Chemical Identification, Emission Pattern and Function of Male-Specific Pheromones Released by a Rarely Swarming Locust, Schistocerca americana

2012 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christiane Stahr ◽  
Aleš Svatoš ◽  
Karsten Seidelmann
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Identification ◽  
Schistocerca Americana ◽  
Emission Pattern ◽  
And Function ◽  
Male Specific

scholarly journals Drosulfakinin signaling in fruitless circuitry antagonizes P1 neurons to regulate sexual arousal in Drosophila

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shunfan Wu ◽  
Chao Guo ◽  
Huan Zhao ◽  
Mengshi Sun ◽  
Jie Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Behaviors ◽  
Single Neuron ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Neural Circuit ◽  
Neural Substrates ◽  
Internal States ◽  
And Function ◽  
Key Steps ◽  
Male Specific ◽  
Command Center

Abstract Animals perform or terminate particular behaviors by integrating external cues and internal states through neural circuits. Identifying neural substrates and their molecular modulators promoting or inhibiting animal behaviors are key steps to understand how neural circuits control behaviors. Here, we identify the Cholecystokinin-like peptide Drosulfakinin (DSK) that functions at single-neuron resolution to suppress male sexual behavior in Drosophila. We found that Dsk neurons physiologically interact with male-specific P1 neurons, part of a command center for male sexual behaviors, and function oppositely to regulate multiple arousal-related behaviors including sex, sleep and spontaneous walking. We further found that the DSK-2 peptide functions through its receptor CCKLR-17D3 to suppress sexual behaviors in flies. Such a neuropeptide circuit largely overlaps with the fruitless-expressing neural circuit that governs most aspects of male sexual behaviors. Thus DSK/CCKLR signaling in the sex circuitry functions antagonistically with P1 neurons to balance arousal levels and modulate sexual behaviors.

scholarly journals Role of the Forkhead Transcription Factors Fd4 and Fd5 During Drosophila Leg Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mireya Ruiz-Losada ◽  
Cristian Pérez-Reyes ◽  
Carlos Estella
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Cell Fates ◽  
Forkhead Transcription Factors ◽  
Leg Development ◽  
Sex Comb ◽  
And Function ◽  
Male Specific ◽  
Redundant Role

Appendage development requires the coordinated function of signaling pathways and transcription factors to pattern the leg along the three main axes: the antero-posterior (AP), proximo-distal (PD), and dorso-ventral (DV). The Drosophila leg DV axis is organized by two morphogens, Decapentaplegic (Dpp), and Wingless (Wg), which direct dorsal and ventral cell fates, respectively. However, how these signals regulate the differential expression of its target genes is mostly unknown. In this work, we found that two members of the Drosophila forkhead family of transcription factors, Fd4 and Fd5 (also known as fd96Ca and fd96Cb), are identically expressed in the ventro-lateral domain of the leg imaginal disc in response to Dpp signaling. Here, we analyze the expression regulation and function of these genes during leg development. We have generated specific mutant alleles for each gene and a double fd4/fd5 mutant chromosome to study their function during development. We highlight the redundant role of the fd4/fd5 genes during the formation of the sex comb, a male specific structure that appears in the ventro-lateral domain of the prothoracic leg.

Reciprocal functions of the Drosophila Yellow and Ebony proteins in the development and evolution of pigment patterns

Development ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 129 (8) ◽  
pp. 1849-1858 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia J. Wittkopp ◽  
John R. True ◽  
Sean B. Carroll
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Melanin Formation ◽  
Body Coloration ◽  
And Function ◽  
Male Specific ◽  
Development And Evolution ◽  
Pigment Patterns

Body coloration affects how animals interact with the environment. In insects, the rapid evolution of black and brown melanin patterns suggests that these are adaptive traits. The developmental and molecular mechanisms that generate these pigment patterns are largely unknown. We demonstrate that the regulation and function of the yellow and ebony genes in Drosophila melanogaster play crucial roles in this process. The Yellow protein is required to produce black melanin, and is expressed in a pattern that correlates with the distribution of this pigment. Conversely, Ebony is required to suppress some melanin formation, and is expressed in cells that will produce both melanized and non-melanized cuticle. Ectopic expression of Ebony inhibits melanin formation, but increasing Yellow expression can overcome this effect. In addition, ectopic expression of Yellow is sufficient to induce melanin formation, but only in the absence of Ebony. These results suggest that the patterns and levels of Yellow and Ebony expression together determine the pattern and intensity of melanization. Based on their functions in Drosophila melanogaster, we propose that changes in the expression of Yellow and/or Ebony may have evolved with melanin patterns. Consistent with our hypothesis, we find that Yellow and Ebony are expressed in complementary spatial patterns that correlate with the formation of an evolutionary novel, male-specific pigment pattern in Drosophila biarmipes wings. These findings provide a developmental and genetic framework for understanding the evolution of melanin patterns.

Male hormone metabolism

2018 ◽  
pp. 238-262
Author(s):  
Helen E. Turner ◽  
Richard Eastell ◽  
Ashley Grossman
Keyword(s):  
Gonadal Dysgenesis ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Sex Hormone Binding Globulin ◽  
Total Testosterone ◽  
Xyy Syndrome ◽  
And Function ◽  
Secondary Hypogonadism ◽  
Male Specific ◽  
Male Hormones

This chapter discusses the male-specific endocrine system anatomy and function. It details the physiology of the hypothalamo-pituitary–testicular axis, testosterone, luteinizing hormone, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Considering male metabolic, sexual, bone, muscle, and neurological health, this chapter frames male hormones in their relation to well-being. It describes disorders evidenced by genetic analysis, such as Klinefelter’s syndrome, XYY syndrome, Noonan’s syndrome, mixed gonadal dysgenesis, and androgen-receptor defects. It discusses total testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin in diagnosing or predicting male endocrine-related disorders, such as primary hypogonadism, secondary hypogonadism, erectile dysfunction, and gynaecomastia. It also lists the epidemiology, symptoms, and management of these disorders.

scholarly journals Transient accumulation and bidirectional movement of KIF13B in primary cilia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Dupont Juhl ◽  
Zeinab Anvarian ◽  
Julia Berges ◽  
Daniel Wustner ◽  
Lotte B Pedersen
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Live Cell Imaging ◽  
Primary Cilia ◽  
Cell Imaging ◽  
Intraflagellar Transport ◽  
Cytoplasmic Dynein ◽  
Ciliary Membrane ◽  
Bidirectional Movement ◽  
And Function ◽  
Male Specific

Primary cilia are microtubule-based sensory organelles whose assembly and function rely on the conserved bidirectional intraflagellar transport (IFT) system, which is powered by anterograde kinesin-2 and retrograde cytoplasmic dynein 2 motors. Nematodes additionally employ a male-specific kinesin-3 motor, KLP-6, which regulates ciliary content and function by promoting release of bioactive extracellular vesicles (EVs) from cilia. Here we show by live cell imaging that a KLP-6 homolog, KIF13B, undergoes bursts of bidirectional movement within primary cilia of cultured mammalian cells at 0.64 +/- 0.07 μm/s in the anterograde direction and at 0.39 +/- 0.06 μm/s in the retrograde direction, reminiscent of conventional IFT. In addition, we found that KIF13B undergoes EV-like release from the ciliary tip whereas a ciliary membrane marker, SMO-tRFP, remains stably associated with cilia during such EV release. Our results suggest that KIF13B, similar to KLP-6, regulates ciliary membrane content by promoting ciliary EV release, possibly in coordination with conventional IFT.

scholarly journals The C. elegans DAF-19M module: a shift from general ciliogenesis to ciliary and behavioral specialization

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soungyub Ahn ◽  
Heeseung Yang ◽  
Sangwon Son ◽  
Dongjun Park ◽  
Hyunsoo Yim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Target Genes ◽  
Ciliated Cell ◽  
Proper Function ◽  
Complex Disorders ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Dauer Larva ◽  
Regulatory Module ◽  
Genetic Module ◽  
And Function ◽  
Male Specific

AbstractIn animals, cilia are important for the interaction with environments and the proper function of tissues and organs. Understanding the distinctive identities of each type of ciliated cell is essential for therapeutic solutions for ciliopathies, complex disorders with impairments of various organs caused by defective cilia development and function. Here, we report a regulatory module consisting of a cascade of transcription factors and their target genes that confer the cell type-specific ciliary identities on the IL2 ciliated neurons in C. elegans. We found that DAF-19M, isoform of the sole C. elegans RFX transcription factor DAF-19, through X-box promoter motif variants, heads a regulatory module in IL2 neurons, comprising the core target genes klp-6 (kinesin), osm-9 (TRP channel), and cwp-4 (novel); under the overall control of terminal selector proteins UNC-86 and CFI-1. Considering the conservation of this DAF-19M module in IL2 neurons for nictation, a dauer larva-specific behavior, and in male-specific neurons for mating behavior, we propose the existence of an evolutionarily adaptable, hard-wired genetic module for distinct behaviors that share the feature “recognizing the environment.”

scholarly journals Regulation of sexually dimorphic abdominal courtship behaviors in Drosophila by the Tlx/tailless-like nuclear receptor, Dissatisfaction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia C Duckhorn ◽  
Jessica Cande ◽  
Mary C Metkus ◽  
Hyeop Song ◽  
Sofia Altamirano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Receptor ◽  
Sexual Behaviors ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Orphan Nuclear Receptor ◽  
Female Development ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Courtship Behaviors ◽  
And Function ◽  
Male Specific ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient

Sexually dimorphic courtship behaviors in Drosophila melanogaster develop from the activity of the sexual differentiation genes, doublesex (dsx) and fruitless (fru), functioning with other regulatory factors that have received little attention. The dissatisfaction gene (dsf) encodes an orphan nuclear receptor homologous to vertebrate Tlx and Drosophila tailless that is critical for the development of several aspects of female- and male-specific sexual behaviors. Here, we report the pattern of dsf expression in the central nervous system and show that the activity of sexually dimorphic abdominal interneurons that co-express dsf and dsx is necessary and sufficient for vaginal plate opening in virgin females and abdominal curling in males during courtship. We find that dsf activity results in different neuroanatomical outcomes in females and males, promoting and suppressing, respectively, female development and function of the DDAG neurons depending upon the sexual state of dsx expression. We posit that dsf and dsx interact to specify sex differences in the neural circuitry for dimorphic abdominal behaviors.

Conformation of Ribosomes from Escherichia Coli

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 210-211
Author(s):  
M. Boublik ◽  
W. Hellmann ◽  
F. Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Binding Sites ◽  
Ribosomal Proteins ◽  
Fluorescent Dyes ◽  
Protein Biosynthesis ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Complete Understanding ◽  
And Function

The present knowledge of the three-dimensional structure of ribosomes is far too limited to enable a complete understanding of the various roles which ribosomes play in protein biosynthesis. The spatial arrangement of proteins and ribonuclec acids in ribosomes can be analysed in many ways. Determination of binding sites for individual proteins on ribonuclec acid and locations of the mutual positions of proteins on the ribosome using labeling with fluorescent dyes, cross-linking reagents, neutron-diffraction or antibodies against ribosomal proteins seem to be most successful approaches. Structure and function of ribosomes can be correlated be depleting the complete ribosomes of some proteins to the functionally inactive core and by subsequent partial reconstitution in order to regain active ribosomal particles.

The Effect of Oxidized Cholesterol on the Aorta of Rabbits- Scanning Electron Microscopic Observations

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 340-341
Author(s):  
S. K. Pena ◽  
C. B. Taylor ◽  
J. Hill ◽  
J. Safarik
Keyword(s):  
Cholesterol Biosynthesis ◽  
Cholesterol Content ◽  
Arterial Injury ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Aortic Smooth Muscle ◽  
Oxidized Cholesterol ◽  
Initial Event ◽  
Membrane Structure And Function ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopic ◽  
And Function

Introduction: Oxidized cholesterol derivatives have been demonstrated in various cell cultures to be very potent inhibitors of 3-hvdroxy-3- methylglutaryl Coenzyme A reductase which is a principle regulator of cholesterol biosynthesis in the cell. The cholesterol content in the cells exposed to oxidized cholesterol was found to be markedly decreased. In aortic smooth muscle cells, the potency of this effect was closely related to the cytotoxicity of each derivative. Furthermore, due to the similarity of their molecular structure to that of cholesterol, these oxidized cholesterol derivatives might insert themselves into the cell membrane, alter membrane structure and function and eventually cause cell death. Arterial injury has been shown to be the initial event of atherosclerosis.

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