consistent cue sets lose their plasticity at faster rates. Third, in some cases, experience shapes phenotypes only at a later life stage (lagged effects). Fourth, individuals might perseverate along developmental trajectories despite accumulating evidence suggesting the alternate trajectory is more likely to match the ecology.

Life satisfaction in older adults in Spain: beyond subjective health

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Rapoport
Keyword(s):  
Successful Aging ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Subjective Health ◽  
Negative Stereotypes ◽  
Successful Resolution ◽  
The Common ◽  
Disengagement Theory ◽  
Life Roles

Many authors over the centuries have attempted to refute popular negative stereotypes about aging. In 2010, Depp, Vahia, and Jeste reviewed theories of success in aging (Depp et al., 2010), and some examples include Erikson's life stage theory in which he posited that successful resolution of earlier conflicts led to integrity in later life instead of despair; disengagement theory referred to the fact that in our culture, aging is associated with social isolation and reduced societal involvement – with this theory, successful adaptation to aging means coping with this normative disengagement in a healthy manner; activity theory referred to continued engagement in later life; continuity theory emphasized the role of adapting oneself to maintain consistency with earlier life roles. The common theme is that longevity is not enough, and a successful aging process means delaying the onset of disability, compressing morbidity, or shortening the proportion of the lifespan in which one is disabled.

Ending Midlife Bias

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy S. Jecker
Keyword(s):  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Population Aging ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Mandatory Retirement ◽  
Human Capabilities ◽  
Pediatric Bioethics

We live at a time when human lifespans have increased like never before. As average lifespans stretch to new lengths, how does this impact the values we hold most dear? Do these values change over the course of our ever-increasing lifespans? Ending Midlife Bias argues that at different life stages, different values emerge as central. During early life, caring and trust matter more, given human vulnerability and dependency. By early adulthood, growing independence provides a reason to value autonomy more. Later in life, heightened risk for chronic disease and disability warrants focusing on maintaining capabilities and keeping dignity intact. Part I (Chapters 1–5) sets forth a conceptual framework that captures these shifting life stage values. Chapter 1 argues against the privileging of midlife values (midlife bias) and explains why population aging lends urgency to identifying values for later life. Chapters 2 and 3 introduce dignity as a central concern for older adults and argue that respecting dignity requires supporting central human capabilities. Chapter 4 explores the metaphor of life as a story, which serves as a corrective for midlife bias by keeping attention on the whole of life. Chapter 5 sets forth principles for age group justice. Part II (Chapters 6–12) turns to practical concerns, including geriatric and pediatric bioethics (Chapter 6); caregiving by family members, migrant workers, and robots (Chapters 7 and 8); ageism in clinical trials, healthcare allocation, and mandatory retirement (Chapter 9); and ethics at the end-of-life (Chapter 10). The closing chapters explore the future of population aging (Chapter 11) and make a pitch for life stage sensitive moral theory (Chapter 12).

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