scholarly journals The Working Conditions and Optimisation of a Large Rainwater Harvesting and Treatment System in an Area at a Risk of Erosion

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomasz Zubala
Keyword(s):  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Wholesale Market ◽  
Building Collapse ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Operational Errors ◽  
The Stability

AbstractRainwater harvesting and treatment systems (RHTS) are used in many places around the world as a part of sustainable water management. They decrease the risk of overloading the sewage network and environmental pollution. The efficiency and reasonableness of using such solutions in specific erosive conditions are not sufficiently understood. The aim of the study was to evaluate the operation of RHTS, receiving effluents from the wholesale market and fuel station (twenty years of observations). The studied system is located in an area endangered by water erosion. In the study period, due to the accumulation of erosive phenomena, it was necessary to optimise the system (including the installation of new devices and increasing the capacity of reservoirs). The analyses referred to the stability and work safety of the most important equipment and water treatment efficiency. The quality of water in the reservoirs was measured before and after the modernisation of the system. Selected physical, oxygen, biogenic and salinity indicators were determined in the water. During the study, RHTS had a positive effect on the quality of rainwater runoff – the values of many contaminants were reduced (RHTS 1: suspended solids, nitrogen, iron, potassium; RHTS 2: conductivity, suspended solids, nitrogen). Design and operational errors were noticed that in the long run may contribute to deteriorating the operational efficiency and even lead to a building collapse (intense erosive phenomena). This study clearly demonstrates that building a rainwater management system is a highly site-specific issue.

scholarly journals The Working Conditions and Optimization of a Large Rainwater Harvesting and Treatment System in an Area at a Risk of Erosion

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomasz Zubala
Keyword(s):  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Treatment System ◽  
Wholesale Market ◽  
Building Collapse ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The study evaluates the operation of rainwater harvesting and treatment systems (RHTS), receiving effluents from the wholesale market and fuel station (twenty years of observations). Changes of the basic elements of RHT systems (e.g. earthen reservoirs – sealed settler, infiltration reservoir) were characterized and the impact of climatic conditions on the system monitored. The analyses also referred to the stability and work safety of the most important equipment and water treatment efficiency. In the study period, due to the accumulation of erosive phenomena, it was necessary to optimize the system. The infiltration reservoir was considerably modified. At the same time, another reservoir of a similar type was built. The quality of water in the reservoirs were measured in 2008–2010 (before the modernisation) and in 2016–2018 (after the modernisation). Selected physical, oxygen, biogenic and salinity indicators were determined in the water. During the study the harvesting and treatment system had a positive effect on the quality of rainwater runoff – the values of many contaminants were reduced (RHTS 1: suspended solids, nitrogen, iron, potassium; RHTS 2: conductivity, suspended solids, nitrogen). Design and operational errors were noticed that in the long run may contribute to deteriorating the operational efficiency and even lead to a building collapse (intense erosive phenomena). This study clearly demonstrates that building a rainwater management system is a highly site-specific issue.

scholarly journals New Approaches to Processing Ground-based SAR (GBSAR) Data for Deformation Monitoring

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1936 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sichun Long ◽  
Aixia Tong ◽  
Ying Yuan ◽  
Zhenhong Li ◽  
Wenhao Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Atmospheric Correction ◽  
Deformation Monitoring ◽  
Atmospheric Effects ◽  
Threshold Optimization ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Multiple Threshold ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Average Coherence

In this paper, aiming at the limitation of persistence scatterers (PS) points selection, a new method for selecting PS points has been introduced based on the average coherence coefficient, amplitude dispersion index, estimated signal-to-noise ratio and displacement standard deviation of multiple threshold optimization. The stability and quality of this method are better than that of a single model. In addition, an atmospheric correction model has also been proposed to estimate the atmospheric effects on Ground-based synthetic aperture radar (GBSAR) observations. After comparing the monitoring results before and after correction, we clearly found that the results are in good agreement with the actual observations after applying the proposed atmospheric correction approach.

scholarly journals EFEKTIVITAS PENAMBAHAN KARBON AKTIF ARANG KAYU BAKAU DALAM PROSES FILTRASI AIR GAMBUT

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-94
Author(s):  
Nila Puspita Sari ◽  
Mashuri Mashuri
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Activated Charcoal ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Wood Charcoal ◽  
Filtration Process ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Slow Sand Filter ◽  
Mangrove Wood

Peat water can cause diseases such as cholera, hepatitis, dysentery, skin and eye diseases, and digestive diseases. Peat water is source water that is used daily needed by society in Segomeng. Mangrove wood is a material that can be used in the process of water purification because it can be used as activated charcoal which is a carbon compound, which is produced from a material that contains carbon. The research purpose is to know whether activated carbon of mangrove wood charcoal can be a medium of peat water filtering into clean water. This research type is the experiment and the design of this research uses Complete Random Design with some treatment which is arranged randomly for all experimental units. The different treatments are given, among others, using slow sand filtration and clay soil as a coagulant, using a slow sand filter with activated charcoal added mangrove wood with a thickness of 10 cm, and with a thickness of 15 cm. The results showed filtration with the addition of activated charcoal from mangrove wood with a thickness of 15 cm in getting the best results, can increase the pH value and is expected to improve the water quality of the acidic, odor-free, reducing taste, and the rapid filtration process that is 10 minutes. The conclusion is that the addition of activated carbon from mangrove wood charcoal is quite effective in the process of peat water filtration and can improve physical quality of water. The Suggestion is,should be measured of physical, chemical and biological character of peat water before and after filtration process.and also measurement of absorption of activated carbon of charcoal of mangrove wood before used as absorbent in filtration process

scholarly journals SEMENTES DE Moringa oleífera Lam: EFICIÊNCIA NO USO DE COAGULANTE BIOLÓGICO NO TRATAMENTO DE ÁGUA COM TURBIDEZ, COMPARADO AO COAGULANTE QUÍMICO SULFATO DE ALUMÍNIO

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Maiara Luzia Grigoli OLIVIO ◽  
Elizângela Flávia Jacob ESTEVES ◽  
Dagmar Aparecida de Marco FERRO
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Moringa Oleifera ◽  
Aluminum Sulfate ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Turbid Water ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Natural Coagulants ◽  
Moringa Oleifera Lam

Comumente o sulfato de alumínio é o coagulante químico utilizado nas Estações de Tratamentos para a clarificação da água, embora produza um lodo tóxico de difícil deposição no ambiente. No entanto, os coagulantes naturais como sementes de Moringa oleífera Lam. têm demonstrado vantagens para tratamento em comparação aos químicos, pela simplicidade de uso e baixo custo. O estudo objetivou analisar a eficiência coagulante da semente de Moringa oleífera na clarificação de água com turbidez e comparar com os parâmetros do coagulante químico sulfato de alumínio. As amostras de água foram coletadas no Córrego Jacu Queimado e as sementes colhidas em um plantio da própria espécie. Foram realizados, em laboratório, etapas sequenciais do experimento: comparação da eficiência da semente verde e seca, determinação da concentração e tempo de exposição da semente à água, comparação de agitação manual e magnética entre elas e do coagulante biológico com o químico, sendo analisados os aspectos físico, químico e biológico antes e após a adição de ambos. Observou-se que apenas a semente seca realiza a clarificação da água em comparação com os resultados das análises da água clarificada com o sulfato, determinando-se que 5 sementes são eficazes para tratar 1 litro de água com turbidez de até 25,0 NTU, considerando-se mais relevante a agitação manual para o efeito de coagulação e o aguardo de 2 horas para o término da decantação. Conclui-se, que a semente de Moringa é um coagulante biológico que se apresenta como alternativa para o tratamento de água com turbidez, porém, ainda não é indicada para a potabilidade. É preciso dar continuidade ao tratamento em busca de processos que visam melhorar a qualidade da água para aproximar-se aos parâmetros aceitáveis para o consumo humano.   Moringa oleífera Lam SEEDS: EFFICIENT USE OF BIOLOGICAL COAGULANT FOR WATER TURBIDITY TREATMENT, COMPARED TO ALUMINUM SULFATE CHEMICAL COAGULANT   ABSTRACT Aluminum sulfate is a chemical coagulant commonly used at Water Treatment Plants for water clarification, although it produces a toxic sludge of difficult deposition in the environment. However, natural coagulants such as Moringa oleíferaLam seeds have evidenced the advantages for the treatment when compared to chemicals, due to either their simplicity in and low cost.  This research aims at reviewing the efficient use of   Moringa oleífera seeds as coagulants for turbid water clarification as well as comparing the parameters of aluminum sulfate chemical coagulants. The water samples were collected at Córrego Jacu Queimado and the seeds were harvested from a crop of its own species. Sequential steps were performed in the lab for this experiment: Comparison of green and dry seeds efficiency, concentration and time of exposition of the seed to water measurements, comparison of manual and magnetic stirring among them and among biological and chemical coagulants, being analyzed physical, chemical and biological aspects before and after adding both of them. It was observed that only the dry seed enables water clarification when comparing the analysis results to sulfate water clarification, it was ascertained that 5 seeds are efficient to treat a liter of 25,0 NTU turbidity in water, considering as more relevant manual stirring for coagulation effect after a two-hour rest for decantation completion. It was concluded that Moringa seed is a biological coagulant presented as an alternative for turbid water treatment, although it is not indicated for drinkability. Further treatment is necessary in order to keep searching for processes that target to improve the quality of water and meeting acceptable parameters for water consumption.   Keywords: Biological Coagulant. Chemical Coagulant. Efficiency. Water Clarification. Comparative Parameters.

scholarly journals Water Quality of Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting System (MyRAWAS)

2021 ◽  
Vol 880 (1) ◽  
pp. 012039
Author(s):  
N U M Nizam ◽  
M M Hanafiah ◽  
M B Mokhtar ◽  
N A Jalal
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Temperature Conductivity ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Safe Level ◽  
Before And After

Abstract Prolonged drought, population growth and water demand for various purposes have increased the water scarcity issue. To overcome this issue, a rainwater harvesting system can be utilized as an alternative for clean water supply. A rainwater harvesting system is a method of collecting rainwater from man-made surfaces such as rooftops and constructed surfaces and can be used for various sectors including household, agricultural and commercial. This study was conducted to determine the quality of rainwater harvested collected directly from rooftop. The quality of the rooftop rainwater was taken in three consecutive months and the water quality for before and after treatment was measured and compared. Commercial activated carbon was used to treat the rainwater obtained from the rooftop. The water quality was compared with the Water Quality Index (WQI) and the National Water Quality Standards (NWQS). The parameters involved are pH, temperature, conductivity, dissolved oxygen (DO), total suspended solids (TSS), ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD),E.coli and total coliform bacteria. The results showed that the total value of WQI before and after treatment was 86.3 ± 8.963 and 87.6±2.081, respectively. Positive correlations were found for parameter NH3-N, COD and pH, while paired T-test showed a significant in the COD and the presence of bacteria. Total Coliform is still at a safe level by NWQS with the average value and the standard deviation for before and after treatment were 38.11 ± 13.960 cfu/ml and 10.33 ± 6.671 cfu/ml, respectively.

scholarly journals FORMULASI SEDIAAN LOTION SARI KERING HERBA PEGAGAN (Centella asiatica(L.) URBAN ) DENGAN VARIASI KONSENTRASI EMULGATOR SPAN 60 DAN TWEEN 60

Media Farmasi ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Arisanty Arisanty ◽  
Santi Sinala ◽  
Muli Sukmawaty ◽  
Andi Masna
Keyword(s):  
Centella Asiatica ◽  
Physical Quality ◽  
Accelerated Storage ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Quality Stability ◽  
Dispersion Test ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Tween 60 ◽  
Span 60

Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica (L.) Urb) is a plant widely grown and scientifically proven to be an antioxidant. This study makes a lotion formula containing dried Gotu kola herb with varying concentrations of emulgator span 60 and tween 60. It determines the concentration of span 60 and tween 60, producing lotions with the most stable physical quality and accelerated storage methods. The lotion was prepared using a concentration of Centellaasiatica (L.) Herbaceous Dry Herb extract of 1% and an Emulgator span 60 and tween 60 in a concentration variation of 5%, 7.5%, and 10%. The stability of the lotion was determined based on quality observations. The physical condition before and after the storage is accelerated for six cycles at a temperature of 5oC and 35oC in organoleptic, homogeneous, pH, viscosity, diffusion power, and emulsion type. The research results show the physical quality stability of formula I (5% emulgator) did not meet the requirements of the dispersion test before storage was accelerated. In contrast, the formula with a 7.5% emulgator met the physical quality requirements of the preparation before and after storage was accelerated. Additionally, the 10% emulgator did not meet the requirements of the dispersion test after accelerated storage. The type of emulsion in all three formulas is the M / A type. The most stable physical quality of the three preparations is a formula with a 7.5% emulgator.Keywords: Lotion, Gotu kola (Centella asiatica (L.) Urb), physical quality, span, and tween.Pegagan (Centella asiatica(L.)Urb) merupakan tanaman yang banyak tumbuh di Indonesia dan telah terbukti secara ilmiah memiliki kemampuan sebagai antioksidan. Penelitian ini bertujuan  untuk membuat formula lotion yang  mengandung sari kering herba pegagan (Centella asiatica(L.) Urban) dengan variasi konsentrasi emulgator span 60 dan tween 60, dan untuk mengetahui konsetrasi span 60 dan tween 60 yang menghasilkan lotion dengan mutu fisik yang paling stabil dengan metode penyimpanan dipercepat. Sediaan dibuat lotion dengan konsentrasi sari Kering Herba  Pegagan (Centellaasiatica(L.) Urban ) sebesar 1% dan Emulgator span 60 serta tween 60 dengan variasi konsentrasi 5%, 7,5%, dan 10% kemudian stabilitas sedian lotion ditentukan berdasarkan pengamatan mutu fisik sebelum dans sesudah penyimpanan dipercepat selama 6 siklus pada suhu 5oCdan 35oC yang meliputi organeleptis, homogentias, pH, viskositas, daya sebar, dan tipe emulsi. Hasil penelitian pada pengujian kestabilan mutu fisik formula I (emulgator 5%) tidak memenuhi syarat pada uji daya sebar sebelum penyimpanan dipercepat, sedangkan Formula dengan emulgator 7,5% memenuhi persyaratan mutu fisik sediaan sebelum maupun sesudah penyimpanan dipercepat, dan formula dengan emulgator 10% tidak memenuhi syarat pada uji daya sebar setelah penyimpanan dipercepat, untuk tipe emulsi pada ketiga formula tersebut merupakan tipe emulsiM/A. Mutu fisik yang paling stabil dari ketiga sediaan tersebut adalah formula dengan emulgator 7,5%.Kata kunci : Lotion,  herba pegagan (Centella asiatica (L.) Urb), mutu fisik, span dan tween.

scholarly journals Changes in kinesiostabilogram parameters and movement speed of stroke patients while increasing their physical activity due to the use of biofeedback method

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria Zaborova ◽  
Anatoly Fesyun ◽  
Konstantin Gurevich ◽  
Alevtina Oranskaya ◽  
Alexey Rylsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Physical Activity ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Movement Speed ◽  
Stroke Survivors ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Web Camera ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Complications Of Stroke

Balance disorders are complications of stroke survivors. Aim of this study was the establish effectiveness of the biofeedback approach. In this intervention study 245 patients with early diagnosis of acute disturbance of cerebral circulation (ADCC) were examined. Patients able to move independently were treated by standard conservative ADCC therapy on an outpatient approach, but they continued to have problems with coordination of movement in upright position. Then they were submitted to an increasing physical activity based on five sessions of biofeedback, i.e., a complex rehabilitation of patients with motor pathology "Trust-M" according to TU 9442-001-63704475-2010. Mobility rates were assessed using a web camera. Patients' quality of life was evaluated by SF-36 questionnaire and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). All parameters were recorded before and after 5 sessions of biofeedback. After treatment, the stability indicators improved and all patients showed a significant increase in motion rate and quality of life. At the same time, the severity of pain and of depression and anxiety decreased. Negative correlations of average strength between the quadrant and patient HADS scaling rates were obtained. In conclusion, our work shows effectiveness of the biofeedback technique for correcting coordination in stroke survivors.

scholarly journals Spatial-temporal variation and modeling of rainwater quality

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. e45810313598
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Kennedy da Costa Teixeira ◽  
Letícia Gabriela Andrade Policarpo ◽  
Suely Riciati da Silva ◽  
Eliane Prado Cunha Costa dos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Temporal Variation ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Two Cities ◽  
The Subject ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Rainwater Quality

Rainwater harvesting (RWH) is an alternative to the problem of water scarcity. However, its quality must be analyzed before its use, so that it does not represent any danger to the consumer. Thus, the objective of this paper was to analyze the spatial-temporal variation of water quality of rainwater in two cities and observe whether its parameters meet the norm related to the subject. In addition, the concentration of total suspended solids (TSS) that flow into the drainage system was also simulated. Rainwater samples were collected at several points in Congonhas and Ouro Branco - MG, over a period of two years. The results showed that there was spatial-temporal variation in water quality. There were points where the quality met the standard in some moments and did not meet in others, due to its temporal variation. It was also observed that the catchment surface influenced the quality of rainwater, so that the water that came into contact with the roof had its quality deteriorated, at first. However, throughout the rainy event, the quality improved, but at certain times, it was not enough to meet the standard. The rainwater quality simulation, carried out at SWMM, showed high concentrations of TSS, which were higher to that allowed for launching into receiving bodies.

scholarly journals Effect of quality of water used for dispensing on the stability of commercial oral liquid preparations.

1985 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 407-413
Author(s):  
HIROSUKE HAYASHI ◽  
YOSHIRO YOKOCHI ◽  
MASAYASU KITAZAWA ◽  
KIYOHARU SUHARA ◽  
SHIKIFUMI KITAZAWA
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Oral Liquid ◽  
The Stability
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