Computational intelligence on image classification methods for microscopic image data

In increasing manufacturing productivity with automated surface inspection in smart factories, the demand for machine vision is rising. Recently, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have demonstrated outstanding performance and solved many problems in the field of computer vision. With that, many machine vision systems adopt CNNs to surface defect inspection. In this study, we developed an effective data augmentation method for grayscale images in CNN-based machine vision with mono cameras. Our method can apply to grayscale industrial images, and we demonstrated outstanding performance in the image classification and the object detection tasks. The main contributions of this study are as follows: (1) We propose a data augmentation method that can be performed when training CNNs with industrial images taken with mono cameras. (2) We demonstrate that image classification or object detection performance is better when training with the industrial image data augmented by the proposed method. Through the proposed method, many machine-vision-related problems using mono cameras can be effectively solved by using CNNs.

Download Full-text

Diabetic Retinal Grading Using Attention-Based Bilinear Convolutional Neural Network and Complement Cross Entropy

Entropy ◽

10.3390/e23070816 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 23 (7) ◽

pp. 816

Author(s):

Pingping Liu ◽

Xiaokang Yang ◽

Baixin Jin ◽

Qiuzhan Zhou

Keyword(s):

Neural Network ◽

Image Processing ◽

Diabetic Retinopathy ◽

Convolutional Neural Network ◽

Image Classification ◽

Network Model ◽

Rapid Development ◽

Image Data ◽

Lesion Detection ◽

Great Success

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common complication of diabetes mellitus (DM), and it is necessary to diagnose DR in the early stages of treatment. With the rapid development of convolutional neural networks in the field of image processing, deep learning methods have achieved great success in the field of medical image processing. Various medical lesion detection systems have been proposed to detect fundus lesions. At present, in the image classification process of diabetic retinopathy, the fine-grained properties of the diseased image are ignored and most of the retinopathy image data sets have serious uneven distribution problems, which limits the ability of the network to predict the classification of lesions to a large extent. We propose a new non-homologous bilinear pooling convolutional neural network model and combine it with the attention mechanism to further improve the network’s ability to extract specific features of the image. The experimental results show that, compared with the most popular fundus image classification models, the network model we proposed can greatly improve the prediction accuracy of the network while maintaining computational efficiency.

Download Full-text

Image Classification for the Automatic Feature Extraction in Human Worn Fashion Data

Mathematics ◽

10.3390/math9060624 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 624

Author(s):

Stefan Rohrmanstorfer ◽

Mikhail Komarov ◽

Felix Mödritscher

Keyword(s):

Neural Networks ◽

Feature Extraction ◽

Image Classification ◽

Convolutional Neural Networks ◽

Data Augmentation ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Image Data ◽

Classification Model ◽

Upper Body ◽

Automatic Feature Extraction

With the always increasing amount of image data, it has become a necessity to automatically look for and process information in these images. As fashion is captured in images, the fashion sector provides the perfect foundation to be supported by the integration of a service or application that is built on an image classification model. In this article, the state of the art for image classification is analyzed and discussed. Based on the elaborated knowledge, four different approaches will be implemented to successfully extract features out of fashion data. For this purpose, a human-worn fashion dataset with 2567 images was created, but it was significantly enlarged by the performed image operations. The results show that convolutional neural networks are the undisputed standard for classifying images, and that TensorFlow is the best library to build them. Moreover, through the introduction of dropout layers, data augmentation and transfer learning, model overfitting was successfully prevented, and it was possible to incrementally improve the validation accuracy of the created dataset from an initial 69% to a final validation accuracy of 84%. More distinct apparel like trousers, shoes and hats were better classified than other upper body clothes.

Download Full-text

A survey of image classification methods and techniques

2014 International Conference on Control, Instrumentation, Communication and Computational Technologies (ICCICCT) ◽

10.1109/iccicct.2014.6993023 ◽

2014 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Siddhartha Sankar Nath ◽

Girish Mishra ◽

Jajnyaseni Kar ◽

Sayan Chakraborty ◽

Nilanjan Dey

Keyword(s):

Image Classification ◽

Classification Methods ◽

Methods And Techniques

Download Full-text

Effective combining of color and texture descriptors for indoor-outdoor image classification

Facta universitatis - series Electronics and Energetics ◽

10.2298/fuee1403399c ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 27 (3) ◽

pp. 399-410 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Stevica Cvetkovic ◽

Sasa Nikolic ◽

Slobodan Ilic

Keyword(s):

Image Classification ◽

Accurate Method ◽

Optimal Combination ◽

Compact Representation ◽

Svm Classifier ◽

Classification Methods ◽

Empirical Tests ◽

Public Datasets ◽

Fast Extraction ◽

Classification Procedures

Although many indoor-outdoor image classification methods have been proposed in the literature, most of them have omitted comparison with basic methods to justify the need for complex feature extraction and classification procedures. In this paper we propose a relatively simple but highly accurate method for indoor-outdoor image classification, based on combination of carefully engineered MPEG-7 color and texture descriptors. In order to determine the optimal combination of descriptors in terms of fast extraction, compact representation and high accuracy, we conducted comprehensive empirical tests over several color and texture descriptors. The descriptors combination was used for training and testing of a binary SVM classifier. We have shown that the proper descriptors preprocessing before SVM classification has significant impact on the final result. Comprehensive experimental evaluation shows that the proposed method outperforms several more complex indoor-outdoor image classification techniques on a couple of public datasets.

Download Full-text

Extracting image features for classification by two-tier genetic programming

10.26686/wgtn.13150940 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Harith Al-Sahaf ◽

A Song ◽

K Neshatian ◽

Mengjie Zhang

Keyword(s):

Genetic Programming ◽

Image Classification ◽

Domain Knowledge ◽

Extraction Process ◽

High Accuracy ◽

Classification Performance ◽

Image Features ◽

Classification Methods ◽

Feature Based ◽

Second Tier

Image classification is a complex but important task especially in the areas of machine vision and image analysis such as remote sensing and face recognition. One of the challenges in image classification is finding an optimal set of features for a particular task because the choice of features has direct impact on the classification performance. However the goodness of a feature is highly problem dependent and often domain knowledge is required. To address these issues we introduce a Genetic Programming (GP) based image classification method, Two-Tier GP, which directly operates on raw pixels rather than features. The first tier in a classifier is for automatically defining features based on raw image input, while the second tier makes decision. Compared to conventional feature based image classification methods, Two-Tier GP achieved better accuracies on a range of different tasks. Furthermore by using the features defined by the first tier of these Two-Tier GP classifiers, conventional classification methods obtained higher accuracies than classifying on manually designed features. Analysis on evolved Two-Tier image classifiers shows that there are genuine features captured in the programs and the mechanism of achieving high accuracy can be revealed. The Two-Tier GP method has clear advantages in image classification, such as high accuracy, good interpretability and the removal of explicit feature extraction process. © 2012 IEEE.

Download Full-text

An Automatic Feature Extraction Approach to Image Classification Using Genetic Programming

10.26686/wgtn.13158281.v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Ying Bi ◽

Bing Xue ◽

Mengjie Zhang

Keyword(s):

Feature Extraction ◽

Genetic Programming ◽

Image Classification ◽

Image Data ◽

Data Sets ◽

Automatic Feature Extraction ◽

Terminal Set ◽

Comparable Performance ◽

International Publishing ◽

High Level

© Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018. Feature extraction is an essential process for image data dimensionality reduction and classification. However, feature extraction is very difficult and often requires human intervention. Genetic Programming (GP) can achieve automatic feature extraction and image classification but the majority of existing methods extract low-level features from raw images without any image-related operations. Furthermore, the work on the combination of image-related operators/descriptors in GP for feature extraction and image classification is limited. This paper proposes a multi-layer GP approach (MLGP) to performing automatic high-level feature extraction and classification. A new program structure, a new function set including a number of image operators/descriptors and two region detectors, and a new terminal set are designed in this approach. The performance of the proposed method is examined on six different data sets of varying difficulty and compared with five GP based methods and 42 traditional image classification methods. Experimental results show that the proposed method achieves better or comparable performance than these baseline methods. Further analysis on the example programs evolved by the proposed MLGP method reveals the good interpretability of MLGP and gives insight into how this method can effectively extract high-level features for image classification.

Download Full-text

AIRBORNE HYPERSPECTRAL REMOTE SENSING FOR IDENTIFICATION GRASSLAND VEGETATION

ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences ◽

10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-3-w3-427-2015 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol XL-3/W3 ◽

pp. 427-431 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

P. Burai ◽

T. Tomor ◽

L. Bekő ◽

B. Deák

Keyword(s):

Image Classification ◽

Learning Algorithm ◽

Training Sample ◽

Hyperspectral Data ◽

Training Dataset ◽

Classification Methods ◽

Grassland Vegetation ◽

Training Samples ◽

Almost All ◽

Noise Fraction

In our study we classified grassland vegetation types of an alkali landscape (Eastern Hungary), using different image classification methods for hyperspectral data. Our aim was to test the applicability of hyperspectral data in this complex system using various image classification methods. To reach the highest classification accuracy, we compared the performance of traditional image classifiers, machine learning algorithm, feature extraction (MNF-transformation) and various sizes of training dataset. Hyperspectral images were acquired by an AISA EAGLE II hyperspectral sensor of 128 contiguous bands (400–1000 nm), a spectral sampling of 5 nm bandwidth and a ground pixel size of 1 m. We used twenty vegetation classes which were compiled based on the characteristic dominant species, canopy height, and total vegetation cover. Image classification was applied to the original and MNF (minimum noise fraction) transformed dataset using various training sample sizes between 10 and 30 pixels. In the case of the original bands, both SVM and RF classifiers provided high accuracy for almost all classes irrespectively of the number of the training pixels. We found that SVM and RF produced the best accuracy with the first nine MNF transformed bands. Our results suggest that in complex open landscapes, application of SVM can be a feasible solution, as this method provides higher accuracies compared to RF and MLC. SVM was not sensitive for the size of the training samples, which makes it an adequate tool for cases when the available number of training pixels are limited for some classes.

Download Full-text