scholarly journals The risk of HIV transmission within HIV-1 sero-discordant couples appears to vary across sub-Saharan Africa

Epidemics ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiam Chemaitelly ◽  
Susanne F. Awad ◽  
Laith J. Abu-Raddad
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Discordant Couples ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Hiv 1

scholarly journals Estimating the annual risk of HIV transmission within HIV sero-discordant couples in sub-Saharan Africa

2018 ◽  
Vol 66 ◽  
pp. 131-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne F. Awad ◽  
Hiam Chemaitelly ◽  
Laith J. Abu-Raddad
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Discordant Couples ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Annual Risk

AIDS in rural Africa: a paradigm for HIV-1 prevention

1996 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 236-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher P Hudson
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Sexual Networks ◽  
Epidemic Spread ◽  
Concurrent Partnerships ◽  
Concurrent Sexual Partnerships ◽  
Discordant Couples ◽  
Rural Africa ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Hiv 1

Networks of concurrent sexual partnerships may be the primary cause of epidemic spread of HIV-1 in parts of sub-Saharan Africa. This pattern of sexual behaviour increases the likelihood that individuals experiencing primary HIV-1 infection transmit the virus to other persons. Networks of concurrent partnerships are likely to be important in both the early ('epidemic') and late ('endemic') phases of HIV-1 transmission. Interventions should aim to break the sexual networks, whatever the stage of the epidemic. However, prevention of transmission in the endemic phase also requires a greater awareness of early clinical manifestations of HIV-1 infection in the general population. Such awareness, coupled with the availability of condoms and access to HIV-1 testing facilities, may reduce transmission in discordant couples.

scholarly journals Molecular Epidemiology of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Transmission in a Heterosexual Cohort of Discordant Couples in Zambia

2002 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 397-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanley A. Trask ◽  
Cynthia A. Derdeyn ◽  
Ulgen Fideli ◽  
Yalu Chen ◽  
Sreelatha Meleth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Molecular Epidemiology ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Discordant Couples ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACT Most human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transmissions in sub-Saharan Africa are believed to occur between married adults who are discordant for their HIV-1 infection status; however, no studies to date have investigated the molecular epidemiology of such transmission events. Here we report the genetic characterization of HIV-1 strains from 149 transmission pairs that were identified prospectively in a cohort of discordant couples in Lusaka, Zambia. Subgenomic gag, gp120, gp41, and/or long terminal repeat regions were amplified by PCR analysis of uncultured blood samples from both partners and sequenced without interim cloning. Pairwise genetic distances were calculated for the regions analyzed and compared to those of subtype-specific reference sequences as well as local controls. Sequence relationships were also examined by phylogenetic tree analysis. By these approaches, epidemiological linkage was established for the majority of transmission pairs. Viruses from 129 of the 149 couples (87%) were very closely related and clustered together in phylogenetic trees in a statistically highly significant manner. In contrast, viruses from 20 of the 149 couples (13%) were only distantly related in two independent genomic regions, thus ruling out transmission between the two partners. The great majority (95%) of transmitted viruses were of subtype C origin, although representatives of subtypes A, D, G, and J were also identified. There was no evidence for extensive transmission networks within the cohort, although two phylogenetic subclusters of viruses infecting two couples each were identified. Taken together, these data indicate that molecular epidemiological analyses of presumed transmission pairs are both feasible and required to determine behavioral, virological, and immunological correlates of heterosexual transmission in sub-Saharan Africa with a high level of accuracy.

HIV-1-Discordant Couples in Sub-Saharan Africa: Explanations and Implications for High Rates of Discordancy

2007 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 416-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy de Bruyn ◽  
Carey Farquhar
Keyword(s):  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Discordant Couples ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Hiv 1

scholarly journals Active Components from Cassia abbreviata Prevent HIV-1 Entry by Distinct Mechanisms of Action

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 5052
Author(s):  
Yue Zheng ◽  
Xian-Wen Yang ◽  
Dominique Schols ◽  
Mattia Mori ◽  
Bruno Botta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Extract ◽  
Female Genital Tract ◽  
Binding Activity ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Active Components ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
3D Space ◽  
In Silico Study ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Hiv 1

Cassia abbreviata is widely used in Sub-Saharan Africa for treating many diseases, including HIV-1 infection. We have recently described the chemical structures of 28 compounds isolated from an alcoholic crude extract of barks and roots ofC. abbreviata, and showed that six bioactive compounds inhibit HIV-1 infection. In the present study, we demonstrate that the six compounds block HIV-1 entry into cells: oleanolic acid, palmitic acid, taxifolin, piceatannol, guibourtinidol-(4α®8)-epiafzelechin, and a novel compound named as cassiabrevone. We report, for the first time, that guibourtinidol-(4α®8)-epiafzelechin and cassiabrevone inhibit HIV-1 entry (IC50 of 42.47 µM and 30.96 µM, respectively), as well as that piceatannol interacts with cellular membranes. Piceatannol inhibits HIV-1 infection in a dual-chamber assay mimicking the female genital tract, as well as HSV infection, emphasizing its potential as a microbicide. Structure-activity relationships (SAR) showed that pharmacophoric groups of piceatannol are strictly required to inhibit HIV-1 entry. By a ligand-based in silico study, we speculated that piceatannol and norartocarpetin may have a very similar mechanism of action and efficacy because of the highly comparable pharmacophoric and 3D space, while guibourtinidol-(4α®8)-epiafzelechin and cassiabrevone may display a different mechanism. We finally show that cassiabrevone plays a major role of the crude extract of CA by blocking the binding activity of HIV-1 gp120 and CD4.

Data trump speculation and distortion of HIV transmission routes in sub-Saharan Africa

2011 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-120
Author(s):  
D D Brewer ◽  
M Okinyi ◽  
J J Potterat
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Sub Saharan

scholarly journals HIV Status in Sero-Discordant Couples: Prevalence and Pattern among Pregnant Women in Plateau State, Nigeria

2018 ◽  
pp. 33-40
Author(s):  
Magaji FA ◽  
Ocheke AN ◽  
Ocheke AN ◽  
Pam VC ◽  
Pam VC ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Discordant Couples ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Plateau State ◽  
Mother To Child ◽  
Made In

Nigeria is one of the high-burden countries in sub-Saharan Africa for HIV/AIDS and contributes to reproductive health morbidities and mortalities. This study was aimed at determining the prevalence of HIV-discordant rate among pregnant women in Plateau state Nigeria. The study sought to determine the prevalence and trend of HIV sero-discordance among pregnant women in Plateau state, Nigeria. The study was a 5-year descriptive analysis of HIV sero-discordance among pregnant women accessing prenatal care and their partners in Plateau state, Nigeria based on data generated between January 2012 and December 2016. The data was disaggregated by year, HIV concordant negative, HIV concordant positive, and HIV sero-discordant prevalence in the software and analysis were done using excel to obtained the proportions and trend of HIV sero-discordant prevalence among the antenatal population. Out of a total of 7,851 partners of pregnant women studied, 969 (16.3%) were HIV sero-discordant, 5,795 (73.8%) were HIV concordant negative, and 773 (9.9%) were HIV concordant positive. HIV sero-discordant positive males accounted for 12.3% while females were 4.0%. The prevalence of HIV sero-discordance was low with a high proportion of HIV positive male partners in Plateau state with grave public health implications for new HIV infections among partners and eroding the gains made in the Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV.

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