scholarly journals Letter visual similarity of Japanese hiragana and katakana based on reaction times

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroki Higuchi ◽  
Tessei Kobayashi
Keyword(s):  
Literacy Development ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Additional Experiment ◽  
Letter Perception ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Perceptual Distance ◽  
Critical Measure ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Japanese Kana ◽  
Letter Sound

AbstractLetter similarity (i.e., perceptual distance) is a critical measure to better understand letter perception and literacy development. Despite its importance, however, measurements of letter similarity for non-alphabetic scripts are limited, and the shortage of letter similarity for non-alphabetic script interferes with the identification of the universality and the uniqueness of letter perception systems across different scripts. In the present study, we provide a comprehensive matrix of letter similarity for Japanese kana letters (hiragana and katakana). We obtained the discrimination reaction times for simultaneously presented letter pairs and calculated the perceptual distance of 4,278 letter pairs by inversing the time. The matrix showed significant correlations with previously obtained letter similarity for hiragana and katakana. An additional experiment showed that letter pairs for the same sounds (え–エ) produced significantly slower responses compared with those for different sounds (え–コ). However, the differences in reaction times between the same and different sound conditions were smaller than the sequentially presented conditions, suggesting that the matrix was partially attributable to knowledge-based factors (e.g., letter-sound knowledge). This first comprehensive matrix of letter similarity (i.e., perceptual distance) for Japanese kana letters (hiragana and katakana) will be useful for researchers interested in letter perception and literacy development.

Time Course Analysis of the Reverse-Stroop Effect in Japanese Kanji

1998 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kayu Moriguchi ◽  
Yasuo Morikawa
Keyword(s):  
Stroop Effect ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Reading Process ◽  
Relative Speed ◽  
Speed Of Processing ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Japanese Kana

A reverse of the Stroop effect was obtained with Japanese kanji (logographic script) but not with Japanese kana (syllabic scripts) by Morikawa in 1981. In the present study, the normal effect on reaction times by word and color was altered by presenting the words before or after the color. The reverse Stroop effect was observed with kanji but not with kana even when the color was presented prior to the word. It was shown that the difference between kanji and kana in the reverse-Stroop effect could not be explained by the relative speed of processing of word and color and that the reading process of kanji is different from that of kana.

scholarly journals Algorithms for Generating Ordered Solutions for Explicit AND/OR Structures

2012 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 275-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Ghosh ◽  
A. Sharma ◽  
P.P. Chakrabarti ◽  
P. Dasgupta
Keyword(s):  
Search Algorithm ◽  
Search Space ◽  
Compact Representation ◽  
Implicit Representation ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Multiplication Problem ◽  
Best First Search ◽  
Alternative Solutions ◽  
Potential Use

We present algorithms for generating alternative solutions for explicit acyclic AND/OR structures in non-decreasing order of cost. The proposed algorithms use a best first search technique and report the solutions using an implicit representation ordered by cost. In this paper, we present two versions of the search algorithm -- (a) an initial version of the best first search algorithm, ASG, which may present one solution more than once while generating the ordered solutions, and (b) another version, LASG, which avoids the construction of the duplicate solutions. The actual solutions can be reconstructed quickly from the implicit compact representation used. We have applied the methods on a few test domains, some of them are synthetic while the others are based on well known problems including the search space of the 5-peg Tower of Hanoi problem, the matrix-chain multiplication problem and the problem of finding secondary structure of RNA. Experimental results show the efficacy of the proposed algorithms over the existing approach. Our proposed algorithms have potential use in various domains ranging from knowledge based frameworks to service composition, where the AND/OR structure is widely used for representing problems.

Constructing a Knowledge-Based Quality Attributes Relationship Matrix to Identify Conflicts in Non-Functional Requirements

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 122-129
Author(s):  
Unnati S. Shah ◽  
Sankita J. Patel ◽  
Devesh C. Jinwala
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Quality Attributes ◽  
Success Factor ◽  
Relationship Matrix ◽  
Functional Requirements ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Critical Success ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Conflict Identification

A critical success factor in requirements engineering involves recognizing conflicts in Non-functional requirements (NFRs). The recent approaches use Quality attributes relationship matrix (QARM) to identify conflicts in NFRs that represents how one quality attribute undermine (-) or support (+) achieving other types of quality attributes. However, the static QARMs are not always obvious and may vary in the context of available standards, development and the involved stakeholders. In addition, these matrixes do not contain relations for emergent quality attributes viz. Recoverability, context awareness, mobility among others. Furthermore, identifying the conflicts in NFRs using the matrix without knowing the purpose of NFRs in the system may produce the false conflict identification. Hence, the aim of our research is to identify relations and influences between NFR attributes (a.k.a. Quality attributes) from available unconstrained natural language documents through automated natural language processing and machine learning that helps to deal with false conflict identification.

scholarly journals An exploratory study of early letter-sound knowledge in a low socio-economic context in South Africa

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-26
Author(s):  
Shelley O'Carroll
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Early Literacy ◽  
Literacy Development ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Letter Sounds ◽  
Economic Context ◽  
Early Literacy Development ◽  
End Of Grade ◽  
Grade One ◽  
Letter Sound

This paper explores one aspect of early literacy development in a low socio-economic context in South Africa. Assessments conducted with a sample of children from two disadvantaged communities in Cape Town indicated that in this context, almost half of the learners entering Grade One were unable to recognise any letters. A Grade R intervention conducted by volunteers showed that children from this context were able to learn letter-sounds in Grade R through a programme that focused on teaching letter-sounds in the context of building language skills, emergent writing and concepts about print. In order to strengthen the effectiveness of the intervention, the volunteer programme was supplemented by support for the Grade R teacher and teaching assistant. Follow-up assessments of one of the intervention groups at the end of Grade One revealed significant correlations between early Grade One letter knowledge and end of Grade One word reading and spelling skills. The findings of this exploratory study are in line with research that shows the importance of letter-sound knowledge in the earliest stages of learning to read. This raises concerns about the historical lack of emphasis in the Grade R curriculum on this aspect of early literacy development. Although the study has a narrow focus and conclusions cannot be drawn about other aspects of early literacy learning in this context, the results suggest an urgent need for quality Grade R teacher training programmes with a specific focus on emergent literacy.

scholarly journals Archetypes of incumbents’ strategic responses to digital innovation

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 662-679 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatrice D’Ippolito ◽  
Antonio Messeni Petruzzelli ◽  
Umberto Panniello
Keyword(s):  
Business Model ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Strategic Responses ◽  
Digital Innovation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
The Matrix

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore how incumbents adapt their business models in response to digital innovation whose impact is either incremental or radical and source industry is either their own industry or other industries. The authors propose a conceptual matrix that is built on these two dimensions. Design/methodology/approach The authors build examples of four multinational incumbents operating in different sectors and known for their forefront approach to digital innovation to populate the matrix. Cases were chosen because of their polar nature that could provide variation in the two dimensions. The authors draw on a variety of qualitative secondary data sources to build the cases. Findings The study reveals how incumbents’ response to digital technologies (DTs) may differ depending on the resources or assets (including knowledge-based ones) that need mobilising. Business model changes and innovations may require full reconfiguration of a firm’s activity system; hence, one business model may be preferred to others depending on how burdensome the reconfiguration process will be. Research limitations/implications As the study is exploratory in nature, the anecdotal evidence provided in the paper are only some of the possible strategic responses of firms. Future studies may further into the dimensions the authors identified by empirically testing their validity with primary data. Practical implications The research offers managers and executives of incumbent firms a clear indication as to which elements of their business model ought to be adapted given the opportunities as well as the challenges brought about by DTs. Originality/value This research has explored incumbents’ response to DTs by primarily focusing on the nature and source industry of the underpinning innovation, besides any consideration of the drivers or processes that may lead to business model change.

The Preliminary Design of Mechanical Drive and Transmission Components

1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jung-Hua Yeh ◽  
F. W. Liou
Keyword(s):  
Power Transmission ◽  
Transmission System ◽  
Preliminary Design ◽  
Knowledge Based System ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
System A ◽  
Component Design ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Practical Algorithm ◽  
Inherent Nature

Abstract Selecting the appropriate components for a mechanical drive and transmission system is complicated not only by the inherent nature of the system designed, but also by the wide varieties of components available from a multitude of manufacturers. The integration of these components is more important when designing a working system where specific constraints have been imposed. Presented in this paper is an investigation of component relationship in the form of a knowledge-based-system which provides a practical algorithm for preliminary design of mechanical drive and transmission system. A design abstraction and an integration attributes in the power transmission components are addressed. The development of the matrix table for optimizing component design is also presented.

scholarly journals Reading and Lexicalization in Opaque and Transparent Orthographies: Word Naming and Word Learning in English and Spanish

2017 ◽  
Vol 70 (10) ◽  
pp. 2105-2129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosa Kit Wan Kwok ◽  
Fernando Cuetos ◽  
Rrezarta Avdyli ◽  
Andrew W. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Times ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
English Word ◽  
Word Naming ◽  
Read Aloud ◽  
Lexical Representations ◽  
Sublexical Processing ◽  
Native Speakers Of English ◽  
Letter Sound ◽  
Naming Latencies

Do skilled readers of opaque and transparent orthographies make differential use of lexical and sublexical processes when converting words from print to sound? Two experiments are reported, which address that question, using effects of letter length on naming latencies as an index of the involvement of sublexical letter–sound conversion. Adult native speakers of English (Experiment 1) and Spanish (Experiment 2) read aloud four- and seven-letter high-frequency words, low-frequency words, and nonwords in their native language. The stimuli were interleaved and presented 10 times in a first testing session and 10 more times in a second session 28 days later. Effects of lexicality were observed in both languages, indicating the deployment of lexical representations in word naming. Naming latencies to both words and nonwords reduced across repetitions on Day 1, with those savings being retained to Day 28. Length effects were, however, greater for Spanish than English word naming. Reaction times to long and short nonwords converged with repeated presentations in both languages, but less in Spanish than in English. The results support the hypothesis that reading in opaque orthographies favours the rapid creation and use of lexical representations, while reading in transparent orthographies makes more use of a combination of lexical and sublexical processing.

scholarly journals An eye-tracking study of letter-sound correspondence in Japanese-speaking 2- to 3-year-old toddlers

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroki Higuchi ◽  
Yuko Okumura ◽  
Tessei Kobayashi
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Target Letter ◽  
Reading Development ◽  
Additional Experiment ◽  
Reading Task ◽  
Critical Step ◽  
Tracking Technique ◽  
Letter Sound

AbstractAlthough the acquisition of letter-sound correspondences is a critical step in reading development, how and when children develop such correspondence remains relatively unexplored. In this study, we focused on Japanese hiragana letters to examine the implicit letter-sound correspondence using an eye-tracking technique for 80 Japanese-speaking toddlers. The results showed that 32- to 48-month-olds (but not 24- to 32-month-olds) directed their gaze at the target letter. An additional experiment on a letter-reading task showed that 32- to 40-month-olds could barely read the presented hiragana letters. These findings suggest that toddlers have already begun to grasp implicit letter-sound correspondences well before actually acquiring the ability to read letters.

Crystalloid Inclusions in Hepatocyte Mitochondria and Their Similarity to Cytoplasmic Crystalloids

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 198-199
Author(s):  
Odell T. Minick ◽  
Hidejiro Yokoo
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Alcoholic Liver Disease ◽  
Special Interest ◽  
Structural Variations ◽  
Mitochondrial Alterations ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Crystalloid Inclusions ◽  
Liver Biopsies

Mitochondrial alterations were studied in 25 liver biopsies from patients with alcoholic liver disease. Of special interest were the morphologic resemblance of certain fine structural variations in mitochondria and crystalloid inclusions. Four types of alterations within mitochondria were found that seemed to relate to cytoplasmic crystalloids.Type 1 alteration consisted of localized groups of cristae, usually oriented in the long direction of the organelle (Fig. 1A). In this plane they appeared serrated at the periphery with blind endings in the matrix. Other sections revealed a system of equally-spaced diagonal lines lengthwise in the mitochondrion with cristae protruding from both ends (Fig. 1B). Profiles of this inclusion were not unlike tangential cuts of a crystalloid structure frequently seen in enlarged mitochondria described below.

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