Emerging role of exosomes as biomarkers in cancer treatment and diagnosis

Human NIN1/RPN12 binding protein 1 homolog (NOB1), an RNA binding protein, is expressed ubiquitously in normal tissues such as the lung, liver, and spleen. Its core physiological function is to regulate protease activities and participate in maintaining RNA metabolism and stability. NOB1 is overexpressed in a variety of cancers, including pancreatic cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate carcinoma, osteosarcoma, papillary thyroid carcinoma, colorectal cancer, and glioma. Although existing data indicate that NOB1 overexpression is associated with cancer growth, invasion, and poor prognosis, the molecular mechanisms behind these effects and its exact roles remain unclear. Several studies have confirmed that NOB1 is clinically relevant in different cancers, and further research at the molecular level will help evaluate the role of NOB1 in tumors. NOB1 has become an attractive target in anticancer therapy because it is overexpressed in many cancers and mediates different stages of tumor development. Elucidating the role of NOB1 in different signaling pathways as a potential cancer treatment will provide new ideas for existing cancer treatment methods. This review summarizes the research progress made into NOB1 in cancer in the past decade; this information provides valuable clues and theoretical guidance for future anticancer therapy by targeting NOB1.

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Clinical applications of nanomedicine research with Sourav Bhattacharjee

Video Journal of Biomedicine ◽

10.2217/vjbm-2020-0020 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Sourav Bhattacharjee

Keyword(s):

Clinical Research ◽

Cancer Treatment ◽

Clinical Applications ◽

University College ◽

The University

In this second Expert Perspective video with Sourav Bhattacharjee of the University College Dublin, Sourav discusses how nanomedicine is being used in clinical research, with particular emphasis on the role of nanomedicine and nanotechnology in cancer treatment.

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Human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells to promote/suppress cancer: two sides of the same coin

Stem Cell Research & Therapy ◽

10.1186/s13287-021-02196-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Ameneh Jafari ◽

Mostafa Rezaei-Tavirani ◽

Behrouz Farhadihosseinabadi ◽

Hakimeh Zali ◽

Hassan Niknejad

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽

Cancer Treatment ◽

Cancer Progression ◽

Adult Stem Cells ◽

Treatment Modalities ◽

Human Amniotic Membrane ◽

Amniotic Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽

Growth And Aging

AbstractCancer is a leading cause of death in both developed and developing countries, and because of population growth and aging, it is a growing medical burden worldwide. With robust development in medicine, the use of stem cells has opened new treatment modalities in cancer therapy. In adult stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are showing rising promise in cancer treatment due to their unique properties. Among different sources of MSCs, human amniotic fluid/membrane is an attractive and suitable reservoir. There are conflicting opinions about the role of human amniotic membrane/fluid mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSCS/hAFMSCs) in cancer, as some studies demonstrating the anticancer effects of these cells and others suggesting their progressive effects on cancer. This review focuses on recent findings about the role of hAMSCs/hAFMSCs in cancer treatment and summarizes the suppressing as well as promoting effects of these cells on cancer progression and underling mechanisms.

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Zinc as a complementary treatment for cancer patients: a systematic review

Clinical and Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1007/s10238-020-00677-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

C. Hoppe ◽

S. Kutschan ◽

J. Dörfler ◽

J. Büntzel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Side Effects ◽

Cancer Treatment ◽

Cancer Patients ◽

Survival Data ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Oral Intake ◽

Quality Reporting ◽

Evidenced Based

AbstractZinc is a trace element that plays an important role in the immune system and cell growth. The role of zinc in cancer treatment has been discussed for some time, however without reaching an evidenced-based consensus. Therefore, we aim to critically examine and review existing evidence on the role of zinc during cancer treatment. In January 2019, a systematic search was conducted searching five electronic databases (Embase, Cochrane, PsychINFO, CINAHL and PubMed) to find studies concerning the use, effectiveness and potential harm of zinc therapy on cancer patients. Out of initial 5244 search results, 19 publications concerning 23 studies with 1230 patients were included in this systematic review. The patients treated with zinc were mainly diagnosed with head and neck cancer and underwent chemo-, radio- or concurrent radio-chemotherapy. Interventions included the intake of different amounts of zinc supplements and oral zinc rinses. Outcomes (primary endpoints) investigated were mucositis, xerostomia, dysgeusia, pain, weight, dermatitis and oral intake of nutrients. Secondary endpoints were survival data, quality of life assessments and aspects of fatigue, immune responses and toxicities of zinc. The studies were of moderate quality reporting heterogeneous results. Studies have shown a positive impact on the mucositis after radiotherapy. No protection was seen against mucositis after chemotherapy. There was a trend to reduced loss of taste, less dry mouth and oral pain after zinc substitution. No impact was seen on weight, QoL measurements, fatigue, and survival. The risk of side effects from zinc appears to be relatively small. Zinc could be useful in the prevention of oral toxicities during irradiation. It does not help in chemotherapy-induced side effects.

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Immunotherapy: New insights in breast cancer treatment

Human Antibodies ◽

10.3233/hab-210443 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Bader Alshehri

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Immune Response ◽

Immune System ◽

Cancer Treatment ◽

Immune Evasion ◽

Breast Tumor ◽

Parp Inhibitor ◽

Breast Cancer Treatment ◽

New Treatment

Breast cancer being the most malignant and lethal disease persistent among women globally. Immunotherapy as a new treatment modality has emerged in understanding the loopholes in the treatment of breast cancer which is mainly attributed to the potential of tumor cells to evade and survive the immune response by developing various strategies. Therefore, improved understanding of the immune evasion by cancer cells and the monoclonal antibodies against PD- and PD-L1 can help us in the diagnosis of this malignancy. Here in this article, I have highlighted that in addition to focusing on other strategies for breast cancer treatment, the involvement of immune system in breast cancer is vital for the understanding of this malignancy. Further, the complete involvement of immune system in the relapse or recurrence of the breast tumor and have also highlighted the role of vaccines, PD-1 and CTLA-4 with the recent advances in the field. Moreover, in addition to the application of immunotherapy as a sole therapy, combinations of immunotherapy with various strategies like targeting it with MEK inhibitors, Vaccines, chemotherapy and PARP inhibitor has shown to have significant benefits is also discussed in this article.

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Innovatory role of nanomaterials as bio-tools for treatment of cancer

Reviews in Inorganic Chemistry ◽

10.1515/revic-2020-0015 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Khuram Shahzad Ahmad ◽

Muntaha Talat ◽

Shaan Bibi Jaffri ◽

Neelofer Shaheen

Keyword(s):

Cancer Treatment ◽

Cancer Therapeutics ◽

Physicochemical Characteristics ◽

Global Scale ◽

Current Review ◽

Anti Cancer ◽

Different Types ◽

Cancerous Cells

AbstractConventional treatment modes like chemotherapy, thermal and radiations aimed at cancerous cells eradication are marked by destruction pointing the employment of nanomaterials as sustainable and auspicious materials for saving human lives. Cancer has been deemed as the second leading cause of death on a global scale. Nanomaterials employment in cancer treatment is based on the utilization of their inherent physicochemical characteristics in addition to their modification for using as nano-carriers and nano-vehicles eluted with anti-cancer drugs. Current work has reviewed the significant role of different types of nanomaterials in cancer therapeutics and diagnostics in a systematic way. Compilation of review has been done by analyzing voluminous investigations employing ERIC, MEDLINE, NHS Evidence and Web of Science databases. Search engines used were Google scholar, Jstore and PubMed. Current review is suggestive of the remarkable performance of nanomaterials making them candidates for cancer treatment for substitution of destructive treatment modes through investigation of their physicochemical characteristics, utilization outputs and long term impacts in patients.

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DNA methylation as predictive marker of response to immunotherapy?

memo - Magazine of European Medical Oncology ◽

10.1007/s12254-021-00696-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Gerwin Heller

Keyword(s):

Dna Methylation ◽

Cancer Treatment ◽

Treatment Efficacy ◽

Predictive Marker ◽

Short Review ◽

Predictive Markers ◽

Epigenetic Factors

SummaryImmunotherapy is one of the major breakthroughs in cancer treatment. However, many patients do not benefit from this type of therapy. Thus, there is an urgent need for a strategy to predict treatment efficacy before start of therapy. The role of certain genetic and epigenetic factors as potential predictive markers for response to immunotherapy is discussed in this short review.

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