Volcanic temperature changes modulated volatile release and climate fluctuations at the end-Triassic mass extinction

2022 ◽  
Vol 579 ◽  
pp. 117364
Author(s):  
Kunio Kaiho ◽  
Daisuke Tanaka ◽  
Sylvain Richoz ◽  
David S. Jones ◽  
Ryosuke Saito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Extinction ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Climate Fluctuations ◽  
Volatile Release

scholarly journals Siberian Trap volcanism, global warming and the Permian-Triassic mass extinction: New insights from Armenian Permian-Triassic sections: Comment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Micha Horacek ◽  
Leopold Krystyn ◽  
Aymon Baud
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Mass Extinction ◽  
Seawater Temperature ◽  
Correct Position ◽  
Triassic Boundary ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Siberian Trap ◽  
Stratotype Section ◽  
Permian Triassic Boundary

Joachimski et al. carried out geochemical investigations to study seawater temperature changes and their potential triggers across the Permian-Triassic Boundary (PTB). Unfortunately, in our opinion, an incorrect biochronology was applied to define the PTB, and the existing alternative was not considered, nor the reasoning explained. As a consequence, Joachimski et al. report diachronous temperature changes for the investigated Chanakhchi section with respect to the global stratotype section and point (GSSP) in Meishan, China. This discrepancy disappears when the, in our view, correct position of the PTB is adopted by using the proper biochronology.

Volatile release, mobility, and mortality of diapausing Halyomorpha halys during simulated shipping movements and temperature changes

2019 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 633-641 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura J. Nixon ◽  
Amy Tabb ◽  
William R. Morrison ◽  
Kevin B. Rice ◽  
Eckehard G. Brockerhoff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Halyomorpha Halys ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Volatile Release

A tale of two extinctions: converging end-Permian and end-Triassic scenarios

2015 ◽  
Vol 153 (2) ◽  
pp. 332-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
BAS VAN DE SCHOOTBRUGGE ◽  
PAUL B. WIGNALL
Keyword(s):  
Mass Extinction ◽  
Late Triassic ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Forest Dieback ◽  
Central Atlantic Magmatic Province ◽  
Igneous Provinces ◽  
Extinction Events ◽  
Central Atlantic ◽  
Mass Extinction Events ◽  
Cross Fertilization

AbstractThe end-Permian (c.252 Ma) and end-Triassic (c.201 Ma) mass-extinction events are commonly linked to the emplacement of the large igneous provinces of the Siberia Traps and Central Atlantic Magmatic Province, respectively. Accordingly, scenarios for both extinctions are increasingly convergent and cross-fertilization of ideas has become important. Here, we present a synthesis of extinction scenarios based on a critical assessment of the available palaeontological, sedimentological, geochemical and geophysical evidence. How similar were the extinction events, what gaps exist in our understanding and how can a comparison of the events enhance our understanding of each event individually? Our focus is on the most important proximate kill mechanisms including: climate change and atmospheric pollution; increased soil erosion, weathering and runoff; forest dieback and the spread of pathogens; and ocean temperature changes, anoxia and acidification. There is substantial evidence to suggest that very similar kill mechanisms acted upon late Permian as well as Late Triassic ecosystems, strengthening the hypothesis that the ultimate causes of the mass-extinction events were similar.

scholarly journals Mercury evidence for pulsed volcanism during the end-Triassic mass extinction

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (30) ◽  
pp. 7929-7934 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence M. E. Percival ◽  
Micha Ruhl ◽  
Stephen P. Hesselbo ◽  
Hugh C. Jenkyns ◽  
Tamsin A. Mather ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Extinction ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Flood Basalt ◽  
Atmosphere System ◽  
Central Atlantic Magmatic Province ◽  
Biotic Recovery ◽  
Ocean Atmosphere ◽  
Volatile Release ◽  
Extinction Event ◽  
Central Atlantic

The Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP) has long been proposed as having a causal relationship with the end-Triassic extinction event (∼201.5 Ma). In North America and northern Africa, CAMP is preserved as multiple basaltic units interbedded with uppermost Triassic to lowermost Jurassic sediments. However, it has been unclear whether this apparent pulsing was a local feature, or if pulses in the intensity of CAMP volcanism characterized the emplacement of the province as a whole. Here, six geographically widespread Triassic–Jurassic records, representing varied paleoenvironments, are analyzed for mercury (Hg) concentrations and Hg/total organic carbon (Hg/TOC) ratios. Volcanism is a major source of mercury to the modern environment. Clear increases in Hg and Hg/TOC are observed at the end-Triassic extinction horizon, confirming that a volcanically induced global Hg cycle perturbation occurred at that time. The established correlation between the extinction horizon and lowest CAMP basalts allows this sedimentary Hg excursion to be stratigraphically tied to a specific flood basalt unit, strengthening the case for volcanic Hg as the driver of sedimentary Hg/TOC spikes. Additional Hg/TOC peaks are also documented between the extinction horizon and the Triassic–Jurassic boundary (separated by ∼200 ky), supporting pulsatory intensity of CAMP volcanism across the entire province and providing direct evidence for episodic volatile release during the initial stages of CAMP emplacement. Pulsatory volcanism, and associated perturbations in the ocean–atmosphere system, likely had profound implications for the rate and magnitude of the end-Triassic mass extinction and subsequent biotic recovery.

scholarly journals Clumped-isotope-derived climate trends leading up to the end-Cretaceous mass extinction in northwest Europe

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heidi Elizabeth O'Hora ◽  
Sierra Victoria Petersen ◽  
Johan Vellekoop ◽  
Matthew Madden Jones ◽  
Serena R. Scholz
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Circulation ◽  
Mass Extinction ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Deccan Traps ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Climate Trends ◽  
Geologic History ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Clumped Isotope

Abstract. Paleotemperature reconstructions linked to Deccan traps volcanic greenhouse gas emissions and associated feedbacks in the lead-up to the end-Cretaceous meteorite impact and extinction document local and global climate trends during a key interval of geologic history. Here, we present a new clumped-isotope-based paleotemperature record derived from fossil bivalves from the Maastrichtian type region, in southeast Netherlands and northeast Belgium. Clumped isotope data documents a mean temperature of 19.2 ± 3.8 °C, consistent with other Maastrichtian temperature estimates, and an average seawater δ18O value of −0.3 ± 0.9 ‰ VSMOW for the region during the latest Cretaceous (67.1–66.0 Ma). A notable temperature increase at ~66.4 Ma is interpreted to be a regional manifestation of the globally-defined Late Maastrichtian Warming Event, linking Deccan Traps volcanic CO2 emissions prior to the end-Cretaceous extinction to climate change in the Maastricht region. Fluctuating seawater δ18O values coinciding with temperature changes suggest alternating influences of warm, salty southern-sourced waters and cooler, fresher northern-sourced waters from the Arctic Ocean. This new paleotemperature record contributes to the understanding of regional and global climate response to large-scale volcanism and ocean circulation changes leading up to a catastrophic mass extinction.

Cryo-TEM of amphiphilic polymer and amphiphile/polymer solutions

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 876-877
Author(s):  
Yeshayahu Talmon
Keyword(s):  
Microstructural Characterization ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Physical Models ◽  
Specimen Preparation ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Microstructured Fluids ◽  
Air Streams

To achieve complete microstructural characterization of self-aggregating systems, one needs direct images in addition to quantitative information from non-imaging, e.g., scattering or Theological measurements, techniques. Cryo-TEM enables us to image fluid microstructures at better than one nanometer resolution, with minimal specimen preparation artifacts. Direct images are used to determine the “building blocks” of the fluid microstructure; these are used to build reliable physical models with which quantitative information from techniques such as small-angle x-ray or neutron scattering can be analyzed.To prepare vitrified specimens of microstructured fluids, we have developed the Controlled Environment Vitrification System (CEVS), that enables us to prepare samples under controlled temperature and humidity conditions, thus minimizing microstructural rearrangement due to volatile evaporation or temperature changes. The CEVS may be used to trigger on-the-grid processes to induce formation of new phases, or to study intermediate, transient structures during change of phase (“time-resolved cryo-TEM”). Recently we have developed a new CEVS, where temperature and humidity are controlled by continuous flow of a mixture of humidified and dry air streams.

Coal-fired trigger of mass extinction

Nature ◽  
2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gayathri Vaidyanathan
Keyword(s):  
Mass Extinction

Application of pyrometer and standard sample to determine surface temperature of studied materials

2019 ◽  
pp. 9-13
Author(s):  
V.Ya. Mendeleyev ◽  
V.A. Petrov ◽  
A.V. Yashin ◽  
A.I. Vangonen ◽  
O.K. Taganov
Keyword(s):  
Composite Material ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Relative Error ◽  
Wavelength Range ◽  
Standard Sample ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Surface Temperatures ◽  
Relative Errors ◽  
Normal Emissivity

Determining the surface temperature of materials with unknown emissivity is studied. A method for determining the surface temperature using a standard sample of average spectral normal emissivity in the wavelength range of 1,65–1,80 μm and an industrially produced Metis M322 pyrometer operating in the same wavelength range. The surface temperature of studied samples of the composite material and platinum was determined experimentally from the temperature of a standard sample located on the studied surfaces. The relative error in determining the surface temperature of the studied materials, introduced by the proposed method, was calculated taking into account the temperatures of the platinum and the composite material, determined from the temperature of the standard sample located on the studied surfaces, and from the temperature of the studied surfaces in the absence of the standard sample. The relative errors thus obtained did not exceed 1,7 % for the composite material and 0,5% for the platinum at surface temperatures of about 973 K. It was also found that: the inaccuracy of a priori data on the emissivity of the standard sample in the range (–0,01; 0,01) relative to the average emissivity increases the relative error in determining the temperature of the composite material by 0,68 %, and the installation of a standard sample on the studied materials leads to temperature changes on the periphery of the surface not exceeding 0,47 % for composite material and 0,05 % for platinum.

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