scholarly journals Gut Microbiome Activity Contributes to Prediction of Individual Variation in Glycemic Response in Adults

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hal Tily ◽  
Eric Patridge ◽  
Ying Cai ◽  
Vishakh Gopu ◽  
Stephanie Gline ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Variation ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Glycemic Response

scholarly journals Gut microbiome activity contributes to individual variation in glycemic response in adults

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hal Tily ◽  
Ally Perlina ◽  
Eric Patridge ◽  
Stephanie Gline ◽  
Matvey Genkin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Variation ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Nutritional Composition ◽  
Gradient Boosting ◽  
Glycemic Response ◽  
Activity Data ◽  
Gradient Boosting Machine ◽  
Functional Features ◽  
First Time

AbstractLimiting post-meal glycemic response is an important factor in reducing the risk of chronic metabolic diseases, and contributes to significant health benefits in people with elevated levels of blood sugar. In this study, we collected gut microbiome activity (i.e., metatranscriptomic) data and measured the glycemic responses of 550 adults who consumed more than 30,000 meals from omnivore or vegetarian/gluten-free diets. We demonstrate that gut microbiome activity makes a statistically significant contribution to individual variation in glycemic response, in addition to anthropometric factors and the nutritional composition of foods. We describe predictive models (multilevel mixed-effects regression and gradient boosting machine) of variation in glycemic response among individuals ingesting the same foods. We introduce functional features aggregated from microbial activity data as candidates for association with mechanisms of glycemic control. In summary, we demonstrate for the first time that metatranscriptomic activity of the gut microbiome is correlated with glycemic response among adults.

scholarly journals The Gut Microbiota and Healthy Aging: A Mini-Review

Gerontology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 513-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sangkyu Kim ◽  
S. Michal Jazwinski
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Individual Variation ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Gut Dysbiosis ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Host Health ◽  
Nutrient Signaling

The gut microbiota shows a wide inter-individual variation, but its within-individual variation is relatively stable over time. A functional core microbiome, provided by abundant bacterial taxa, seems to be common to various human hosts regardless of their gender, geographic location, and age. With advancing chronological age, the gut microbiota becomes more diverse and variable. However, when measures of biological age are used with adjustment for chronological age, overall richness decreases, while a certain group of bacteria associated with frailty increases. This highlights the importance of considering biological or functional measures of aging. Studies using model organisms indicate that age-related gut dysbiosis may contribute to unhealthy aging and reduced longevity. The gut microbiome depends on the host nutrient signaling pathways for its beneficial effects on host health and lifespan, and gut dysbiosis disrupting the interdependence may diminish the beneficial effects or even have reverse effects. Gut dysbiosis can trigger the innate immune response and chronic low-grade inflammation, leading to many age-related degenerative pathologies and unhealthy aging. The gut microbiota communicates with the host through various biomolecules, nutrient signaling-independent pathways, and epigenetic mechanisms. Disturbance of these communications by age-related gut dysbiosis can affect the host health and lifespan. This may explain the impact of the gut microbiome on health and aging.

scholarly journals The gut microbiome as a driver of individual variation in cognition and functional behaviour

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabrielle L Davidson ◽  
Amy C. Cooke ◽  
Crystal N. Johnson ◽  
John L. Quinn
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Individual Variation ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Experimental Manipulation ◽  
Animal Populations ◽  
Microbiome Research ◽  
And Function ◽  
Gut Microbial Community

Research into proximate and ultimate mechanisms of individual cognitive variation in animal populations is a rapidly growing field that incorporates physiological, behavioural and evolutionary investigations. Recent studies in humans and lab animals have shown that the enteric microbial community plays a central role in brain development and functioning. The ‘gut-brain axis’ represents a multi-directional signalling system that encompasses neurological, immunological and hormonal pathways. In particular it is tightly linked with the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA), a system that regulates stress hormone release, and influences brain development and function. Experimental examination of the microbiome through manipulation of diet, infection, stress and exercise, suggests direct effects on cognition, including learning and memory. However, our understanding of these processes in natural populations is extremely limited. Here we outline how recent advances in predominantly laboratory-based microbiome research can be applied to understanding individual differences in cognition. Experimental manipulation of the microbiome across natal and adult environments will help to unravel the interplay between cognitive variation and the gut microbial community. Focus on individual variation in the gut microbiome and cognition in natural populations will reveal new insight into the environmental and evolutionary constraints that drive individual cognitive variation.

scholarly journals The gut microbiome as a driver of individual variation in cognition and functional behaviour

2018 ◽  
Vol 373 (1756) ◽  
pp. 20170286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabrielle L. Davidson ◽  
Amy C. Cooke ◽  
Crystal N. Johnson ◽  
John L. Quinn
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Microbial Community ◽  
Individual Variation ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Experimental Manipulation ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Animal Populations ◽  
And Function

Research into proximate and ultimate mechanisms of individual cognitive variation in animal populations is a rapidly growing field that incorporates physiological, behavioural and evolutionary investigations. Recent studies in humans and laboratory animals have shown that the enteric microbial community plays a central role in brain function and development. The ‘gut–brain axis’ represents a multi-directional signalling system that encompasses neurological, immunological and hormonal pathways. In particular it is tightly linked with the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA), a system that regulates stress hormone release and influences brain development and function. Experimental examination of the microbiome through manipulation of diet, infection, stress and exercise, suggests direct effects on cognition, including learning and memory. However, our understanding of these processes in natural populations is extremely limited. Here, we outline how recent advances in predominantly laboratory-based microbiome research can be applied to understanding individual differences in cognition. Experimental manipulation of the microbiome across natal and adult environments will help to unravel the interplay between cognitive variation and the gut microbial community. Focus on individual variation in the gut microbiome and cognition in natural populations will reveal new insight into the environmental and evolutionary constraints that drive individual cognitive variation. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Causes and consequences of individual differences in cognitive abilities’.

scholarly journals Convergence of human and Old World monkey gut microbiomes demonstrates the importance of human ecology over phylogeny

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine R. Amato ◽  
Elizabeth K. Mallott ◽  
Daniel McDonald ◽  
Nathaniel J. Dominy ◽  
Tony Goldberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Variation ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
World Monkey ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Old World ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Human Gut Microbiome ◽  
Functional Potential ◽  
Physiological Adaptations

Abstract Background Comparative data from non-human primates provide insight into the processes that shaped the evolution of the human gut microbiome and highlight microbiome traits that differentiate humans from other primates. Here, in an effort to improve our understanding of the human microbiome, we compare gut microbiome composition and functional potential in 14 populations of humans from ten nations and 18 species of wild, non-human primates. Results Contrary to expectations from host phylogenetics, we find that human gut microbiome composition and functional potential are more similar to those of cercopithecines, a subfamily of Old World monkey, particularly baboons, than to those of African apes. Additionally, our data reveal more inter-individual variation in gut microbiome functional potential within the human species than across other primate species, suggesting that the human gut microbiome may exhibit more plasticity in response to environmental variation compared to that of other primates. Conclusions Given similarities of ancestral human habitats and dietary strategies to those of baboons, these findings suggest that convergent ecologies shaped the gut microbiomes of both humans and cercopithecines, perhaps through environmental exposure to microbes, diet, and/or associated physiological adaptations. Increased inter-individual variation in the human microbiome may be associated with human dietary diversity or the ability of humans to inhabit novel environments. Overall, these findings show that diet, ecology, and physiological adaptations are more important than host-microbe co-diversification in shaping the human microbiome, providing a key foundation for comparative analyses of the role of the microbiome in human biology and health.

The challenge of accounting for individual differences in folk-economic beliefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin C. Ruisch ◽  
Rajen A. Anderson ◽  
David A. Pizarro
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Individual Variation ◽  
Political Ideologies ◽  
Economic Beliefs ◽  
Existing Data

AbstractWe argue that existing data on folk-economic beliefs (FEBs) present challenges to Boyer & Petersen's model. Specifically, the widespread individual variation in endorsement of FEBs casts doubt on the claim that humans are evolutionarily predisposed towards particular economic beliefs. Additionally, the authors' model cannot account for the systematic covariance between certain FEBs, such as those observed in distinct political ideologies.

Inter-individual variation shapes the human microbiome

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily F. Wissel ◽  
Leigh K. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Individual Variation ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Target Article ◽  
Microbiome Research

Abstract The target article suggests inter-individual variability is a weakness of microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) research, but we discuss why it is actually a strength. We comment on how accounting for individual differences can help researchers systematically understand the observed variance in microbiota composition, interpret null findings, and potentially improve the efficacy of therapeutic treatments in future clinical microbiome research.

Cell morphology, volume, and surface area determinations from multilevel contouring within HVEM micrographs of serial sections and whole-cell mounts

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 588-589
Author(s):  
M. Marko ◽  
A. Leith ◽  
D. Parsons
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Electron Micrographs ◽  
Cell Morphology ◽  
Individual Variation ◽  
Serial Section ◽  
Stereo Pair ◽  
Complex Structures ◽  
Serial Sections ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Computer Based

The use of serial sections and computer-based 3-D reconstruction techniques affords an opportunity not only to visualize the shape and distribution of the structures being studied, but also to determine their volumes and surface areas. Up until now, this has been done using serial ultrathin sections.The serial-section approach differs from the stereo logical methods of Weibel in that it is based on the Information from a set of single, complete cells (or organelles) rather than on a random 2-dimensional sampling of a population of cells. Because of this, it can more easily provide absolute values of volume and surface area, especially for highly-complex structures. It also allows study of individual variation among the cells, and study of structures which occur only infrequently.We have developed a system for 3-D reconstruction of objects from stereo-pair electron micrographs of thick specimens.

Folate and vitamin B-12 deficiencies additively impaired memory function and disturbed the gut microbiota in amyloid-β infused rats

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunmin Park ◽  
Sunna Kang ◽  
Da Sol Kim
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Insulin Signaling ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Memory Function ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Impaired Memory ◽  
Ca1 Region ◽  
Folate And Vitamin B12

Abstract. Folate and vitamin B12(V-B12) deficiencies are associated with metabolic diseases that may impair memory function. We hypothesized that folate and V-B12 may differently alter mild cognitive impairment, glucose metabolism, and inflammation by modulating the gut microbiome in rats with Alzheimer’s disease (AD)-like dementia. The hypothesis was examined in hippocampal amyloid-β infused rats, and its mechanism was explored. Rats that received an amyloid-β(25–35) infusion into the CA1 region of the hippocampus were fed either control(2.5 mg folate plus 25 μg V-B12/kg diet; AD-CON, n = 10), no folate(0 folate plus 25 μg V-B12/kg diet; AD-FA, n = 10), no V-B12(2.5 mg folate plus 0 μg V-B12/kg diet; AD-V-B12, n = 10), or no folate plus no V-B12(0 mg folate plus 0 μg V-B12/kg diet; AD-FAB12, n = 10) in high-fat diets for 8 weeks. AD-FA and AD-VB12 exacerbated bone mineral loss in the lumbar spine and femur whereas AD-FA lowered lean body mass in the hip compared to AD-CON(P < 0.05). Only AD-FAB12 exacerbated memory impairment by 1.3 and 1.4 folds, respectively, as measured by passive avoidance and water maze tests, compared to AD-CON(P < 0.01). Hippocampal insulin signaling and neuroinflammation were attenuated in AD-CON compared to Non-AD-CON. AD-FAB12 impaired the signaling (pAkt→pGSK-3β) and serum TNF-α and IL-1β levels the most among all groups. AD-CON decreased glucose tolerance by increasing insulin resistance compared to Non-AD-CON. AD-VB12 and AD-FAB12 increased insulin resistance by 1.2 and 1.3 folds, respectively, compared to the AD-CON. AD-CON and Non-AD-CON had a separate communities of gut microbiota. The relative counts of Bacteroidia were lower and those of Clostridia were higher in AD-CON than Non-AD-CON. AD-FA, but not V-B12, separated the gut microbiome community compared to AD-CON and AD-VB12(P = 0.009). In conclusion, folate and B-12 deficiencies impaired memory function by impairing hippocampal insulin signaling and gut microbiota in AD rats.

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