Soilscapes of New Zealand: Pedologic diversity as organised along environmental gradients

Geoderma ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 409 ◽  
pp. 115637
Author(s):  
Pierre Roudier ◽  
Nathan Odgers ◽  
Sam Carrick ◽  
Andre Eger ◽  
Sharn Hainsworth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Environmental Gradients

The vegetation of roadside verges with respect to environmental gradients in southern New Zealand

1995 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isolde Ullmann ◽  
Peter Bannister ◽  
J. Bastow Wilson
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Environmental Gradients ◽  
Roadside Verges

scholarly journals Phenotypic variation in mitochondrial function across New Zealand snail populations

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma S. Greimann ◽  
Samuel F. Ward ◽  
James D. Woodell ◽  
Samantha Hennessey ◽  
Michael R. Kline ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Mitochondrial Function ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Environmental Gradients ◽  
Nuclear Genome ◽  
Cellular Respiration ◽  
Biological Organization ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Nuclear Interactions ◽  
Nuclear Variation

ABSTRACTMitochondrial function is critical for energy homeostasis and should shape how genetic variation in metabolism is transmitted through levels of biological organization to generate stability in organismal performance. Mitochondrial function is encoded by genes in two distinct and separately inherited genomes – the mitochondrial genome and the nuclear genome – and selection is expected to maintain functional mito-nuclear interactions. Nevertheless, high levels of polymorphism in genes involved in these mito-nuclear interactions and variation for mitochondrial function are nevertheless frequently observed, demanding an explanation for how and why variability in such a fundamental trait is maintained. Potamopyrgus antipodarum is a New Zealand freshwater snail with coexisting sexual and asexual individuals and, accordingly, contrasting systems of separate vs. co-inheritance of nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. As such, this snail provides a powerful means to dissect the evolutionary and functional consequences of mito-nuclear variation. The lakes inhabited by P. antipodarum span wide environmental gradients, with substantial across-lake genetic structure and mito-nuclear discordance. This situation allows us to use comparisons across reproductive modes and lakes to partition variation in cellular respiration across genetic and environmental axes. Here, we integrated cellular, physiological, and behavioral approaches to quantify variation in mitochondrial function across a diverse set of wild P. antipodarum lineages. We found extensive across-lake variation in organismal oxygen consumption, mitochondrial membrane potential, and behavioral response to heat stress, but few global effects of reproductive mode or sex. Taken together, our data set the stage for applying this important model system for sexual reproduction and polyploidy to dissecting the complex relationships between mito-nuclear variation, performance, plasticity, and fitness in natural populations.

Using novel metrics to assess biogeographic patterns of abrupt treelines in relation to abiotic influences

2015 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 310-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley S. Case ◽  
Roddy J. Hale
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Environmental Gradients ◽  
Variance Partitioning ◽  
Landscape Scale ◽  
Biogeographic Patterns ◽  
Alpine Treeline ◽  
Comprehensive Picture ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Abiotic Influences ◽  
Scale Variation

Alpine treeline ecotones display spatial variability in a range of features that often reflect underlying abiotic variation and its control on the processes that form and maintain treelines. In this study, we explore treeline pattern–environment relationships for continuous, abrupt Nothofagus treelines in New Zealand across a seven degree latitudinal gradient (circa 39–46° S). Our main aims were: 1) to develop a set of metrics for characterising spatial variation in abrupt treelines at a landscape scale; 2) to relate these metrics to underlying abiotic variation in order to determine the relative roles of climate, substrate, topography and disturbance in structuring Nothofagus treeline patterns; and 3) to develop a possible biogeographic typology of Nothofagus treelines. A GIS-based approach was used to develop seven metrics describing different facets of landscape-scale treeline pattern. Regression modelling and variance partitioning were used to explore relationships among treeline pattern metrics and abiotic variation. Cluster analysis was used to characterise emergent treeline types and GIS was used to map their biogeographic distributions. The individual treeline metrics characterised unique patterns of treeline variation across New Zealand and, upon clustering, resulted in seven distinctive treeline types. Nothofagus treeline patterns in New Zealand are strongly structured by environmental gradients, with about half the landscape-scale variation in treelines being structured by patterns of abiotic variation. Gradients of climatic and disturbance were most influential in explaining landscape-scale variation of individual treeline metrics and of multivariate treeline patterns. The presented, metric-based approach offers a means to develop a comprehensive picture of continuous, landscape-scale treeline variation, bridging an existing research gap between studies at site and global scales. Our approach can enable the development biogeographic treeline typologies that could facilitate the comparison of treeline patterns across large areas and provide a basis for the generation of new hypotheses regarding treeline formation and dynamics.

Measuring ecosystem response in a rapidly changing environment: the Latitudinal Gradient Project

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 465-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Howard-Williams ◽  
D. Peterson ◽  
W.B. Lyons ◽  
R. Cattaneo-Vietti ◽  
S. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Latitudinal Gradient ◽  
Environmental Gradients ◽  
Climate Variability And Change ◽  
Victoria Land ◽  
Research Programmes ◽  
Ecosystem Studies ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Key Questions

In the face of climate variability and change, science in Antarctica needs to address increasingly complex questions. Individual small studies are being replaced by multinational and multidisciplinary research programmes. The Latitudinal Gradient Project (LGP) is one such approach that combines a series of smaller studies under a single broad hypothesis to provide information that uses a gradient in latitude as a surrogate for environmental gradients, particularly climate. In this way latitudinal differences can be used to indicate climate change differences. The Key Questions for the LGP were developed via national workshops in Italy, New Zealand, and the USA and via two international workshops at SCAR conferences. Science and logistics are currently jointly shared by New Zealand, Italy and the USA, and cover marine and inland ecosystem studies along the Victoria Land coast from 72° to 78°S with plans for extensions to 85°S. The LGP forms part of the SCAR Programme Evolution and Biodiversity in Antarctica. This Special Issue summarizes some of the work in the first three years of the LGP (2002–2005), between McMurdo Sound and Cape Hallett, to form a basis for future comparative studies as the research shifts along the latitudinal span in the next decade.

Evolutionary priority effects in New Zealand alpine plants across environmental gradients

2014 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 729-737 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devin R. Leopold ◽  
Andrew J. Tanentzap ◽  
William G. Lee ◽  
Peter B. Heenan ◽  
Tadashi Fukami
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Environmental Gradients ◽  
Alpine Plants ◽  
Priority Effects

scholarly journals Phenotypic Variation in Mitochondria-Related Performance Traits Across New Zealand Snail Populations

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-287
Author(s):  
Emma S Greimann ◽  
Samuel F Ward ◽  
James D Woodell ◽  
Samantha Hennessey ◽  
Michael R Kline ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Mitochondrial Function ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Environmental Gradients ◽  
Nuclear Genome ◽  
Cellular Respiration ◽  
Biological Organization ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Nuclear Interactions ◽  
Nuclear Variation

Synopsis Mitochondrial function is critical for energy homeostasis and should shape how genetic variation in metabolism is transmitted through levels of biological organization to generate stability in organismal performance. Mitochondrial function is encoded by genes in two distinct and separately inherited genomes—the mitochondrial genome and the nuclear genome—and selection is expected to maintain functional mito-nuclear interactions. The documented high levels of polymorphism in genes involved in these mito-nuclear interactions and wide variation for mitochondrial function demands an explanation for how and why variability in such a fundamental trait is maintained. Potamopyrgus antipodarum is a New Zealand freshwater snail with coexisting sexual and asexual individuals and, accordingly, contrasting systems of separate vs. co-inheritance of nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. As such, this snail provides a powerful means to dissect the evolutionary and functional consequences of mito-nuclear variation. The lakes inhabited by P. antipodarum span wide environmental gradients, with substantial across-lake genetic structure and mito-nuclear discordance. This situation allows us to use comparisons across reproductive modes and lakes to partition variation in cellular respiration across genetic and environmental axes. Here, we integrated cellular, physiological, and behavioral approaches to quantify variation in mitochondrial function across a diverse set of wild P. antipodarum lineages. We found extensive across-lake variation in organismal oxygen consumption and behavioral response to heat stress and differences across sexes in mitochondrial membrane potential but few global effects of reproductive mode. Taken together, our data set the stage for applying this important model system for sexual reproduction and polyploidy to dissecting the complex relationships between mito-nuclear variation, performance, plasticity, and fitness in natural populations.

Magellanic Cloud Eclipsing Binaries: Primary Distance Indicators

1999 ◽  
Vol 190 ◽  
pp. 563-566
Author(s):  
J. D. Pritchard ◽  
W. Tobin ◽  
J. V. Clausen ◽  
E. F. Guinan ◽  
E. L. Fitzpatrick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Magellanic Cloud ◽  
Eclipsing Binaries ◽  
Fundamental Parameters ◽  
Distance Indicators

Our collaboration involves groups in Denmark, the U.S.A. Spain and of course New Zealand. Combining ground-based and satellite (IUEandHST) observations we aim to determine accurate and precise stellar fundamental parameters for the components of Magellanic Cloud Eclipsing Binaries as well as the distances to these systems and hence the parent galaxies themselves. This poster presents our latest progress.

Heat-Etching with a Bullivant Type II Simple Freeze-Cleave Device

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 106-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald S. Weinstein ◽  
N. Scott McNutt
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
General Hospital ◽  
Massachusetts General Hospital ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Collaborative Effort ◽  
Temperature And Pressure ◽  
The University

The Type I simple cold block device was described by Bullivant and Ames in 1966 and represented the product of the first successful effort to simplify the equipment required to do sophisticated freeze-cleave techniques. Bullivant, Weinstein and Someda described the Type II device which is a modification of the Type I device and was developed as a collaborative effort at the Massachusetts General Hospital and the University of Auckland, New Zealand. The modifications reduced specimen contamination and provided controlled specimen warming for heat-etching of fracture faces. We have now tested the Mass. General Hospital version of the Type II device (called the “Type II-MGH device”) on a wide variety of biological specimens and have established temperature and pressure curves for routine heat-etching with the device.

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