Modeling of rainfall–runoff events using HEC-HMS model in southern catchments of Jerusalem Desert-Palestine

2022 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Omar Ahmad Shakarneh ◽  
Asim Jahangir Khan ◽  
Qaisar Mahmood ◽  
Romana Khan ◽  
Muhammad Shahzad ◽  
...  
RBRH ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz Claudio Galvão do Valle Junior ◽  
Dulce Buchala Bicca Rodrigues ◽  
Paulo Tarso Sanches de Oliveira

ABSTRACT The Curve Number (CN) method is extensively used for predict surface runoff from storm events. However, remain some uncertainties in the method, such as in the use of an initial abstraction (λ) standard value of 0.2 and on the choice of the most suitable CN values. Here, we compute λ and CN values using rainfall and runoff data to a rural basin located in Midwestern Brazil. We used 30 observed rainfall-runoff events with rainfall depth greater than 25 mm to derive associated CN values using five statistical methods. We noted λ values ranging from 0.005 to 0.455, with a median of 0.045, suggesting the use of λ = 0.05 instead of 0.2. We found a S0.2 to S0.05 conversion factor of 2.865. We also found negative values of Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (to the estimated and observed runoff). Therefore, our findings indicated that the CN method was not suitable to estimate runoff in the studied basin. This poor performance suggests that the runoff mechanisms in the studied area are dominated by subsurface stormflow.


2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 443-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keewook Kim ◽  
Gene Whelan ◽  
Marirosa Molina ◽  
S. Thomas Purucker ◽  
Yakov Pachepsky ◽  
...  

A series of simulated rainfall-runoff experiments with applications of different manure types (cattle solid pats, poultry dry litter, swine slurry) was conducted across four seasons on a field containing 36 plots (0.75 × 2 m each), resulting in 144 rainfall-runoff events. Simulating time-varying release of Escherichia coli, enterococci, and fecal coliforms from manures applied at typical agronomic rates evaluated the efficacy of the Bradford–Schijven model modified by adding terms for release efficiency and transportation loss. Two complementary, parallel approaches were used to calibrate the model and estimate microbial release parameters. The first was a four-step sequential procedure using the inverse model PEST, which provides appropriate initial parameter values. The second utilized a PEST/bootstrap procedure to estimate average parameters across plots, manure age, and microbe, and to provide parameter distributions. The experiment determined that manure age, microbe, and season had no clear relationship to the release curve. Cattle solid pats released microbes at a different, slower rate than did poultry dry litter or swine slurry, which had very similar release patterns. These findings were consistent with other published results for both bench- and field-scale, suggesting the modified Bradford–Schijven model can be applied to microbial release from manure.


2015 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 235-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurent Pfister ◽  
Carlos E. Wetzel ◽  
Núria Martínez-Carreras ◽  
Jean François Iffly ◽  
Julian Klaus ◽  
...  

Abstract Hydrological processes research remains a field that is severely measurement limited. While conventional tracers (geochemicals, isotopes) have brought extremely valuable insights into water source and flowpaths, they nonetheless have limitations that clearly constrain their range of application. Integrating hydrology and ecology in catchment science has been repeatedly advocated as offering potential for interdisciplinary studies that are eventually to provide a holistic view of catchment functioning. In this context, aerial diatoms have been shown to have the potential for detecting of the onset/cessation of rapid water flowpaths within the hillslope-riparian zone-stream continuum. However, many open questions prevail as to aerial diatom reservoir size, depletion and recovery, as well as to their mobilisation and transport processes. Moreover, aerial diatoms remain poorly known compared to freshwater species and new species are still being discovered. Here, we ask whether aerial diatom flushing can be observed in three catchments with contrasting physiographic characteristics in Luxembourg, Oregon (USA) and Slovakia. This is a prerequisite for qualifying aerial diatoms as a robust indicator of the onset/cessation of rapid water flowpaths across a wider range of physiographical contexts. One species in particular, (Hantzschia amphioxys (Ehr.) Grunow), was found to be common to the three investigated catchments. Aerial diatom species were flushed, in different relative proportions, to the river network during rainfall-runoff events in all three catchments. Our take-away message from this preliminary examination is that aerial diatoms appear to have a potential for tracing episodic hydrological connectivity through a wider range of physiographic contexts and therefore serve as a complementary tool to conventional hydrological tracers.


1997 ◽  
Vol 36 (8-9) ◽  
pp. 51-56
Author(s):  
F. Calomino ◽  
P. Veltri ◽  
P. Piro ◽  
J. Niemczynowicz

In Urban Hydrology, a basic question is whether or not the common methods involving the use of design storms bring to the the some results obtained by those methods that make use of real storms. In general, one can say that different design storms give good results when used with the appropriate model, or, conversely, that good results can be achieved through careful model calibration. On the basis of 51 rainfall-runoff recordings obtained from the experimental catchment of Luzzi (Cosenza, Italy), the frequency distribution of the observed peak discharges was initially computed. Then the runoff events were simulated using Wallrus, a well known simulation model, taking as input the observed precipitations. The frequency distribution of the simulated peak discharges was compared to that of the observed ones, with the aim of calibrating the model on a statistical basis. After that, the rainfall events were analysed, obtaining the frequency distributions of the observed intensities over several durations and developing IDF curves of given frequencies and, then, the Chicago design storms. The plotting positions of the peak discharges simulated by this way show a good agreement with the distribution of both the observed peak discharges and the peak discharges simulated through the real storms.


2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 1225-1249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralf Loritz ◽  
Sibylle K. Hassler ◽  
Conrad Jackisch ◽  
Niklas Allroggen ◽  
Loes van Schaik ◽  
...  

Abstract. This study explores the suitability of a single hillslope as a parsimonious representation of a catchment in a physically based model. We test this hypothesis by picturing two distinctly different catchments in perceptual models and translating these pictures into parametric setups of 2-D physically based hillslope models. The model parametrizations are based on a comprehensive field data set, expert knowledge and process-based reasoning. Evaluation against streamflow data highlights that both models predicted the annual pattern of streamflow generation as well as the hydrographs acceptably. However, a look beyond performance measures revealed deficiencies in streamflow simulations during the summer season and during individual rainfall–runoff events as well as a mismatch between observed and simulated soil water dynamics. Some of these shortcomings can be related to our perception of the systems and to the chosen hydrological model, while others point to limitations of the representative hillslope concept itself. Nevertheless, our results confirm that representative hillslope models are a suitable tool to assess the importance of different data sources as well as to challenge our perception of the dominant hydrological processes we want to represent therein. Consequently, these models are a promising step forward in the search for the optimal representation of catchments in physically based models.


Soil Research ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 299 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Loch

This research was carried out to quantify the role of vegetative cover in reducing runoff and erosion from rehabilitated mined land. Duplicate plots 1.5 m wide and 12 m long were prepared on a rehabilitated area of the Meandu Mine, Tarong, with vegetative cover of 0, 23%, 37%, 47%, and 100%. The area had a uniform 15% slope, and there were no rill or gully lines present. Simulated rain equivalent to a 1 : 100 year storm was applied to the plots, and runoff and erosion were measured. Infiltration totals and rates increased strongly with increasing vegetative cover. There was visibly greater infiltration under vegetation. Erosion from the simulated storm was greatly reduced by vegetative cover, declining from 30–35 t/ha at 0% vegetative cover to 0.5 t/ha at 47% cover. Reductions in erosion at lower levels of vegetative cover were greater than predicted by the cover/erosion relationship used in the USLE. The dominantly stoloniferous growth habit of the grass at this site may have increased the effectiveness of vegetative cover in this study. To allow the data to be extrapolated to slopes longer than 12 m, a series of overland flows were applied to the upslope boundaries of the plots, simulating flows on slopes up to 70 m long. Detachment and transport of sediment by applied overland flow was similarly reduced by vegetative cover, and results from the overland flow study also indicate that for slopes up to 70 m long with grass cover of 47% or greater, erosion rates will be minimal, even under extreme rainfall/runoff events.


2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Sidman ◽  
D. Phillip Guertin ◽  
David C. Goodrich ◽  
Carl L. Unkrich ◽  
I. Shea Burns

Representation of precipitation is one of the most difficult aspects of modelling post-fire runoff and erosion and also one of the most sensitive input parameters to rainfall-runoff models. The impact of post-fire convective rainstorms, especially in semiarid watersheds, depends on the overlap between locations of high-intensity rainfall and areas of high-severity burns. One of the most useful applications of models in post-fire situations is risk assessment to quantify peak flow and identify areas at high risk of flooding and erosion. This study used the KINEROS2/AGWA model to compare several spatial and temporal rainfall representations of post-fire rainfall-runoff events to determine the effect of differing representations on modelled peak flow and determine at-risk locations within a watershed. Post-fire rainfall-runoff events at Zion National Park in Utah and Bandelier National Monument in New Mexico were modelled. Representations considered included both uniform and Soil Conservation Service Type II hyetographs, applying rain over the entire watershed and applying rain only on the burned area, and varying rainfall both temporally and spatially according to radar data. Results showed that rainfall representation greatly affected modelled peak flow, but did not significantly alter the model’s predictions for high-risk locations. This has important implications for post-fire assessments before a flood-inducing rainfall event, or for post-storm assessments in areas with low-gauge density or lack of radar data due to mountain beam blockage.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralf Merz ◽  
Larisa Tarasova ◽  
Stefano Basso

<p>Floods can be caused by a large variety of different processes, such as short, but intense rainfall bursts, long rainfall events, which are wetting up substantial parts of the catchment, or rain on snow cover or frozen soils. Although there is a plethora on studies analysing or modelling rainfall-runoff processes, it is still not well understood, what rainfall and runoff generation conditions are needed to generate flood runoff and how these characteristics vary between catchments. In this databased approach we decipher the ingredients of flood events occurred in 161 catchments across Germany. For each catchment rainfall-runoff events are separated from observed time series for the period 1950-2013, resulting in about 170,000 single events. A peak-over-threshold approach is used to select flood events out of these runoff events. For each event, spatially and temporally distributed rainfall and runoff generation characteristics, such as snow cover and soil moisture, as well as their interaction are derived. Then we decipher those event characteristics controlling flood event occurrence by using machine learning techniques.</p><p>On average, the most important event characteristic controlling flood occurrence in Germany is, as expected, event rainfall volume, followed by the overlap of rainfall and soil moisture and the extent of wet areas in the catchment (area with high soil moisture content). Rainfall intensity is another important characteristic. However, a large variability in its importance is noticeable between dryer catchments where short rainfall floods occur regularly and wetter catchments, where rainfall intensity might be less important for flood generation. To analyse the regional variability of flood ingredients, we cluster the catchments according to similarity in their flood controlling event characteristics and test how good the flood occurrence can be predicted from regionalised event characteristics. Finally, we analyse the regional variability of the flood ingredients in the light of climate and landscape catchment characteristics.</p>


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