Percutaneous exposure to the nerve agent VX: Efficacy of combined atropine, obidoxime and diazepam treatment

2010 ◽  
Vol 188 (1) ◽  
pp. 255-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marloes J.A. Joosen ◽  
Marcel J. van der Schans ◽  
Herman P.M. van Helden
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Agent ◽  
Percutaneous Exposure

Neurotrophin Expression in Nerve Agent VX-Exposed Rat Brain

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Santresda M. Johnson ◽  
Chris L. Robison ◽  
Tsung-Ming A. Shih ◽  
Lawrence Tong ◽  
Sarah Parylak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rat Brain ◽  
Nerve Agent

The Role of DARPP-32, an Intracellular Signaling Molecule, in the Actions of the Nerve Agent Sarin

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsung-Ming Shih ◽  
Gretchen L. Snyder ◽  
Allen A. Fienberg ◽  
Stacey Galdi ◽  
Minal Rana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intracellular Signaling ◽  
Nerve Agent ◽  
Signaling Molecule

Evaluation of ADD392124 for the Delayed Treatment of Nerve Agent-Induced Status Epilepticus Seizures

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. McDonough ◽  
Kerry E. Van Shura ◽  
Megan E. Lyman ◽  
Claire G. Eisner ◽  
Amelia Mazza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Status Epilepticus ◽  
Nerve Agent ◽  
Delayed Treatment

Efficacy of atropine and scopolamine on airway contractions following exposure to the nerve agent VX

2021 ◽  
Vol 419 ◽  
pp. 115512
Author(s):  
E. Wigenstam ◽  
E. Forsberg ◽  
A. Bucht ◽  
L. Thors
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Agent

Clinical manifestations of VX poisoning following percutaneous exposure in the domestic white pig

2003 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 255-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
R P Chilcott ◽  
C H Dalton ◽  
I Hill ◽  
C M Davidson ◽  
K L Blohm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Utilization ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Lateral Diffusion ◽  
Nerve Agents ◽  
Application Site ◽  
Rodent Models ◽  
Skin Model ◽  
Exposed Skin ◽  
Percutaneous Exposure ◽  
Qualitative Relationship

Nerve agents are a class of organophosphorus chemicals that inhibit certain cholinesterase enzymes (ChE). If untreated, percutaneous exposure to nerve agents, such as VX (O-ethyl-S-[2(diisopropylamino)ethyl] methylphosphonothioate) can cause paralysis, apnoea and death. Much of the information concerning the percutaneous absorption and subsequent toxicity of nerve agents has been obtained using various rodent models. However, the most relevant ‘skin model’ is arguably the pig. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the clinical manifestations of VX intoxication in the domestic white pig following a 2 LD50 (120 mg/kg) percutaneous challenge. There was a consistent onset of signs (where present) in each animal: mastication was followed by miosis, salivation, fasciculations and apnoea. Whilst ChE activity did not correlate with the onset of signs, there was a qualitative relationship in that mastication preceded substantial ChE inhibition, miosis lagged behind the linear decrease in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and fasciculations and apnoea occurred after maximum ChE inhibition had been attained (5 / 10% of normal). These observations may be of use for the triage of patients exposed to VX. In comparison with similar studies with GD, VX did not affect glucose utilization. However, VX was similar to GD in that it caused a mild hyperkalaemia and hyperphosphataemia, although the significance of this observation was not clear. There was substantial lateral diffusion of the initial droplet of VX over the application site, indicating that, when decontaminating exposed skin, attention should also be directed to areas peripheral to the original site of exposure.

Intramuscular versus Intraosseous Delivery of Nerve Agent Antidote Pralidoxime Chloride in Swine

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 485-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nabeel I. Uwaydah ◽  
Stephen L. Hoskins ◽  
Stephen P. Bruttig ◽  
Henry Farrar ◽  
Nick C. Copper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Agent ◽  
Pralidoxime Chloride

scholarly journals Moisture Transport for Reaction Enhancement in Fabrics

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip Gibson ◽  
Heidi Schreuder-Gibson ◽  
Pearl Yip ◽  
Brendan Denker ◽  
Hamid Benaddi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bound Water ◽  
Nerve Agent ◽  
Vapor Transport ◽  
Reactive Polymers ◽  
Influence Of Water ◽  
Protective Polymer ◽  
Moisture Vapor ◽  
Protective Fabrics ◽  
Excessive Perspiration

The role of water in protective fabrics is critical to comfort and material performance. Excessive perspiration in clothing causes discomfort, and bound water can adversely affect the ability of carbon to adsorb chemicals. Yet the presence of water can also improve the moisture vapor transport of protective polymer films, and is essential for the hydrolytic destruction of nerve agents. Reported here are the findings of wicking and drying experiments conducted on various hydrophilic and hydrophobic cover fabrics that demonstrate the influence of wetting on permeation through fabrics. The influence of water content on reactive polymers capable of degrading nerve agent simulant is also discussed, and the importance of a novel “delivery system” for water to the reactive components through the use of a wicking fabric is introduced.

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