scholarly journals Do exist gender differences in skin temperature of lower limbs following exercise test in male and female cross-country skiers?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Binek ◽  
Z. Drzazga ◽  
T. Socha ◽  
I. Pokora
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Exercise Test ◽  
Physiological Parameters ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Response To Exercise

AbstractThe aim of study was to assess the skin temperature changes over selected muscles zones of the lower limbs following an exercise performed at similar relative external workload in 10 male and 6 female high-trained cross-country skiers. The first stage of experiment involved preliminary exercise to determine individual oxygen uptake VO2max and anaerobic threshold. The second stage experimental exercise consisted of 60 min running on treadmill with 80% of determined VO2max Thermographic imaging of lower limbs was performed, before, immediately after exercise and during recovery. Physiological parameters: VO2, MET—metabolic energy equivalent, heart rate and internal temperature were assessed at rest and at the end of exercise, respectively. Infrared thermography showed that at rest the skin temperature over lower limb muscles was significantly higher in men than in women. In response to exercise an increase in skin temperature over the studied muscles was significantly higher in women than men. Since was no significant difference in skin temperature in men and women after exercise. Before the test, no physiological parameter was significantly different in women and men. Exercise test reveled significant differences between men and women in some physiological parameters such as VO2 and MET. Our study showed that there are significant differences in lower limbs skin temperature between male and female at rest but not at the end of exercise test. Women in comparison with men had a greater increase in skin temperature in response to exercise and a persistence of elevated temperature over muscles of lower limbs after exercise.

scholarly journals Choice of Pole and Ski Lengths Among Elite Cross-Country Skiers: The Influence of Sex and Performance Level

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Per-Øyvind Torvik ◽  
Roland van den Tillaar ◽  
Øyvind Sandbakk
Keyword(s):  
Body Height ◽  
Sprint Performance ◽  
Performance Level ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Secondary Purpose ◽  
Double Poling ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
And Performance

Cross-country (XC) skiers employ whole-body exercise to generate speed through poles and skis. The choice of optimal pole and ski lengths are therefore of high importance. The aim of this study was to document pole and ski lengths among elite male and female cross-country skiers in the classical and skating styles and to investigate sex differences in body-height-normalized pole and ski lengths. Our secondary purpose was to correlate body-height-normalized pole and ski lengths with performance level within both sexes. In total, Norwegian men and women (n = 87 and 36, respectively), participating in the Norwegian XC championship 2020, were investigated. Most athletes used poles close to the length allowed by the International Ski Federation (FIS) in the classical style among both sexes, with men using slightly longer poles than women (p < 0.05). Body-height-normalized pole lengths in skating were similar in men and women (around 90% of body height). Women used relatively longer ski lengths than men in both styles (p < 0.05). Women showed moderate correlations (r = 0.43, p < 0.05) between body-height-normalized pole lengths and sprint performance. Male and female cross-country skiers use as long classical ski poles as possible within the current regulations, while they use skating poles similar to recommendations given by the industry. The fact that men use longer body-height-normalized poles than women, where there is a correlation between pole length and sprint performance, indicate that faster women are able to better utilize the potential of using longer poles when double-poling. However, while women use relatively longer skis than men, no correlation with performance occurred for any of the sexes.

Establishment of the Standardized Uptake Values of 99mTc-MDP in Normal Vertebrae for SPECT/CT Quantification

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Na Qi ◽  
Qingyuan Meng ◽  
Zhiwen You ◽  
Huiqian Chen ◽  
Yi Shou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standardized Uptake Value ◽  
Female Group ◽  
Sample Population ◽  
Strong Negative Correlation ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Ct Value ◽  
Standardized Uptake Values ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference

Abstract PurposeTo establish the standardized uptake value (SUV) of Tc-99m-methylene diphosphonate (MDP) for normal vertebra in both Chinese male and female by using a SPECT/CT scanner.MethodsA retrospective study was carried out involving 116 men and 105 women who underwent SPECT/CT scan using 99mTc-MDP. We acquired the SUV, CT value of 2416 normal vertebra in total and analyzed the difference of SUV between men and women. We analyzed the vertebra data with no significant difference of SUVmax in male and female group. The correlations between SUVmax value and CT value, age, height, weight in each group were also analyzed.ResultsThe SUVmax, SUVmean of vertebra in men were markedly higher than those in women(P < 0.0009). Specifically, for males, the SUVmax of C1, C2-4 and C5-L5 vertebra appeared to have significant differences(P < 0.05), while no significant difference of the SUVmax of C1-L5 vertebra were observed in females(P < 0.05). The SUVmax of each vertebral segment showed a strong negative correlation with CT values in both men and women(r=-0.89,-0.92;P < 0.0009). The SUVmax of vertebra showed weak significant correlation with weight and height in male (r = 0.4,P < 0.0009;r = 0.28,P = 0.005),and weak significant correlation with weight in females(r = 0.32,P = 0.009).ConclusionThis article study initially established SUVmax, SUVavgmean of normal vertebra in both Chinese men and women with a large sample population,and summarized the SUVmax of vertebra with no significant difference. The results could provide a quantitative reference for clinical diagnosis and the evaluation of therapeutic response in vertebral lesions.

scholarly journals Has Covid-19 increased gender inequalities in professional advancement? Cross-country evidence on productivity differences between male and female software developers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lena Hipp ◽  
Markus Konrad
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Forecast Model ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Professional Advancement ◽  
Software Developers ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Cross Country

Objective: This article analyzed gender differences in professional advancement following the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic based on data from open-source software developers in 37 countries. Background: Men and women may have been affected differently from the social distancing measures implemented to contain the Covid-19 pandemic. Given that men and women tend to work in different jobs and that they have been unequally involved in childcare duties, school and workplace closings may have impacted men’s and women’s professional lives unequally. Method: We analyzed original data from the world’s largest social coding community, GitHub. We first estimated a Holt-Winters forecast model to compare the predicted and the observed average weekly productivity of a random sample of male and female developers (N=177,480) during the first lockdown period in 2020. To explain the cross-country variation in the gendered effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on software developers’ productivity, we estimated two-way fixed effects models with different lockdown measures as predictors – school and workplace closures, in particular. Results: In most countries, both male and female developers were, on average, more productive than predicted, and productivity increased for both genders with increasing lockdown stringency. When examining the effects of the most relevant types of lockdown measures separately, we found that stay-at-home restrictions increased both men’s and women’s productivity and that workplace closures also increased the number of weekly contributions on average – but for women, only when schools were open. Conclusion: Having found gender differences in the effect of workplace closures contingent on school and daycare closures within a population that is relatively young and unlikely to have children (software developers), we conclude that the Covid-19 pandemic may indeed have contributed to increased gender inequalities in professional advancement.

scholarly journals Cephalometric Norms for Indian Adults using Digital Posteroanterior Analysis

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 199-205
Author(s):  
David Marianayagam ◽  
Ashima Vallathan
Keyword(s):  
Linear Measurements ◽  
Indian Women ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Anterior Nasal Spine ◽  
Lower Canine ◽  
Digital Radiograph ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Indian Men

ABSTRACT Introduction Facial and radiographic records in orthodontics are based on the profile. Aim of this study is to establish norms from digital posteroanterior (PA) cephalograms for Indian adults. Materials and methods The subjects included 45 Indian men and 55 Indian women, mean age 25 to 30 years. Subjects had ideal occlusion and a well-balanced face. About 12 linear measurements were determined using digital radiograph. Results There was statistically significant difference between male and female samples. Comparison between the Indian men and women indicated larger measurements for men. Conclusion According to these results new PA clinical norms are presented to Indian orthodontists for diagnosis and planning. Abbreviations ANS—Anterior nasal spine, A3-B3—Upper and lower canine right side, 3A-3B—Upper and lower canine left side Me—Menton.

scholarly journals Perbedaan ukuran dan bentuk lengkung gigi antara laki-laki dan perempuan suku Bugis, Makassar, dan Toraja Difference of size and shape of dental arch between male and female of Buginese, Makassarese, and Toraja

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Edith Rieuwpassa ◽  
Syamsiar Toppo ◽  
Sri Dian Haerawati
Keyword(s):  
Observational Study ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Dental Arch ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Significant Difference

Factors which influence the dental arch changes including genetic and environment. This study aims to determine thedifferences in size and shape of dental arch between men and women of Buginese, Makassarese and Torajanese. Thisstudy is an observational study, with a cross-sectional study design. The sampling method was purposive sampling, andnumber of samples were 90 samples obtained from 90 people with 30 people for each tribe, consist of 15 men and 15women, aged 18-25 years, with full dentition. Data were obtained through tcasting models of the maxillary andmandibular samples then were measured by using a ruler and caliper, then calculated using formula to determine,register, and analyze the size and shape of dental arch. Using multiple statistics, including t-test, ANOVA, chi-squaretest, and marginal of homogenity test there are significant differences regarding the size and shape of dental archbetween men and women of the Buginese, Makassarese, and Torajanese. There is only significant difference ofmaxillary dental arch for Buginese, Makassarese, and Torajanese

scholarly journals The Effect of Medium-Term Sauna-Based Heat Acclimation (MPHA) on Thermophysiological and Plasma Volume Responses to Exercise Performed under Temperate Conditions in Elite Cross-Country Skiers

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (13) ◽  
pp. 6906
Author(s):  
Ilona Pokora ◽  
Ewa Sadowska-Krępa ◽  
Łukasz Wolowski ◽  
Piotr Wyderka ◽  
Anna Michnik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Exercise Test ◽  
Physiological Strain ◽  
Hematological Indices ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Exercise Effect ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Response To Exercise ◽  
Weak Influence

The influence of a series of ten sauna baths (MPHA) on thermophysiological and selected hematological responses in 14 elite cross-country skiers to a submaximal endurance exercise test performed under thermoneutral environmental conditions was studied. Thermal and physiological variables were measured before and after the exercise test, whereas selected hematological indices were studied before, immediately after, and during recovery after a run, before (T1) and after sauna baths (T2). MPHA did not influence the baseline internal, body, and skin temperatures. There was a decrease in the resting heart rate (HR: p = 0.001) and physiological strain (PSI: p = 0.052) after MPHA and a significant effect of MPHA on systolic blood pressure (p = 0.03), hematological indices, and an exercise effect but no combined effect of treatments and exercise on the tested variables. A positive correlation was reported between PSI and total protein (%ΔTP) in T2 and a negative between plasma volume (%ΔPV) and mean red cellular volume (%ΔMCV) in T1 and T2 in response to exercise and a positive one during recovery. This may suggest that MPHA has a weak influence on body temperatures but causes a moderate decrease in PSI and modifications of plasma volume restoration in response to exercise under temperate conditions in elite athletes.

STUDIES ON PITUITARY GONADOTROPHINS IN HUMAN PLASMA

1966 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul J. Keller
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Plasma Samples ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Human Menopausal Gonadotrophin ◽  
Group A ◽  
Reference Preparation ◽  
The Mean

ABSTRACT Gonadotrophic activity was estimated in individual plasma samples of 46 male and female subjects of all ages. The plasma was extracted by means of an ammonium acetate-ethanol procedure and tested biologically by the mouse uterine weight assay. The values in postmenopausal plasma ranged from 10 to 46 milligram-equivalents of the 2nd International Reference Preparation for Human Menopausal Gonadotrophin per litre. Plasma of men and women in the reproductive years contained 0.6–3.0 and 0.5–2.4 milligram-equivalents of the 2nd IRP per litre. The results in female plasma were assembled according to the day of the menstrual cycle. Though there was no significant difference in the mean values between group A (days 1–9), B (days 10–19) and C (days 20–30), the highest value was observed on the 13th day of the cycle of a 37 years old woman.

A sentiment analysis of who participates, how and why, at social media sport websites

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 814-833 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Bagić Babac ◽  
Vedran Podobnik
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Sentiment Analysis ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Premier League ◽  
User Comments ◽  
Football Clubs ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Facebook Pages

Purpose Due to an immense rise of social media in recent years, the purpose of this paper is to investigate who, how and why participates in creating content at football websites. Specifically, it provides a sentiment analysis of user comments from gender perspective, i.e. how differently men and women write about football. The analysis is based on user comments published on Facebook pages of the top five 2015-2016 Premier League football clubs during the 1st and the 19th week of the season. Design/methodology/approach This analysis uses a data collection via social media website and a sentiment analysis of the collected data. Findings Results show certain unexpected similarities in social media activities between male and female football fans. A comparison of the user comments from Facebook pages of the top five 2015-2016 Premier League football clubs revealed that men and women similarly express hard emotions such as anger or fear, while there is a significant difference in expressing soft emotions such as joy or sadness. Originality/value This paper provides an original insight into qualitative content analysis of male and female comments published at social media websites of the top five Premier League football clubs during the 1st and the 19th week of the 2015-2016 season.

scholarly journals Differences between male and female mandibular length growth according to panoramic radiograph

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Azhari Azhari ◽  
Berty Pramatika ◽  
Lusi Epsilawati
Keyword(s):  
Design Method ◽  
Panoramic Radiograph ◽  
Female Group ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Length Growth ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Cross Sectional Design ◽  
The Right

Evaluation of the mandible was used for age and sex determination in the forensic field and it established the treatment planning in dentistry. The present study aims to determine mandibular length growth on male and female group aged   9-25 years old using panoramic radiograph. The research was conducted using analytical cross-sectional design method. The subject of this research was 412 panoramic radioraphs of patients aged 9-25 years old. It involved a totalsamples of 207 males and 205 females. This research was conducted from May to October 2017 in RSGM Padjadjaran University Bandung to meassure the length and height of mandibula from the point in condyleus to mentone. The MannWhitney test results showed a significant difference in mandibular length between men and women and no significant difference between the right andleft mandibular length in men and women. There is a difference between male and female mandibular length growth, in which the increase of growth of mandibular length in female is earlier than that of male. Male mandibular length is greater than female.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF BRAINSTORMING AS A PRE-WRITING STRATEGY ON IRAQI EFL MA LEARNERS’ WRITING ABILITY

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Murtadha Abdulhassan Mohammed ◽  
Dr. Bushra Saadoon Mohammed Al-Noori
Keyword(s):  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Writing Ability ◽  
Efl Learners ◽  
Meaningful Relationship ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Writing Strategy ◽  
Questions And Answers ◽  
Post Test ◽  
The Impact

This study aimed to study the impact of the use of brainstorming and its subcategories (listing, questions and answers, sketch) as a pre-writing strategy for Iraqi EFL MA students. Participants in the study were 60 Iraqi EFL MA learners, both male and female. The instruments of the study were the pre-test, the instruction, the post-test and a questionnaire at the end of the treatment to measure the attitude of the students toward teaching. The results of the study showed that there was no meaningful relationship between brainstorming, its subcategories and the written development of EFL learners. Moreover, the results showed that there was no significant difference between men and women in terms of brainstorming usage and the three subcategories.

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