scholarly journals Central nervous system as a target of novel coronavirus infections: Potential routes of entry and pathogenic mechanisms

2021 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sapana Sharma ◽  
Harsha Jagadeesh ◽  
Ambrish Saxena ◽  
Harshini Chakravarthy ◽  
Vasudharani Devanathan
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Pathogenic Mechanisms ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Coronavirus Infections

scholarly journals COVID-19 Vaccination: From Interesting Agent to the Patient

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 120
Author(s):  
Anis Daou
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Lead Compound ◽  
Fda Approval ◽  
The World ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

The vaccination for the novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) is undergoing its final stages of analysis and testing. It is an impressive feat under the circumstances that we are on the verge of a potential breakthrough vaccination. This will help reduce the stress for millions of people around the globe, helping to restore worldwide normalcy. In this review, the analysis looks into how the new branch of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) came into the forefront of the world like a pandemic. This review will break down the details of what COVID-19 is, the viral family it belongs to and its background of how this family of viruses alters bodily functions by attacking vital human respiratory organs, the circulatory system, the central nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract. This review also looks at the process a new drug analogue undergoes, from (i) being a promising lead compound to (ii) being released into the market, from the drug development and discovery stage right through to FDA approval and aftermarket research. This review also addresses viable reasoning as to why the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine may have taken much less time than normal in order for it to be released for use.

COVID-19, the Brain, and the Future: Is Infection by the Novel Coronavirus a Harbinger of Neurodegeneration?

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adejoke Onaolapo ◽  
Olakunle Onaolapo
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Central Nervous System Involvement ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain

: The possible impact of viral infections on the development or pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders remains largely unknown. However, there have been reports associating the influenza virus pandemic and long-term infection with the Japanese encephalitis virus with the development of post-encephalitic Parkinsonism or von Economo encephalitis. In the last one year plus, there has been a worldwide pandemic arising from infection with the novel coronavirus or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 which causes a severe acute respiratory syndrome that has become associated with central nervous system symptoms or complications. Its possible central nervous system involvement is in line with emerging scientific evidence which shows that the human respiratory coronaviruses can enter the brain, infect neural cells, persist in the brain, and cause activation of myelin-reactive T cells. Currently, there is a dearth of scientific information on the acute or possible long-term impact of infection with SARS-CoV-2 on the development of dementias and/or neurodegenerative diseases. This is not unrelated to the fact that the virus is ‘new’, and its effects on humans are still being studied. This narrative review examines extant literature for the impact of corona virus infections on the brain; as it considers the possibility that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) could increase the risk for the development of neurodegenerative diseases or hasten their progression.

scholarly journals COVID-19 and Tinnitus

2020 ◽  
pp. 014556132097484
Author(s):  
Pramod Chirakkal ◽  
Amira Nasser Al Hail ◽  
Nasfareen Zada ◽  
Deepak S. Vijayakumar
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Social Isolation ◽  
Health Concerns ◽  
New Finding ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious respiratory disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, brings with it a plethora of health concerns. Although most people have mild symptoms, which are respiratory in nature, some experience neurological symptoms, central nervous system manifestations, peripheral nervous manifestations, and skeletal muscle manifestations. But the damaging impact of COVID-19 virus on the hearing organs in the inner ear is a new finding yet to be explored. Currently, there is little evidence published connecting novel coronavirus and tinnitus directly. But according to the American Tinnitus Association, preexisting behavioral conditions make it more likely for patients to experience tinnitus due to the stress and depression associated with social isolation and infection avoidance. Hearing loss and Tinnitus is a common pathology seen in otolaryngology and there are numerous papers in literature describing its associations with other infections. However, this is the first reported case of hearing loss and tinnitus in a COVID-19 patient, in the State of Qatar, and this case report strives to contribute to the ocean of literature highlighting the need for otorhinolaryngologists to be aware of its correlation with COVID-19 virus.

scholarly journals CBMS-04 Novel xenograft model to clarify tumor progressive mechanism and therapeutic target in primary central nervous system lymphoma

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. ii4-ii4
Author(s):  
Kensuke Tateishi ◽  
Yohei Miyake ◽  
Masahito Kawazu ◽  
Taishi Nakamura ◽  
Nobuyoshi Sasaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Xenograft Model ◽  
Central Nervous System Lymphoma ◽  
Genetic Alterations ◽  
Pathogenic Mechanisms ◽  
Dismal Prognosis ◽  
Orthotopic Xenografts

Abstract Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare lymphoma of the central nervous system and has a dismal prognosis despite intensive chemotherapy. Recent genomic analyses have identified recurrent genetic alterations in Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL). However, lack of clinically representative PCNSL models has diminished our understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of those genetic events. Here, we established 14 patient-derived orthotopic xenografts (PDOXs). Comprehensive analysis showed that PDOXs faithfully retained the phenotypic, metabolic, and genetic features with 100 % concordance of MYD88 and CD79B mutations present in immuno-competent PCNSL patients. Notably, orthotopic xenograft formation was consistently dependent on deregulated signaling through the RelA/p65-hexokinase 2 (HK-2) axis. MYD88/CD79B mutations and Pin1 activation, or LMP1 and Pin1 activation, converge on the RelA/p65-HK-2 signaling in immunocompetent and EBV-positive PCNSL, respectively. Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of this key signaling axis potently suppressed PCNSL tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, our models further offer a platform for predicting clinical chemotherapeutics efficacy. Therefore, our models provide critical insights into pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic discovery in PCNSL.

West Nile Virus spread and differential chemokine response in the central nervous system of mice: Role in pathogenic mechanisms of encephalitis

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 799-810 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatriz Vidaña ◽  
Nicholas Johnson ◽  
Anthony R. Fooks ◽  
Pedro J. Sánchez‐Cordón ◽  
Daniel J. Hicks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Virus Spread ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Pathogenic Mechanisms ◽  
The Central Nervous System

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Risk Management in Multiple Sclerosis

Diseases ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Amado Diaz de la Fe ◽  
Alejandro Armando Peláez Suárez ◽  
Marinet Fuentes Campos ◽  
Maivis Noemí Cabrera Hernández ◽  
Carlos-Alberto Goncalves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Early Identification ◽  
Neurological Disease ◽  
Maximum Tolerated Dose ◽  
The Novel ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Medical Health ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

The novel coronavirus can cause a severe respiratory disease with impact on the central nervous system, as has been reported by several medical health services. In the COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 neurotrophic virus, neurologists have focused their attention on the early identification of suggestive manifestations of the neurological impact of the disease. In this context, they are exploring related chronic disease and the possibility of achieving a more effective understanding of symptoms derived from COVID-19 infection and those derived from the course of preexisting neurological disease. The present review summarizes evidence from the infection with SARS-CoV-2 and the management of the risks of multiple sclerosis and how it is related to the risks of general comorbidities associated with COVID-19. In addition, we reviewed other factors characteristic of MS, such as relapses, and the maximum tolerated dose of treatment medications from clinical and experimental evidence.

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